2025年英語翻譯資格筆譯模擬試卷翻譯技巧與應(yīng)用考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、詞匯與句法轉(zhuǎn)換要求：本部分主要考察考生對英語詞匯和句法結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與轉(zhuǎn)換能力，需要結(jié)合上下文語境準(zhǔn)確翻譯。每個小題均給出英語原文和漢語提示，要求用規(guī)范的翻譯技巧完成轉(zhuǎn)換，注意保持原文邏輯關(guān)系和情感色彩。1.English:Theephemeralbeautyofcherryblossomsoftenevokesapoignantsenseoftransienceinobservers,remindingthemoflife'sfleetingmoments.Chinesehint:櫻花短暫的美...讓人感受到...生命的易逝，喚起...的...情感。Translation:2.English:Inthelabyrinthinecorridorsofhistoricalmemory,everyshadowseemstowhispertalesofbygoneeras,whereemperors'palacesonceechoedwiththemelodiesofcourtmusicians.Chinesehint:歷史記憶的迷宮...每個陰影都...舊時代的傳說，...的宮殿曾...樂師的...。Translation:3.English:Theanthropologist'smeticulousobservationsofindigenousculturesrevealedthattheirseasonalritualswerenotmerelysuperstitionsbutsophisticatedsystemsofecologicalwisdompasseddownthroughgenerations.Chinesehint:人類學(xué)家...的觀察...表明...的儀式不...迷信，而是...的生態(tài)智慧...。Translation:4.English:Asthemorningmistgraduallydissipatedovertheancienttemple,thegoldensunlightrevealedtheintricatecarvingsthathadbeenhiddenforcenturies,tellingstoriesofdevotionandartisticingenuity.Chinesehint:隨著晨霧...的寺廟，...的金色陽光...的雕刻，...了幾個世紀(jì)，...講述...和...的故事。Translation:5.English:Thephilosopher'sparadoxicalargumentaboutthenatureofrealitysuggestedthatwhatweperceiveastruthisoftenaconstructofourownculturalbiasesandlimitedperspectives.Chinesehint:哲學(xué)家...關(guān)于...本質(zhì)的...表明，我們...為真理的...往往是...的偏見和...的...。Translation:二、語篇翻譯與技巧應(yīng)用要求：本部分選取一篇約300詞的英語短文，要求考生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的翻譯技巧完成整篇翻譯，注意保持原文風(fēng)格，處理長難句和特殊表達(dá)時體現(xiàn)專業(yè)水準(zhǔn)。翻譯過程中需體現(xiàn)對原文邏輯層次和文化內(nèi)涵的理解。6.Englishpassage:IntheheartofKyoto'sArashiyamadistrict,wherecenturies-oldcedarsstandsentinelbesidemodernteahouses,auniquephenomenonunfoldseachspring.Localartisans,theirhandshonedbygenerationsoftradition,meticulouslycrafthundredsofthousandsofpapercranesfromwashi.Thesedelicateorigamibirds,whenstrungtogetherinelaboratedisplays,symbolizetheJapaneseconceptof'wabi-sabi'—findingbeautyinimperfectionandimpermanence.Theannualcranefestivaldrawsnotonlytouristseagertopurchasethesesymbolictalismansbutalsoscholarsstudyingtheintersectionofart,spirituality,andcommerceintraditionalcrafts.Asvisitorsreleasepapercranesintothebamboogroves,theycarrywiththemwishesforhealthandhappiness,apracticerootedinanancientfolktaleaboutaboywhowishedforthecureofhisailingsister.Today,thesecranesserveaspoignantremindersofhumanity'ssharedcapacityforhopeandhealing,transcendingculturalboundariesintheirmessageofpeace.Chinesetranslation:7.Specifictranslationtask:Englishphrase:"Theephemeralbeautyofcherryblossomsoftenevokesapoignantsenseoftransienceinobservers,remindingthemoflife'sfleetingmoments."Chinesetarget:櫻花短暫的美...讓人感受到...生命的易逝，喚起...的...情感。Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Pleaseexplainhowyouwouldapplytranslationtechniquessuchasliteraltranslation,culturalsubstitution,orcompensationtohandlethissentence,focusingon:(1)Themetaphoricalmeaningof"ephemeralbeauty"(2)Theemotionalconnotationof"poignantsense"(3)Theculturalconceptof"transience"inChinesecontextTranslationsolution:8.Englishphrase:"Inthelabyrinthinecorridorsofhistoricalmemory,everyshadowseemstowhispertalesofbygoneeras,whereemperors'palacesonceechoedwiththemelodiesofcourtmusicians."Chinesetarget:歷史記憶的迷宮...每個陰影都...舊時代的傳說，...的宮殿曾...樂師的...。Requiredtechniqueanalysis:PleaseanalyzetherhetoricaldevicesusedinthissentenceandhowyouwouldrenderthemintoChinese,addressing:(1)Themetaphorof"labyrinthinecorridors"(2)Thepersonificationof"shadowswhispering"(3)Thesonicimageryof"echoedmelodies"Translationsolution:9.Englishphrase:"Thephilosopher'sparadoxicalargumentaboutthenatureofrealitysuggestedthatwhatweperceiveastruthisoftenaconstructofourownculturalbiasesandlimitedperspectives."Chinesetarget:哲學(xué)家...關(guān)于...本質(zhì)的...表明，我們...為真理的...往往是...的偏見和...的...。Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Explainhowyouwouldhandlethephilosophicalconceptof"construct"andtheacademictoneofthepassage,focusingon:(1)Theabstractterm"construct"(2)Theacademicregisterofthetext(3)Thephilosophicalconceptof"perspectives"Translationsolution:10.Englishphrase:"Asthemorningmistgraduallydissipatedovertheancienttemple,thegoldensunlightrevealedtheintricatecarvingsthathadbeenhiddenforcenturies,tellingstoriesofdevotionandartisticingenuity."Chinesetarget:隨著晨霧...的寺廟，...的金色陽光...的雕刻，...了幾個世紀(jì)，...講述...和...的故事。Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Analyzehowyouwouldtranslatethedynamicimageryinthissentence,addressing:(1)Thevisualprogressionof"mistdissipation"(2)Themetaphoricalfunctionof"carvingstellingstories"(3)ThebalancebetweenliteralandfigurativetranslationTranslationsolution:三、文化語境轉(zhuǎn)換與翻譯策略選擇要求：本部分提供5組英漢翻譯對照實例，每組包含英語原文、漢語譯文以及翻譯策略說明。考生需根據(jù)具體語境選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)姆g策略，并說明選擇理由，體現(xiàn)對不同文化語境差異的敏感性和翻譯技巧的掌握程度。11.English:TheJapaneseteaceremony,knownas"chadō"or"sado,"isnotmerelyapreparationofteabutaspiritualpracticethatembodiestheprinciplesofharmony,respect,purity,andtranquility.Chinese:日本茶道...不僅是...，更是一種...，體現(xiàn)...、...、...和...的原則。Translationstrategy:A.直譯為主，保留文化術(shù)語原貌B.文化替代，用中文概念解釋日本實踐C.歸化翻譯，將抽象原則具象化表達(dá)D.加注說明，幫助讀者理解文化差異Reasoning:12.English:InWesternculinarytraditions,theconceptof"balance"inamealoftenreferstothecombinationofprotein,vegetables,andcarbohydrates,whereasinChinesecuisine,harmonyisachievedthroughflavorlayeringandtemperaturecontrastsacrossmultipledishesservedtogether.Chinese:西方烹飪傳統(tǒng)中...的平衡...表現(xiàn)為...，而中國菜通過...的層次和...的對比...實現(xiàn)和諧。Translationstrategy:A.術(shù)語直譯，保留"flavorlayering"等專業(yè)表述B.概念對比，用分號區(qū)分兩種文化差異C.文化過濾，刪除西方飲食術(shù)語不譯D.舉例說明，用具體菜品解釋差異Reasoning:13.English:TheannualQingmingFestivalinChinacombinestomb-sweepingritualswithspringoutings,servingasbothasolemnremembranceofancestorsandacelebrationofnature'srenewal,whilesimilartraditionsinKorea,calledChuseok,emphasizefamilyreunionsandmoon-gazing.Chinese:中國清明節(jié)的...包含...和...，既...又...，而韓國的...強(qiáng)調(diào)...和...。Translationstrategy:A.順序翻譯，按原文時間邏輯排列B.概念重組，將文化相似點前置表述C.被動語態(tài)，使用"被"字結(jié)構(gòu)處理文化習(xí)俗D.比較句式，用"既...又..."突出差異Reasoning:14.English:TheIndianconceptof"Ayurveda"representsaholisticsystemofmedicinethatviewsthehumanbodyasanintegratedmicrocosmconnectedtotheuniversethroughthebalanceofthreefundamentalenergies:vata,pitta,andkapha.Chinese:印度...醫(yī)學(xué)體系...將人體視為...，通過...的平衡...與...相連。Translationstrategy:A.術(shù)語音譯，保留梵語概念原稱B.邏輯重組，用冒號解釋概念關(guān)系C.文化注釋，用括號補(bǔ)充醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語D.動態(tài)對等，將抽象理論轉(zhuǎn)化為中文概念Reasoning:15.English:WhileWesternValentine'sDayfocusesonromanticlovebetweencouples,thetraditionalChineseQixiFestivalcelebratestheromantictaleofZhinüandtheCowherdbutalsohonorsfilialpietyandscholarlypursuitsthroughmoon-viewingandpoetrycomposition.Chinese:西方情人節(jié)...而中國七夕節(jié)...的傳說，也...。Translationstrategy:A.術(shù)語對照，用"Qixi"替代英文節(jié)日名稱B.比較結(jié)構(gòu)，用"而"字對比文化差異C.概念融合，將多個文化元素合并表述D.語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換，將被動轉(zhuǎn)為主動句式Reasoning:四、專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯與質(zhì)量評估要求：本部分提供一篇約400詞的英語科技文獻(xiàn)節(jié)選，要求考生翻譯其中5個關(guān)鍵段落（用數(shù)字標(biāo)記），并對翻譯質(zhì)量進(jìn)行自我評估。評估時需從術(shù)語準(zhǔn)確性、句法轉(zhuǎn)換、文化適應(yīng)性、邏輯連貫性四個維度展開分析，每個維度給出評分（1-5分），并說明改進(jìn)建議。16.Englishpassage:Thedevelopmentofquantumcomputingrepresentsaparadigmshiftincomputationaltechnology,promisingtosolvecomplexoptimizationproblemsthatareintractableforclassicalcomputers.Unliketraditionalbinarysystemsthatusebitsasthefundamentalunitofinformation(representedaseither0or1),quantumcomputersleveragequantumbitsorqubits,whichcanexistinmultiplestatessimultaneouslyduetosuperposition.Thisquantumparallelismenablesunprecedentedcomputationalpowerfortaskssuchascryptography,materialsciencesimulations,andartificialintelligencetraining.However,therealizationofpracticalquantumapplicationsfacessignificantchallenges,includingerrorratesinqubitstability,theneedforextremecoolingenvironments,andthecomplexityofquantumalgorithmsthatrequirespecializedknowledgetodevelop.Researchersworldwideareworkingtoovercometheseobstaclesthroughinnovationsinquantumerrorcorrection,cryogenicsengineering,andalgorithmicdesign,withcommercialquantumsystemsexpectedtoenterlimitedmarketswithinthenextdecade.Thesuccessfulintegrationofquantumcomputingintomainstreamtechnologywillnotonlyrevolutionizescientificresearchbutalsoredefinetheboundariesofwhatmachinescanaccomplish,potentiallytransformingindustriesfrompharmaceuticaldevelopmenttofinancialmodeling.Chinesetranslation:17.Keytranslationsegments:(1)"Thedevelopmentofquantumcomputingrepresentsaparadigmshiftincomputationaltechnology,promisingtosolvecomplexoptimizationproblemsthatareintractableforclassicalcomputers."(2)"Unliketraditionalbinarysystemsthatusebitsasthefundamentalunitofinformation(representedaseither0or1),quantumcomputersleveragequantumbitsorqubits,whichcanexistinmultiplestatessimultaneouslyduetosuperposition."(3)"Thisquantumparallelismenablesunprecedentedcomputationalpowerfortaskssuchascryptography,materialsciencesimulations,andartificialintelligencetraining."(4)"However,therealizationofpracticalquantumapplicationsfacessignificantchallenges,includingerrorratesinqubitstability,theneedforextremecoolingenvironments,andthecomplexityofquantumalgorithmsthatrequirespecializedknowledgetodevelop."(5)"Thesuccessfulintegrationofquantumcomputingintomainstreamtechnologywillnotonlyrevolutionizescientificresearchbutalsoredefinetheboundariesofwhatmachinescanaccomplish,potentiallytransformingindustriesfrompharmaceuticaldevelopmenttofinancialmodeling."18.Qualityassessment:Terminologyaccuracy(1-5):Reasoning:Sentencestructureconversion(1-5):Reasoning:Culturaladaptation(1-5):Reasoning:Logicalcoherence(1-5):Reasoning:Improvementsuggestions:-Forsegment(1):-Forsegment(2):-Forsegment(3):-Forsegment(4):-Forsegment(5):本次試卷答案如下一、詞匯與句法轉(zhuǎn)換1.Translation:櫻花短暫而絢爛的美往往在觀賞者心中喚起一種凄美的短暫感，提醒著他們生命易逝的瞬間。Reasoning:"Ephemeral"譯為"短暫"而非直譯"短暫存在"，因為中文更常用"短暫"形容美好事物的逝去。"Poignantsense"譯為"凄美感"比"悲傷感"更準(zhǔn)確，櫻花之美常帶傷感。"Fleetingmoments"譯為"易逝的瞬間"比"流逝的片刻"更符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣，同時保留原文的文學(xué)性。2.Translation:歷史記憶的迷宮中，每個陰影似乎都在低語著舊時代的傳說，那些皇帝的宮殿曾回蕩著宮廷樂師的悠揚(yáng)旋律。Reasoning:"Labyrinthinecorridors"譯為"迷宮"準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原文比喻，中文"迷宮"常用于形容抽象概念。"Whispertales"譯為"低語著傳說"，"低語"比"輕聲說"更符合陰影的動作特征。"Echoedmelodies"譯為"回蕩著悠揚(yáng)旋律"，"悠揚(yáng)"比"悅耳"更能體現(xiàn)宮廷音樂的古典感。3.Translation:人類學(xué)家對原住民文化的細(xì)致觀察表明，他們的季節(jié)儀式不僅不是迷信，而是一套代代相傳的生態(tài)智慧系統(tǒng)。Reasoning:"Meticulousobservations"譯為"細(xì)致觀察"比"仔細(xì)觀察"更強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)性。"Superstitions"譯為"迷信"比"迷信觀念"更簡潔。"Sophisticatedsystemsofecologicalwisdom"譯為"生態(tài)智慧系統(tǒng)"，中文習(xí)慣將抽象概念名詞化表達(dá)，避免"的"字過多。4.Translation:隨著晨霧漸漸散去覆蓋著古老寺廟，金色陽光露出了幾個世紀(jì)來隱藏的復(fù)雜雕刻，講述著虔誠與藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造的故事。Reasoning:"Dissipated"譯為"散去"符合中文四字格表達(dá)習(xí)慣。"Hiddenforcenturies"譯為"幾個世紀(jì)來隱藏"，中文時間狀語常后置。"Intricatecarvings"譯為"復(fù)雜雕刻"，"復(fù)雜"比"精妙"更能體現(xiàn)雕刻的工藝難度。5.Translation:哲學(xué)家關(guān)于現(xiàn)實本質(zhì)的悖論式論點表明，我們視為真理的感知往往是我們自身文化偏見和有限視角的建構(gòu)。Reasoning:"Paradoxicalargument"譯為"悖論式論點"，中文哲學(xué)術(shù)語常用"悖論"。"Perceivedastruth"譯為"視為真理的"，中文習(xí)慣將被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為主動結(jié)構(gòu)。"Constructof...perspectives"譯為"建構(gòu)"，中文哲學(xué)語境中"建構(gòu)"常指抽象概念的形成過程。二、語篇翻譯與技巧應(yīng)用6.Chinesetranslation:在京都嵯峨野區(qū)的中心，數(shù)百年的雪松與現(xiàn)代茶館并立，春季這里發(fā)生著獨特的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)?shù)亟橙?，他們的雙手經(jīng)過世代傳統(tǒng)的磨練，精心制作著數(shù)十萬只和紙鶴。這些精致的原色紙鶴，當(dāng)被巧妙地串在一起形成華麗展示時，象征著日本"侘寂"的概念——在不完美和無常中尋找美。每年鶴節(jié)不僅吸引著急于購買這些象征護(hù)身符的游客，也吸引著研究藝術(shù)、精神和商業(yè)在傳統(tǒng)工藝中交匯的學(xué)者。當(dāng)游客將紙鶴放飛到竹林中時，他們帶著健康和幸福的愿望，這一習(xí)俗源于一個男孩為病重的妹妹求藥的古老傳說。如今，這些鶴成為令人感慨的提醒，象征人類共同的希望與療愈能力，它們的和平信息超越了文化界限。Reasoning:采用"總-分-總"結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯全文，首段點明現(xiàn)象，中間段落分述文化意義和影響，末段升華主題。對"ephemeralbeauty"采用"短暫而絢爛"的增譯處理，補(bǔ)充"絢爛"以呼應(yīng)原文"cherryblossoms"的意象。將"whisperingshadows"譯為"低語著傳說"，通過動詞轉(zhuǎn)化保留擬人手法。處理長句時拆分英文復(fù)合句為中文短句鏈，如第二段將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為獨立分句。7.Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Translationtechnique:采用文化替代策略，將"transience"譯為"生命的易逝"，中文更習(xí)慣用四字格表達(dá)抽象概念。對"poignantsense"譯為"凄美感"，保留原文情感色彩的同時符合中文審美表達(dá)。處理"ephemeralbeauty"時，補(bǔ)充"絢爛"使翻譯更完整，因為中文讀者需要具體意象才能理解抽象概念。Translationsolution:櫻花短暫而絢爛的美往往在觀賞者心中喚起一種凄美的短暫感，提醒著他們生命易逝的瞬間。8.Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Translationtechnique:運(yùn)用比喻對應(yīng)手法，將"labyrinthinecorridors"譯為"迷宮"，"whisperingtales"譯為"低語著傳說"，保持原文的比喻體系。處理"echoedmelodies"時，將被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為主動結(jié)構(gòu)"回蕩著"，更符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。對"emperors'palaces"譯為"皇帝的宮殿"，中文歷史語境中"宮殿"比"皇宮"更準(zhǔn)確。Translationsolution:歷史記憶的迷宮中，每個陰影似乎都在低語著舊時代的傳說，那些皇帝的宮殿曾回蕩著宮廷樂師的悠揚(yáng)旋律。9.Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Translationtechnique:對"construct"采用概念轉(zhuǎn)化，譯為"建構(gòu)"，避免直譯"結(jié)構(gòu)"，因為中文哲學(xué)語境中"建構(gòu)"更能表達(dá)主觀性。處理"limitedperspectives"時，用"有限視角"對應(yīng)，中文"視角"比"觀點"更符合學(xué)術(shù)語境。對"philosophicalargument"譯為"悖論式論點"，通過添加"悖論"來體現(xiàn)原文的學(xué)術(shù)性。Translationsolution:哲學(xué)家關(guān)于現(xiàn)實本質(zhì)的悖論式論點表明，我們視為真理的感知往往是我們自身文化偏見和有限視角的建構(gòu)。10.Requiredtechniqueanalysis:Translationtechnique:運(yùn)用動態(tài)對等策略，將"mistdissipation"譯為"晨霧散去"，保留原文時間順序。對"carvingstellingstories"采用擬人對應(yīng)，譯為"雕刻講述故事"，中文也使用"講述"表達(dá)靜態(tài)事物的動態(tài)描述。處理"goldensunlight"時，補(bǔ)充"金色"以強(qiáng)化視覺效果，因為中文需要具體形容詞來渲染意境。Translationsolution:隨著晨霧漸漸散去覆蓋著古老寺廟，金色陽光露出了幾個世紀(jì)來隱藏的復(fù)雜雕刻，講述著虔誠與藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造的故事。三、文化語境轉(zhuǎn)換與翻譯策略選擇11.Translationstrategy:選擇C.歸化翻譯，將抽象原則具象化表達(dá)Reasoning:"Harmony,respect,purity,andtranquility"是抽象文化概念，中文讀者更易理解具體化的描述。譯為"和、敬、清、寂"既保留文化特色又符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣，因為中文傳統(tǒng)審美中這些概念已有對應(yīng)意象。12.Translationstrategy:選擇B.概念對比，用分號區(qū)分兩種文化差異Reasoning:西方飲食術(shù)語"flavorlayering"中文無對應(yīng)詞，需解釋性翻譯；中國烹飪理念"flavorlayering"和"temperaturecontrasts"需要對比呈現(xiàn)，分號結(jié)構(gòu)能清晰展示差異。中文烹飪語境中"層次"比直譯"分層"更符合文化表達(dá)。13.Translationstrategy:選擇D.比較句式，用"既...又..."突出差異Reasoning:兩種傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日有相似性也有差異，中文比較結(jié)構(gòu)能清晰呈現(xiàn)。先說中國節(jié)日"既...又..."概括雙重功能，再說韓國節(jié)日"強(qiáng)調(diào)..."形成對比，符合中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。14.Translationstrategy:選擇A.術(shù)語音譯，保留梵語概念原稱Reasoning:"Ayurveda"是專業(yè)術(shù)語，中文醫(yī)學(xué)典籍中常保留原稱；"vata,pitta,kapha"是傳統(tǒng)概念，音譯比意譯更準(zhǔn)確，因為它們代表具體能量類型。中文讀者通過注釋可理解術(shù)語。15.Translationstrategy:選擇B.比較結(jié)構(gòu)，用"而"字對比文化差異Reasoning:西方情人節(jié)聚焦愛情，中國七夕聚焦愛情與孝道，用"而"字形成鮮明對比。中文節(jié)日描述中常使用轉(zhuǎn)折詞來區(qū)分不同文化習(xí)俗，符合讀者認(rèn)知習(xí)慣。四、專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯與質(zhì)量評估17.Keytranslationsegments:(1)"Thedevelopmentofquantumcomputingrepresentsaparadigmshiftincomputationaltechnology,promisingtosolvecomplexoptimizationproblemsthatareintractableforclassicalcomputers."Translation:量子計算的發(fā)展代表了計算技術(shù)的范式轉(zhuǎn)變，有望解決對經(jīng)典計算機(jī)來說難以處理的復(fù)雜優(yōu)化問題。Reasoning:"Paradigmshift"譯為"范式轉(zhuǎn)變"符合科技文獻(xiàn)術(shù)語；"intractable"譯為"難以處理"比"棘手的"更準(zhǔn)確，因為"棘手"常用于日常語境。(2)"Unliketraditionalbinarysystemsthatusebitsasthefundamentalunitofinformation(representedaseither0or1),quantumcomputersleveragequantumbitsorqubits,whichcanexistinmultiplestatessimultaneouslyduetosuperposition."Translation:與使用比特作為信息基本單位（表示為0或1）的傳統(tǒng)二進(jìn)制系統(tǒng)不同，量子計算機(jī)利用量子比特或量子位，由于疊加效應(yīng)，這些量子位可以同時存在于多個狀態(tài)。Reasoning:采用對比結(jié)構(gòu)"與...不同"保持原文邏輯；"quantumbits"譯為"量子位"比"量子比特"更簡潔，因為"位"在中文信息領(lǐng)域常用。(3)"Thisquantumparallelismenablesunprecedentedcomputationalpowerfortaskssuchascryptography,materialsciencesimulations,andartificialintelligencetraining."Translation:這種量子并行性為密碼學(xué)、材料科學(xué)模擬和人工智能訓(xùn)練等任務(wù)提供了前所未有的計算能力。Reasoning:"Quantumparallelism"譯為"量子并行性"是專業(yè)術(shù)語；"unprecedented"譯為"前所未有的"比"空前的"更符合中文科技表達(dá)習(xí)慣。(4)"However,therealizationofpracticalquantumapplicationsfacessignificantchallenges,includinger