2025年物理專業(yè)英語名詞解釋經(jīng)典力學(xué)部分1.Newton'sLawsofMotion（牛頓運動定律）Newton'sFirstLaw,alsoknownasthelawofinertia,statesthatanobjectatrestwillremainatrest,andanobjectinmotionwillcontinueinmotionwithaconstantvelocity(thatis,constantspeedinastraightline)unlessacteduponbyanexternalunbalancedforce.Forexample,abooklyingonatablewillstaythereuntilsomeoneorsomethingappliesaforcetomoveit.Thislawisfundamentalasitintroducestheconceptofinertia,whichisthetendencyofanobjecttoresistchangesinitsstateofmotion.Newton'sSecondLawstatesthattheaccelerationofanobjectisdirectlyproportionaltothenetforceactingonitandinverselyproportionaltoitsmass.Mathematically,itisexpressedas\(F=ma\),where\(F\)isthenetforce,\(m\)isthemassoftheobject,and\(a\)istheacceleration.Ifyoupushasmallcarandalargetruckwiththesameforce,thecarwillhaveagreateraccelerationbecauseitsmassissmaller.Newton'sThirdLawstatesthatforeveryaction,thereisanequalandoppositereaction.Whenyouwalk,yourfootpushesbackwardontheground(action),andthegroundpushesforwardonyourfootwithanequalforce(reaction),allowingyoutomoveforward.2.Momentum（動量）Momentumisavectorquantitydefinedastheproductofanobject'smassanditsvelocity,\(p=mv\).Itdescribesthequantityofmotionanobjecthas.Thelawofconservationofmomentumstatesthatinanisolatedsystem(asystemwherenoexternalforcesact),thetotalmomentumbeforeanevent(suchasacollision)isequaltothetotalmomentumaftertheevent.Forexample,inabilliardsgame,whenoneballhitsanother,thetotalmomentumofthetwo-ballsystembeforethecollisionisthesameasthetotalmomentumafterthecollision.3.Work（功）Workisdonewhenaforceactsonanobjectandcausesittomoveinthedirectionoftheforce.Theworkdonebyaconstantforce\(F\)onanobjectthatmovesadistance\(d\)inthedirectionoftheforceisgivenby\(W=Fd\).Iftheforceandthedisplacementarenotinthesamedirection,then\(W=Fd\cos\theta\),where\(\theta\)istheanglebetweentheforceandthedisplacementvectors.Forinstance,whenyouliftaboxverticallyupwards,theforceyouapplyisinthesamedirectionasthedisplacementofthebox,andworkisdoneagainstgravity.4.Energy（能量）Energyistheabilitytodowork.Therearedifferentformsofenergy.Kineticenergy(\(K\))istheenergyofmotionandisgivenbytheformula\(K=\frac{1}{2}mv^{2}\),where\(m\)isthemassoftheobjectand\(v\)isitsvelocity.Potentialenergyistheenergyanobjecthasduetoitspositionorconfiguration.Gravitationalpotentialenergy(\(U=mgh\))istheenergyanobjecthasbecauseofitsheight\(h\)aboveareferencelevelinagravitationalfield,where\(m\)isthemassand\(g\)istheaccelerationduetogravity.Thelawofconservationofenergystatesthatenergycannotbecreatedordestroyed,onlytransferredortransformedfromoneformtoanother.Forexample,whenapendulumswings,itspotentialenergyatthehighestpointisconvertedintokineticenergyatthelowestpointandvice-versa.電磁學(xué)部分1.ElectricCharge（電荷）Electricchargeisafundamentalpropertyofmatter.Therearetwotypesofelectriccharges:positiveandnegative.Likechargesrepeleachother,andunlikechargesattracteachother.TheSIunitofelectricchargeisthecoulomb(C).Anelectronhasachargeofapproximately\(-1.6\times10^{-19}\text{C}\),andaprotonhasachargeof\(+1.6\times10^{-19}\text{C}\).Chargeisconservedinanyphysicalprocess,whichmeansthatthetotalchargeinaclosedsystemremainsconstant.2.ElectricField（電場）Anelectricfieldisaregionaroundachargedobjectwhereanelectricforceisexertedonotherchargedobjects.Theelectricfieldstrength\(E\)atapointinspaceisdefinedastheforce\(F\)perunitpositivecharge\(q\)placedatthatpoint,\(E=\frac{F}{q}\).Thedirectionoftheelectricfieldatapointisthedirectionoftheforcethatwouldactonapositivetestchargeplacedatthatpoint.Electricfieldlinesareusedtovisualizetheelectricfield.Theystartfrompositivechargesandendonnegativecharges.3.ElectricPotential（電勢）Electricpotentialatapointinanelectricfieldistheelectricpotentialenergyperunitchargeatthatpoint.Itisascalarquantity.TheSIunitofelectricpotentialisthevolt(V).Thechangeinelectricpotential\(\DeltaV\)betweentwopointsinanelectricfieldisrelatedtotheworkdone\(W\)inmovingacharge\(q\)betweenthosetwopointsby\(\DeltaV=\frac{W}{q}\).Abatterycreatesapotentialdifferencebetweenitstwoterminals,whichcauseschargestoflowinacircuit.4.Capacitance（電容）Capacitanceisameasureofacapacitor'sabilitytostoreelectriccharge.Acapacitorconsistsoftwoconductors(plates)separatedbyaninsulator(dielectric).Thecapacitance\(C\)ofacapacitorisdefinedastheratioofthecharge\(Q\)storedononeoftheplatestothepotentialdifference\(V\)betweentheplates,\(C=\frac{Q}{V}\).TheSIunitofcapacitanceisthefarad(F).Capacitorsareusedinmanyelectricalcircuits,suchasinsmoothingoutvoltagefluctuationsinpowersupplies.5.MagneticField（磁場）Amagneticfieldisaregionwhereamagneticforceisexertedonmovingchargesormagneticmaterials.Magneticfieldlinesareusedtorepresentthemagneticfield.Theyformclosedloops,startingfromthenorthpoleofamagnetandendingatthesouthpoleoutsidethemagnetandcontinuingfromthesouthpoletothenorthpoleinsidethemagnet.TheSIunitofmagneticfieldstrengthisthetesla(T).Acurrent-carryingwireproducesamagneticfieldaroundit,andthedirectionofthemagneticfieldcanbedeterminedusingtheright-handrule.6.ElectromagneticInduction（電磁感應(yīng)）Electromagneticinductionistheprocessbywhichachangingmagneticfieldinducesanelectromotiveforce(emf)andhenceanelectriccurrentinaconductor.Faraday'slawofelectromagneticinductionstatesthattheinducedemfinaclosedloopisequaltothenegativerateofchangeofthemagneticfluxthroughtheloop.Magneticflux\(\Phi_B=BA\cos\theta\),where\(B\)isthemagneticfield,\(A\)istheareaoftheloop,and\(\theta\)istheanglebetweenthemagneticfieldandthenormaltothearea.Lenz'slawstatesthatthedirectionoftheinducedcurrentissuchthatitopposesthechangeinmagneticfluxthatproducedit.Thisprincipleisusedingeneratorstoconvertmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.熱學(xué)部分1.Temperature（溫度）Temperatureisameasureoftheaveragekineticenergyoftheparticlesinasubstance.Itdeterminesthedirectionofheattransfer.Heatalwaysflowsfromaregionofhighertemperaturetoaregionoflowertemperature.TheSIunitoftemperatureisthekelvin(K).TheCelsiusscale(\(^{\circ}\text{C}\))andtheFahrenheitscale(\(^{\circ}\text{F}\))arealsocommonlyused.TherelationshipbetweenCelsiusandKelvinis\(T(K)=T(^{\circ}\text{C})+273.15\).2.Heat（熱）Heatisthetransferofenergybetweentwoobjectsorsystemsduetoatemperaturedifference.Itisnotthesameastemperature.Theamountofheat\(Q\)transferredtoanobjectcanbecalculatedusingtheformula\(Q=mc\DeltaT\),where\(m\)isthemassoftheobject,\(c\)isthespecificheatcapacityofthematerial,and\(\DeltaT\)isthechangeintemperature.SpecificheatcapacityistheamountofheatrequiredtoraisethetemperatureofaunitmassofasubstancebyonedegreeCelsius(oronekelvin).3.Thermodynamics（熱力學(xué)）Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsisastatementoftheconservationofenergyforthermodynamicsystems.Itstatesthatthechangeininternalenergy\(\DeltaU\)ofasystemisequaltotheheat\(Q\)addedtothesystemminusthework\(W\)donebythesystem,\(\DeltaU=Q-W\).Thesecondlawofthermodynamicshasseveralstatements.Onecommonstatementisthatheatcannotspontaneouslyflowfromacolderbodytoahotterbody.Anotherwaytoexpressitisintermsofentropy.Entropyisameasureofthedisorderorrandomnessofasystem,andtheentropyofanisolatedsystemalwaysincreasesovertime.Thethirdlawofthermodynamicsstatesthattheentropyofaperfectcrystalatabsolutezerotemperatureiszero.量子力學(xué)部分1.Wave-ParticleDuality（波粒二象性）Wave-particledualityistheconceptthatallparticles(suchaselectrons,protons)canexhibitbothparticle-likeandwave-likebehavior.Forexample,electronscanbehaveasparticleswhentheyhitadetectorandleaveadiscretespot,buttheycanalsoshowwave-likeinterferencepatternsinadouble-slitexperiment.LouisdeBroglieproposedthateveryparticlehasawavelength\(\lambda=\frac{h}{p}\),where\(h\)isPlanck'sconstant(\(h=6.626\times10^{-34}\text{J}\cdot\text{s}\))and\(p\)isthemomentumoftheparticle.2.QuantumState（量子態(tài)）Aquantumstateisamathematicaldescriptionofthestateofaquantumsystem.Itcontainsalltheinformationthatcanbeknownaboutthesystematagiventime.Forexample,inthecaseofanelectroninanatom,itsquantumstateisdescribedbyasetofquantumnumberssuchastheprincipalquantumnumber\(n\),theangularmomentumquantumnumber\(l\),themagneticquantumnumber\(m_l\),andthespinquantumnumber\(m_s\).Thesequantumnumbersdeterminetheenergy,orbitalshape,orientation,andspinoftheelectron.3.Schr?dingerEquation（薛定諤方程）TheSchr?dingerequationisafundamentalequationinquantummechanics.Thetime-independentSchr?dingerequationforaparticleinapotential\(V(x)\)isgivenby\(-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m}\frac{d^{2}\psi(x)}{dx^{2}}+V(x)\psi(x)=E\psi(x)\),where\(\hbar=\frac{h}{2\pi}\),\(m\)isthemassoftheparticle,\(\psi(x)\)isthewavefunctionoftheparticle,\(E\)istheenergyoftheparticle.Thewavefunction\(\psi(x)\)containsinformationabouttheprobabilitydistributionoffindingtheparticleatdifferentpositions.Thesquareoftheabsolutevalueofthewavefunction\(|\psi(x)|^{2}\)givestheprobabilitydensityoffindingtheparticleataparticularpoint\(x\).4.UncertaintyPrinciple（不確定性原理）TheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciplestatesthatitisimpossibletosimultaneouslymeasurethepositionandmomentumofaparticlewitharbitraryprecision.Mathematically,itisexpressedas\(\Deltax\Deltap\geq\frac{\hbar}{2}\),where\(\Deltax\)istheuncertaintyinthepositionoftheparticleand\(\Deltap\)istheuncertaintyinitsmomentum.Thisprincipleisafundamentalconsequenceofthewave-particledualityofquantumobjectsandhasfar-reachingimplicationsforthenatureofmeasurementinthequantumworld.相對論部分1.SpecialRelativity（狹義相對論）Specialrelativityisbasedontwopostulates.Thefirstpostulatestatesthatthelawsofphysicsarethesameinallinertialframesofreference.AninertialframeofreferenceisoneinwhichNewton'sfirstlawholds.Thesecondpostulatestatesthatthespeedoflight\(c\)inavacuumisthesameforallobservers,regardlessoftheirrelativemotion.Oneoftheimportantconsequencesofspecialrelativityistimedilation.Amovingclockrunsslowercomparedtoastationarycl