2012年6月英語六級

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions

orunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).You

shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2witha

singlelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthe

bestresults.That*spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmore

efficiently,andexertmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.

What'sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsof

goal-setting.

Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupand

downbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthe

long-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrenteconomiccrisis,and

unethical(不道德的)behavioringeneral.

“Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesame

motivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivate

peopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,saysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociate

professoratPenn'sWhartonSchool.

“Itturnsoutthere'snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoal-youjustgetapsychological

benefit“Schweitzersays."Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmore

powerful.”

AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-trading

giantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecific

revenuegoals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable.

Otherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemto

lie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonits

autorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessary

repairsonacompanywidebasis.

Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethat

commendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhis

team'suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidely

over-prescribed.

Inarebuttal(反駁)paper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:4"Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.

Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethanan

individualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose.^^

ButSchweitzercontendsthe"mountingcausalevidence^^linkinggoal-settingandharmful

behaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurtherinvestigation.

“Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmanypositiveeffects,nhesays.

"Goal-settingdoeshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.Myideawouldbetocombinethat

withcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,andmakesurethegoalsthatyouuseare

goingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharmtheorganization,Schweitzersays.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

52.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutgoal-setting?

A)Itsnegativeeffectshavelongbeenneglected.

B)Thegoalincreasepeople'sworkefficiency.

C)Itsrolehasbeenlargelyunderestimated.

D)Thegoalsmostpeoplesetareunrealistic.

53.WhatdoesMauriceSchweitzerwanttoshowbycitingtheexampleofEnron?

A)Settingrealisticgoalscanturnafailingbusinessintosuccess.

B)Businessesarelesslikelytosucceedwithoutsettingrealisticgoals.

C)Financialincentivesensurecompaniesmeetspecificrevenuegoals.

D)Goalswithfinancialrewardshavestrongmotivationalpower.

54.HowdidSears*goal-settingaffectitsemployees?

A)Theywereobligedtoworkmorehourstoincreasetheirsales.

B)Theycompetedwithoneanothertoattractmorecustomers.

C)Theyresortedtounethicalpracticetomeettheirsalesquota.

D)Theyimprovedtheircustomerserviceonacompanywidebasis.

55.Whatdoadvocatesofgoal-settingthinkofSchweitzer'sresearch?

A)Itsfindingsarenotofmuchpracticalvalue.

B)Itexaggeratesthesideeffectsofgoal-setting.

C)Itsconclusionisnotbasedonsolidscientificevidence.

D)Itrunscountertotheexistingliteratureonthesubject.

56.WhatisSchweitzer'scontentionagainstEdwinLocke?

A)Thelinkbetweengoal-settingandharmfulbehaviordeservesfurtherstudy.

B)Goal-settinghasbecometoodeep-rootedincorporateculture.

C)Thepositiveeffectsofgoal-settingoutweighitsnegativeeffects.

D)Studyinggoal-settingcanthrowmorelightonsuccessfulbusinesspractices.

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Formostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhatitcouldlearnfromthemodern,

innovatingWest.Nowthequestionmustbereversed.WhatcantheWest'soverlyindebtedand

sluggish(經(jīng)濟滯長的)nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?

Justafewdecadesago,Asia'stwogiantswerestagnating(停滯不前)underfaultyeconomic

ideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedby

Indiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheir

markets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensiblegovernmentdirection.AstheIndian

economistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,“Theinvisiblehandofthemarkethasoftenreliedheavily

onthevisiblehandofgovernment.^^

ContrastthismiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologically

over-boardintheirownways.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtothe

ideologyofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofgovernmentfollowingRonald

Regan'sideathat''governmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentistheproblem.t4Of

course,whenthemarketscamecrashingdownin2007,itwasdecisivegovernmentintervention

thatsavedtheday.Despitethisfact,manyAmericansarestillstronglyopposedto”big

government.^^

IfAmericanscouldonlyfreethemselvesfromtheirantigovernmentdoctrine,theywould

begintoseethattheAmerica'sproblemsarenotinsoluble.Afewsensiblefederalmeasurescould

putthecountrybackontherightpath.Asimpleconsumptiontaxof,say,5%wouldsignificantly

reducethecountry'shugegovernmentdeficitwithoutdamagingproductivity.Asmallgasolinetax

wouldhelpfreeAmericafromitsdependenceonoilimportsandcreateincentivesforgreen

energydevelopment.Inthesameway,asignificantreductionofwastefulagriculturalsubsidies

couldalsolowerthedeficit.Butinordertotakeadvantageofthesecommon-sensesolutions,

Americanswillhavetoputasidetheirownattachmenttotheideaofsmallergovernmentandless

regulation.Americanpoliticianswillhavetodevelopthecouragetofollowwhatistaughtinall

Americanpublic-policyschools:thattherearegoodtaxesandbadtaxes.Asiancountrieshave

embracedthiswisdom,andhavebuiltsoundlong-termfiscal(財政的)policiesasaresult.

Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferentideologicaltrap:thebeliefthatEuropean

governmentswouldalwayshaveinfiniteresourcesandcouldcontinueborrowingasiftherewere

notomorrow.UnliketheAmericans,whofeltthatthemarketsknewbest,theEuropeansfailedto

anticipatehowthemarketswouldreacttotheirendlessborrowing.Today,theEuropeanUnionis

creatinga$580billionfundtowardoffsovereigncollapse.ThiswillbuytheEUtime,butitwill

notsolvethebloc'slargerproblem.

57.WhathascontributedtotherapideconomicgrowthinChinaandIndia?

A)Copyingwestern-styleeconomicbehavior.

B)Heavyrelianceonthehandofgovernment.

C)Timelyreformofgovernmentatalllevels.

D)Freemarketplusgovernmentintervention.

58.WhatdoesRonaldReaganmeanbysaying''governmentistheproblem”(line4,Para.3)?

A)Manysocialevilsarecausedbywronggovernmentpolicies.

B)Manysocialproblemsarisefromgovernment'sinefficiency.

C)Governmentactioniskeytosolvingeconomicproblems.

D)Governmentregulationhinderseconomicdevelopment.

59.WhatstoppedtheAmericaneconomyfromcollapsingin2007?

A)Self-regulatoryrepairmechanismsofthefreemarket.

B)Cooperationbetweenthegovernmentandbusinesses.

C)Abandonmentofbiggovernmentbythepublic.

D)Effectivemeasuresadoptedbythegovernment.

60.Whatistheauthor'ssuggestiontotheAmericanpublicinfaceofthepublicgovernment

deficit?

A)Theyurgethegovernmenttoreviseitsexistingpublicpolicies.

B)Theydevelopgreenenergytoavoiddependenceonoilimport.

C)Theygiveuptheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.

D)Theyputupwiththeinevitablesharpincreaseofdifferenttaxes.

61.What'stheproblemwiththeEuropeanUnion?

A)Conservativeideology.

B)Shrinkingmarket.

C)Lackofresources.

D)Excessiveborrowing.

2011年12月大學英語六級真題

SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedAB),C)and

D).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletter

onAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

What'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollege

graduate?China''}India!Brazil!Howabouttrade!

WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached

$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3

billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthe

tradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycould

contributetoslowergrowth.

Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefigureson

importsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession-areneweddeclineinthebroad

levelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates-butaneconomicexpansion.

Therisingvolumeoftrade-moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnited

States-isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,

delivery,

andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssig-

nifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets-whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthe

handsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavethe

abilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsfor

peoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesfor

whichglobaldemandsetstheprice-agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.

Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedinthe

globaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasin

Americaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM'sbalancesheet

-andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.

OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americans

are

payingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That*stobeexpected,givenwhat

we'vebeenthrough.Butthere'sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,

figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?Unlessyouwanttopickupandmoveto

India,orBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit'sno

longerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.

Companiesandindividualswhodon'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolved

inforeignmarkets,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion'sshare

ofeconomicopportunityinourworld.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

52.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinJune?

A)ItreflectsAmericans1preferenceforimportedgoods.

B)ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.

C)ItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticmarket.

D)Itcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationaleconomy.

53.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoyears?

A)ItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveincreased.

B)ItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintorecession.

C)Itsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandservices.

D)Itreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalmarket.

54.Whoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeoftrade?

A)Peoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationaltrade.

B)Consumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandservices.

C)Producersofagriculturalgoodsandrawmaterials.

D)Retailersdealinginforeigngoodsandservices.

55.WhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericaneconomy?

A)Competitionfromoverseas.C)Slacktradeactivities.

B)People'sreluctancetospend.D)Decreasingproductivity.

56.Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandindividuals?

A)Toimportmorecheapgoodsfromdevelopingcountries.

B)Tomovetheircompaniestowherelaborischeaper.

C)Toincreasetheirmarketshareoverseas.

D)Tobealerttofluctuationsinforeignmarkets.

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslating

newknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.

Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongthe

worldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.

Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.

However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughin

takingideastomarket.Themostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearch

institutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,the

UKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercialisationactivity.

Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecadehave

helpedtransfbrmtheperformanceofUKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUK'spositionismuch

strongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamasksthevery

largevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumber

ofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperibrmstronglyandtherestchase

theleaders.

ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.In

theUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.

ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,

sciencecitations,patentsandlicenceincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresource

concentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommercially

active.Itseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreates

differencesbetweenuniversities.

Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetomaximisetheimpactoftheir

researchefforts.Theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicand

environmentalbenefits.Inreturnfbrthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinorder

tobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.

PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearch

commercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.TherearethreedozenuniversitiesintheUKwhich

areactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercialisationwork.

Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneous

investmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,playakey

roleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthcycle.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

57.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofUKuniversitiesintermsofcommercialisation?

A)Theyfailtoconvertknowledgeintomoney.

B)Theydonotregarditastheirresponsibility.

C)Theystillhaveaplaceamongtheworldleaders.

D)Theyhavelosttheirleadingpositioninmanyways.

58.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenationaldataonUKuniversities*performancein

commercialisation?

A)Itmasksthefatalweaknessesofgovernmentpolicy.

B)ItdoesnotrankUKuniversitiesinascientificway.

C)Itdoesnotreflectthedifferencesamonguniversities.

D)Itindicatestheirineffectiveuseofgovernmentresources.

59.WecaninferfromParagraph5that"policyinterventions"(Line1,Para.4)refersto.

A)governmentaidtonon-research-orienteduniversities

B)compulsorycooperationbetweenuniversitiesandindustries

C)fairdistributionoffundingforuniversitiesandresearchinstitutions

D)concentrationofresourcesinalimitednumberofuniversities

60.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestresearch-leduniversitiesdo?

A)Publicisetheirreseairhtowininternationalrecognition.

B)Fullyutilisetheirresearchtobenefitallsectorsofsociety.

C)Generouslysharetheirfacilitieswiththoseshortoffunds.

D)Spreadtheirinfluenceamongtopresearchinstitutions.

61.HowcantheuniversitysectorplayakeyroleintheUK'seconomicgrowth?

A)Byestablishingmoreregionaltechnologytransferoffices.

B)Byaskingthegovernmenttoinvestintechnologytransferresearch.

C)Bypromotingtechnologytransferandgraduateschooleducation.

D)Byincreasingtheefficiencyoftechnologytransferagencies.

2011年6月大學英語六級真題

SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions

orunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).You

shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2witha

singlelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:areimmigrants

goodorbadfortheeconomy?TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey'rebad.Yetthe

consensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnet

boosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverything

fromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.

Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants*impactontheeconomy

andthereality?

Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeel

threatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestrainthatundocumented

immigrantsplaceonpublicservices,likeschools,hospitals,andjails.Stillothersemphasizethe

roleofrace,arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation'sfearsandinsecurities.There*ssometruthto

alltheseexplanations,buttheyaren'tquitesufficient.

Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat'sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration's

impactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributed

unevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectly

fromimmigrants*low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers-meatpackingplantsinNebraska,

forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers'savingsprobably

translateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmental

connectionatthecheckoutcounter?Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,are

concentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.

AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBoijas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesof

Americanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%between1980-2000.

Amonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestin

stateswithbothhighnumbersofimnnigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworried

themmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscal(財政的)burdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwas

reinforcedbyanotherfinding:thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburden

decreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants'accessto

certainbenefits.

Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.

Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected-say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents-the

impactisn'tallthatdramatic."Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions,"

saysDanielTichenor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon.MButwhenall

thosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganet

positive,butasmallone."Toobadmostpeopledon'trealizeit.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

52.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?

A)Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.

B)TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit'sadifferentstory.

C)Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.

D)Thegeneralpublicthinksdifferentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactof

immigration.

53.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration?

A)Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.

B)Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.

C)Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.

D)Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.

54.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromillegalimmigration?

A)Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.

B)Theyaremorelikelytoencounterinterracialconflicts.

C)Theyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.

D)Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.

55.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled,better-educatedemployeesaboutthe

inflowofimmigrants?

A)Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.

B)Itmayposeathreattotheireconomicstatus.

C)Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.

D)Itmayplaceagreatstrainonthestatebudget.

56.Whatistheironyaboutthedebateoverimmigration?

A)Eveneconomistscan'treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.

B)Thosewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.

C)Peoplearemakingtoobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.

D)Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

PictureatypicalMBAlecturetheatretwentyyearsago.Initthemajorityofstudents

willhaveconformedtothestandardmodelofthetime:male,middleclassandWestern.Walkinto

aclasstoday,however,andyou'llgetacompletelydifferentimpression.Forastart,youwillnow

seeplentymorewomen-theUniversityofPennsylvania'sWhartonSchool,forexample,boasts

that40%ofitsnewenrolmentisfemale.Youwillalsoseeawiderangeofethnicgroupsand

nationalsofpracticallyeverycountry.

Itmightbetempting,therefore,tothinkthattheoldbarriershavebeenbrokendownand

equalopportunityachieved.But,increasingly,thisapparentdiversityisbecomingamaskfora

newtypeofconformity.Behindthedifferencesinsex,skintonesandmothertongues,thereare

commonattitudes,expectationsandambitionswhichriskcreatingasetofclonesamongthe

businessleadersofthefuture.

Diversity,itseems,hasnothelpedtoaddressfundamentalweaknessesinbusiness

leadership.Sowhatcanbedonetocreatemoreeffectivemanagersofthecommercialworld?

AccordingtoValerieGauthier,associatedeanatHECParis,thekeyliesintheprocessbywhich

MBAprogrammesrecruittheirstudents.Atthemomentcandidatesareselectedonafairlynarrow

setofcriteriasuchasprioracademicandcareerperformance,andanalyticalandproblemsolving

abilities.Thisisthencoupledtoaschool'spictureofwhatadiverseclassshouldlooklike,with

theresultthatpassport,ethnicoriginandsexcanallbecomeinfluencingfactors.Butschools

rarelydigdowntofindoutwhatreallymakesanapplicantsucceed,tocreateaclasswhichalso

containsdiversityofattitudeandapproach-arguablytheonlydiversitythat,inabusinesscontext,

reallymatters.

ProfessorGauthierbelievesschoolsshouldnotjustbeselectingcandidatesfrom

traditionalsectorssuchasbanking,consultancyandindustry.Theyshouldalsobeseeking

individualswhohavebackgroundsinareassuchaspoliticalscience,thecreativearts,historyor

philosophy,whichwillallowthemtoputbusinessdecisionsintoawidercontext.

Indeed,theredoesseemtobeademandforthemoreroundedleaderssuchdiversity

mightcreate.AstudybyMannaz,aleadershipdevelopmentcompany,suggeststhat,whilethe

bully-boychiefexecutiveofoldmaynothavebeeneradicatedcompletely,thereisadefiniteshift

inemphasistowardslesstoughstylesofmanagement-atleastinAmericaandEurope.Perhaps

mostsignificant,accordingtoMannaz,istheincreasinginterestlargecompanieshaveinmore

collaborativemanagementmodels,suchasthoseprevalentinScandinavia,whichseektointegrate

thehardandsoftaspectsofleadershipandencouragedelegatedresponsibilityandaccountability.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

57.Whatcharacterisesthebusine