Unit5BioengineeredhopeUnitoverviewBioengineeringisfundamentallytransforminghealthcarebyturningonce-futuristicideasintolife-savingrealities.Bycombiningengineeringprinciplesandlifesciences,thisinterdisciplinaryfieldhasrevolutionizedapproachestorepairingthehumanbody,includingbioprintingfunctionalhumantissuesandorgans,reprogrammingstemcellsforchronicdiseasereversal,andcreatingbioactivescaffoldsforcongenitaldefectrepair.Theseinnovationsoffernewhopeforconditionslikediabetes,organfailure,andbirthdefects,directlypromotinghumanwell-being.What’smore,theyareshiftingmedicalparadigmsanddrivingtheinnovationandprogressoftheentirehealth-caresector.Thoughtranslatingbreakthroughsintomainstreammedicalpracticefaceschallengesandhurdles,suchasthescalablemanufacturingofcomplexbioengineeredconstructsandethicalandregulatoryconstraintssurroundingemergingtechnologies,thepotentialofbioengineeringtoredefinehealingremainshighlypromising.

ViewingthroughthelensScriptsTherearecurrentlyhundredsofthousandsofpeopleontransplantlistswaitingforcriticalorganslikekidneys,hearts,andliversthatcouldsavetheirlives.Unfortunately,therearen’tnearlyenoughdonororgansavailabletofillthatdemand.Whatifinsteadofwaiting,wecouldcreatebrand-newcustomizedorgansfromscratch?That’stheideabehindbioprinting,abranchofregenerativemedicinecurrentlyunderdevelopment.We’renotabletoprintcomplexorgansjustyet,butsimplertissues,includingbloodvesselsandtubesresponsiblefornutrientandwasteexchange,arealreadyinourgrasp.Bioprintingisabiologicalcousinof3Dprinting,atechniquethatdepositslayersofmaterialontopofeachothertoconstructathree-dimensionalobject,onesliceatatime.Insteadofstartingwithmetal,plastic,orceramic,a3Dprinterfororgansandtissuesusesbioink,aprintablematerialthatcontainslivingcells.Thebulkofmanybioinksarehydrogels.Mixedintothosearemillionsoflivingcellsaswellasvariouschemicalsthatencouragecellstocommunicateandgrow.Somebioinksincludeasingletypeofcell,whileotherscombineseveraldifferentkindstoproducemorecomplexstructures.Let’ssayyouwanttoprintameniscus,whichisapieceofcartilageinthekneethatkeepstheshinboneandthighbonefromgrindingagainsteachother.It’smadeupofcellscalledchondrocytes,andyou’llneedahealthysupplyofthemforyourbioink.Thesecellscancomefromdonorswhosecelllinesarereplicatedinalab,ortheymightoriginatefromapatient’sowntissuetocreateapersonalizedmeniscuslesslikelytoberejectedbytheirbody.Thereareseveralprintingtechniquesandthemostpopularisextrusion-basedbioprinting.Inthis,bioinkgetsloadedintoaprintingchamberandpushedthrougharoundnozzleattachedtoaprinthead.Itcanproduceacontinuousfilamentroughlythethicknessofahumanfingernail.Acomputerizedimageorfileguidestheplacementofthestrands,eitherontoaflatsurfaceorintoaliquidbaththat’llhelpholdthestructureinplaceuntilitstabilizes.Theseprintersarefastproducingthemeniscus,onethinstrandatatime.Afterprinting,somebioinkswillstiffenimmediately,othersneedUVlightoranadditionalchemicalorphysicalprocesstostabilizethestructure.Iftheprintingprocessissuccessful,thecellsinthesynthetictissuewillbegintobehavethesamewaycellsdoinrealtissue,signalingtoeachother,exchangingnutrients,andmultiplying.Wecanalreadyprintrelativelysimplestructureslikethismeniscus.Bioprintedbladdershavealsobeensuccessfullyimplanted,andprintedtissuehaspromotedfacialnerveregenerationinrats.Researchershavecreatedlungtissue,skin,andcartilage,aswellasminiature,semi-functionalversionsofkidneys,livers,andhearts.However,replicatingthecomplexbiochemicalenvironmentofamajororganisasteepchallenge.Extrusion-basedbioprintingmaydestroyasignificantpercentageofcellsintheinkifthenozzleistoosmall,oriftheprintingpressureistoohigh.Oneofthemostformidablechallengesishowtosupplyoxygenandnutrientstoallthecellsinafull-sizeorgan.That’swhythegreatestsuccessessofarhavebeenwithstructuresthatareflatorhollow,andwhyresearchersarebusydevelopingwaystoincorporatebloodvesselsintobioprintedtissue.There’stremendouspotentialtousebioprintingtosavelivesandadvanceourunderstandingofhowourorgansfunctioninthefirstplace.Andthetechnologyopensupadizzyingarrayofpossibilities,suchasprintingtissueswithembeddedelectronics.Couldweonedayengineerorgansthatexceedcurrenthumancapability,orgiveourselvesfeatureslikeunburnableskin?Howlongmightweextendhumanlifebyprintingandreplacingourorgans?Andexactlywhoandwhatwillhaveaccesstothistechnologyanditsincredibleoutput?Pre-viewingReferenceanswersGenerally,thebioprintingprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps.First,doctorsscanthepatient(likewithMRI)toacquiredetailedimagingdataofthetargetarea.Then,thesedataareprocessedtocreateaprecisedigital3Dmodeloftherequiredtissueororgan.Next,theyprepare“bioink”–aspecialmaterialloadedwiththepatient’sowncells.Thebioprinterthenpreciselydepositsthisbioink,followingthedigitalmodel,toformthetissueororganstructure.Rightafterprinting,theprintedtissueororgangoesintoaspecialincubatororbioreactorfordaysorweeks,allowingcellstomatureanddevelop.Finally,thetissueororganisreadyforimplantationintothepatient.See?It’slikeadvancedbiologicalmanufacturing.Bioprintingismakinggreatcontributionstoregenerativemedicine.Firstly,itallowsscientiststocreatecustomizedtissuesandsimpleorgansusingapatient’sowncells,potentiallyeliminatingtransplantrejectionandliberatingcriticallyillpatientsfromtheordealofwaitingfordonororgans.Secondly,itenablestheproductionofprecisetissueandorganmodelsordiseasemodels,whichcanbedirectlyusedtotestregenerativemedicine-relatedtherapies,reducinganimaltesting.Thirdly,theseprintedtissuesandorganshelpresearchersstudydiseasesandorgandevelopmentinthelab,acceleratingmedicaldiscoveries.Whilecomplexorganslikeheartsarestillindevelopment,bioprintingoffersrealhopeforsolvingthecriticalorganshortageandcreatingbetterpersonalizedtreatments.It’sbuildingthefutureofhealing.ViewingandsynthesizingAnswers1)customizedorgans2)biologicalcousin3)livingcells4)computerizedimageorfile5)chemicalorphysical6)kidneys,livers,andhearts7)biochemicalenvironment8)howourorgansfunctionViewinganddiscussingReferenceanswersBioprintingcouldhelppatientsinwaysotherthanthosementionedinthevideo.Forexample:Cornealtransplants–Createcorneastotreatblindnessfrominjuriesordiseases.Gumgrafts–Printgumtissueforpatientswithrecedinggums.Nerverepair–Guidedamagednervestoregrowusingnerveguidanceconduits.Heartpatches–Printsmallpiecesofcardiactissuetorepairthedeadtissuecausedbyheartattacks.Drugtesting–Usepatient-specificcellstogeneratecustomizedtissueororganconstructstoenabletailoreddrugtestingandscreening.2.Bioprintingshouldprioritizeaddressingmedicalneeds.Millionsofpeopleworldwidesufferfromorganfailure,burns,andinjuriesthatmightbetreatedwithbioprintedtissuesororgans.Addressingtheseurgenthealthissuesisconsistentwithmedicine’scoregoal:healingpatients.Whilehumanaugmentation,likeenhancedstrengthorvision,isfascinating,itraisesethicalconcernsandmayonlybenefitafew.Byfocusingonlife-savingapplicationsfirst–suchasskingraftsforburnvictimsortransplantableorgans–weensurethistechnologyhelpsthoseingreatestneed.Later,oncethesecriticalmedicalneedsaremet,wecancarefullyexplorehumanaugmentation.Thisapproachbalancesinnovationwithresponsibility.

ExploringthefrontierReading1BackgroundinformationDiabetes,achronicmetabolicdisordercharacterizedbypersistenthighbloodglucoselevels,resultsfromautoimmunedestructionofinsulin-producingβ-cells(type1diabetes,formerlycalled“juvenilediabetes”duetoitsfrequentpediatriconsetthoughitcanoccuratanyage)orinsulinresistancecoupledwithprogressiveβ-celldysfunction(type2diabetes,historicallytermed“adult-onsetdiabetes”despiteincreasingincidenceinyoungerpopulations).Ifnotproperlymanaged,overtimeitcanleadtoseverecomplicationsaffectingmultipleorgansystems,includingdamagetotheheart,vasculature,eyes,kidneys,andnerves.Currenttreatments,suchasinsulininjectionsormedications,helpmanagesymptoms,buttheyfailtoaddresstheunderlyingdiseasemechanisms.Stemcelltherapyhasemergedasagroundbreakingapproachthattargetstherootcauses.Stemcells–particularlypluripotentormesenchymalstemcells–candifferentiateintoinsulin-producingβ-cells,potentiallyrestoringpancreaticfunction.Theymodulatetheautoimmuneresponses(criticalintype1diabetes)andimproveinsulinsensitivity(fortype2diabetes),leadingtoimprovedglucosecontrolandreducedinsulindependenceinsomepatients,asdemonstratedinpreclinicalandclinicalstudies.Thisrepresentsaparadigmshiftfromsymptommanagementtopotentialdiseasemodificationindiabetestreatment.KnowledgefocusBelowaresomekeytakeawaysfromReading1.Pleaseguidestudentstoaccessthedigitaltextbookforadditionallearningmaterialsandinteractiveresources.stemcelltype1diabetesautologousisletchemicallyinducedpluripotentstemcell(CiPSC)insulinindependenceglycatedhemoglobinimmunosuppressantpluripotentstateAdditionalresources1.Whatisapluripotentstemcell?Whatisapluripotentstemcell?Whyisitregardedasthebasisofthetreeofhumanlife?Explorethesemiraculouscellswiththisvideo.Video:Whatisapluripotentstemcell?2.CellprocessingandmanufactureStemcelltherapiesholdimmensepromiseforregenerativemedicine,buttheirsafetranslationrequiresrigorousprocessingandmanufacturingstandardsandrobustqualitycontrol.The2021GuidelinesforStemCellResearchandClinicalTranslationexploreskeychallengesincellprocessingandmanufacturingandoutlinesessentialstrategiestoensuretherapeuticsafetyandefficacy.Text:CellprocessingandmanufactureLanguagepoints1.Managingherconditionrequiredconstantcalculations–howmuchinsulintoinject,whentoeat,andhowtoavoiddangerousspikesanddropsinbloodsugar.(Para.1)[Words&Phrases]:Thephrase“spikesanddrops”describessuddenandextremefluctuations,inbloodglucoselevelsinthiscontext.e.g.Theexperimentalresultswerecompromisedbyunexpectedspikesanddropsinlaboratorytemperature.[Notes]:Thecontentfollowingthedashconsistsofthreeparallel“wh-word+infinitive”structures.Together,theyfunctionasanappositiveto“constantcalculations,”explainingthisabstractconceptthroughspecificdetails.2.Thisstudyrepresentsacriticalmilestoneinthequestforacurefortype1diabetes,which,alongwithtype2diabetes,afflictsover800millionpeopleworldwide.(Para.2)[Structure&Grammar]:Themainclauseofthissentenceis“Thisstudyrepresentsacriticalmilestoneinthequestforacurefortype1diabetes.”Thenon-restrictiverelativeclause(“which...afflictsover800millionpeopleworldwide”)includesaparentheticalinsertion(“alongwithtype2diabetes”)toclarifythatthestatisticsencompassbothtypesofdiabetes.[Notes]:Thesentencehighlightsthesignificanceofthestudyinadvancingthesearchforadiabetescure.Bystatingthatbothtype1andtype2diabetescollectivelyaffectmorethan800millionpeopleglobally,itunderscorestheurgencyandimpactoftheresearch.3.Bythefourthmonth,hertimeinrangeshotupfrom43.18%toanimpressive96.21%,whileherglycatedhemoglobinreturnedtonon-diabeticlevels.(Para.4)[Words&Phrases]:Theincreaseoftimeinrangefrom43.18%to96.21%isextraordinary.Thephrase“shotup”perfectlyconveysthisdramaticandrapidimprovement.Wordslike“increased,”“rose,”or“improved”wouldbeaccuratebutfarlessimpactfulanddescriptiveinthiscontext,whilewordslike“surged,”“skyrocketed,”or“l(fā)eaped”cansimilarlycapturethesenseofabrupt,significantgrowth.e.g.Afterthepharmaceuticalcompanyannounceditsbreakthroughproduct,itsstockpriceshotupby30%inasingleday.[Notes]:Theforcefulnatureof“shotup”implicitlyemphasizestheeffectivenessofthestemcelltherapy.Itsuggeststheimprovementwasn’tjustgood,itwasremarkableandswift.4.Meanwhile,theuseofimmunosuppressantsintheyoungwoman,necessitatedbyherpriorlivertransplant,mayhavecontributedtothesuccessofthetreatmentbypotentiallyshieldingthenewisletsfromimmunesystemattacks.(Para.9)[Words&Phrases]:Theword“shield”isoriginallyanoun,referringtoaprotectivebarrier–traditionallyapieceofmetal,wood,orleatherusedtoblockphysicalattacks.Inthissentence,itisaverb.Thephrase“shieldsb./sth.fromsb./sth.else”means“protectsb.orsth.frombeingharmedordamaged.”Itappliesbothtophysicalcontextsandabstractones.e.g.1)WearsunglassestoprotectyoureyesbyshieldingthemfromUVrays.2)Hospitalsshouldprioritizeimprovingmedicalcareovershieldingthemselvesfromconstructivecriticism.[Structure&Grammar]:Thepastparticiplephrase“necessitatedbyherpriorlivertransplant”functionsasapost-nominalmodifier,whichexplainswhythepatientneededimmunosuppressants–duetoherearlierlivertransplant.Thestructure“mayhave+pastparticiple”isusedtomakeaninferenceaboutanactionorsituationthatoccurredinthepast.Itemphasizesthatthispossibilityexists,butthereisnoconclusiveevidenceorfullconfirmation.Inthissentence,“mayhavecontributedtothesuccessofthetreatment”suggestsapossiblebutunconfirmedbenefit.5.AsanexpertattheUniversityofMiamisaidinaninterviewwithNature,beforelabelingthetreatmentacure,itmustbeverifiedthatthetransplantedcellscontinuetoproduceinsulinforuptofiveyears.(Para.9)[Structure&Grammar]:Thiscomplexsentencebeginswithanadverbialclause(“Asanexpert...saidinaninterviewwithNature”)whichclarifiesthesourceoftheviewpoint,followedbyatimeadverbial(“beforelabeling...acure”)settingacondition.Themainclauseusesanticipatory“it”(“itmustbeverified”)tointroducetheessentialrequirement(“that...foruptofiveyears”).[Notes]:Thisexpertopinion,whichemphasizesthatlong-termevidence(fiveyearsofinsulinproduction)isrequiredtoconfirmwhethertheexperimentaltherapyqualifiesasadefinitivecureratherthanatemporarysolution,mirrorsscientificprudence.6.Someday,stemcellsmightofferapermanentfixforpatientsgrapplingwithdiabetesglobally.(Para.11)[Words&Phrases]:Inthiscontext,theword“fix”means“sth.thatsolvesaproblem(解決方法；應(yīng)對措施).”Ifyourefertosomethingasa“quickfix”toaproblem,youmeanitisawayofsolvingaproblemthatiseasybuttemporaryorinadequate.e.g.1)Genetherapyhasshownpromise,butsomeresearchersbelievestemcellscouldbetheultimatefixfortype1diabetesbyregeneratinginsulin-producingcells.2)Let’sgetthebadnewsoutofthewayfirst:There’snoquickfixforchronicfatigue.7.Thehistoryofdiabetesresearchislitteredwitheffortsthatstartedwithpromisebutendedupdisappointing.(Para.12)[Meaning]:Thehistoryofdiabetesresearchisfullofnumerousunsuccessfulattemptsdespiteinitialoptimism.[Words&Phrases]:Thephrase“endup”canbefollowedbyeitheragerund,whichfocusesonongoingactivityastheresult,oranadjective,whichdescribestheresultingstateorcondition.e.g.1)Thediabeticpatientwithuntreateddiseaseendedupneedingdebridement(清創(chuàng))foraseverefootulcer.2)Aftera12-hourshiftattheICU,thedoctorendedupexhaustedanddizzy.8.Acuremayfinallybeonthehorizon.(Para.12)[Words&Phrases]:Theword“horizon”referstothelinewheretheearthmeetstheskyorthesea.Thephrase“onthehorizon”suggeststhatsomethingisbecomingvisibleandattainableinthenearfuture.e.g.Afteryearsofresearch,apotentialAlzheimer’streatmentisfinallyonthehorizon,givinghopetomillionsofpatientsworldwide.ReadingandsynthesizingGlobalunderstandingAnswers1)insulintreatments2)patient’sownbody3)abdomen4)sustainedinsulinindependence5)non-diabeticlevels6)immunosuppressants7)efficacy8)extendedfollow-upperiodsDetailedunderstandingAnswers1.type1diabetesinahuman2.chronic,metabolicdisease;vitalorgansandoverallhealth3.smallmolecules;triggergeneexpression4.monitorthecellscloselythroughMRI5.permanentfixforpatientsCultivatingmedicalthinkingReferenceanswers1.Autologousstemcelltherapyhasshownpromisebeyondtreatingdiabetes.Forexample,itiswidelyusedtotreatbloodcancerslikeleukemiaandlymphomabyreplacingdamagedbonemarrowwithhealthystemcells.In2025,a66-year-oldwomanwithParkinson’sdiseaseunderwentaminimallyinvasiveprocedureatRuijinHospitalinShanghai,duringwhichdopaminergicneuralprecursorcellsderivedfromautologousinducedpluripotentstemcellsweretransplantedintospecificareasofherbrain.Overamonthafterthesurgery,shewasabletowalkindependently.Sheshared,“Afterthestemcelltreatment,mysleepqualityhasimprovedsignificantly.Ifallasleepquicklyandcansleepforsixhoursstraight.Mypreviouslystiffhandsandfeethavebecomemoreflexible,andInoticesmallimprovementseveryday.Althoughrecoveryrequirespatience,thefeelingof‘gettingbettereachday’fillsmewithhope.”ThismarksChina’sfirstclinicalapplicationofsuchcelltherapytechnologyforParkinson’sdisease.Theresearchteamwillcontinuetomonitortheintegrationofthetransplantedcellsandgraduallyexpandthenumberofparticipantsasplanned.2.Scientificprogressreliesoniterativeimprovements,whereresearchersrefineexistingtechniquestoenhanceefficacyandsafety.TheChineseteam’smodificationoftheJapanesestemcellreprogrammingmethod–replacinggene-alteringproteinswithsmallmolecules–demonstrateshowrefiningpriordiscoveriescanleadtobreakthroughs.Bystandingontheshouldersofearlierresearchers,scientistsaccelerateinnovation,avoidredundantefforts,andfocusontargetedoptimizations,ultimatelyadvancingscientificresearchmoreefficiently.AdditionalactivityResearchactivity:“Standingontheshouldersofgiants”–CasestudiesiniterativeinnovationTask:Findexampleswhereresearchersimproveduponearlierworktoachievegreatersuccess.Objective:Toinvestigatehowbreakthroughsinscienceandtechnologyoftenemergefromrefiningexistingmethodsratherthanstartingfromscratch.Guidingquestions:Originaldiscoveryvs.improvement–Whatwasthefoundationaldiscovery,andhowwasitmodified?Whythechangemattered–Didthenewmethodincreaseefficiency,safety,scalability,oraccessibility?Impact–Howdidthisrefinementadvancethefield?3.Theterm“cautiouslyoptimistic”reflectsthebalancedperspectiverequiredinmedicalresearchandinnovation:Optimismdrivesexploration,whilecautionensuresrigorousvalidation.Stemcelltherapies,thoughgroundbreaking,requireextensivetestingtoconfirmlong-termsafetyandefficacyacrossdiversepopulations.Theinitialsuccessintype1diabetesreversalispromising,butvariableslikeimmunosuppressantuseandsmallsamplesizesnecessitatefurtherstudies.Suchamindset–celebratingprogresswhileacknowledginguncertainties–ensuresthatmedicalresearchisscientificandcantranslateintoreliable,widelyapplicabletreatments.Languageinuse(online)GeneralvocabularyReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthesentenceswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformifnecessary.striderevertshieldcohortmilestoneafflict1.Recentadvancementsinorganregenerationhaveutilizedbiologicalcompositescaffoldstoguidethematurationofphysiologicallycompetenttissuesforautologoustransplantation.2.Thechildisplaguedbyautismspectrumdisorder,requiringdevelopmentalinterventions.3.Followingmedicationdiscontinuation,thepatient’sconditionhasreturnedtoitsunstableoriginalstate.4.Overtheentiresix-monthdurationofthestudy,asmallgroupofparticipantswasmonitoredfortreatmentsideeffects.5.Inclinicalsettings,health-careworkersusuallywearglovesandmaskstoprotectthemselvesfrominfectiousdiseases.6.ThehospitalcelebratedanimportantlandmarkwhenitsthousandthsuccessfulroboticsurgerywascompletedlastTuesday.Answers1.strides2.afflicted3.reverted4.cohort5.shield6.milestoneBankedclozegrappleunpredictablyrelentlessentailsquestwarrantedstridesrequestsspikesviability

personalizedhorizonlitteredshieldtransplantationDiabetesremainsoneofthemostoverwhelmingmedicalchallengesofourtime,presentinganongoingbattleformillionsworldwide.Patientsmayexperiencedangerous1)_________inbloodglucoselevelsthatcandamagevitalorgansovertime.Evenwithperfectadherence,theirbloodglucoselevelsmayfluctuate2)_________,sometimesrequiringemergencyintervention.Moreover,thedailyroutineofapatientwithdiabetes3)_________numerousfingerpricks,strictmedicationschedules,andconstantdietarycalculations,creatinganexhaustingcycleofself-care.Diabetesalsotakesapsychologicaltollonpatients.Theirhomesareoften4)_________withglucosemeters,teststrips,insulinvialsandpens,etc.,whichareconstantremindersoftheircondition.Thefinancialburdencanbeequally5)_________forthem.Thisrealitymakesdiabetesmanagementnotjustamedicalnecessitybutapersonal6)_________forsurvivalandqualityoflife.Nowpromisingdevelopmentsareappearingonthe7)_________.Researchersaremakingbreakthroughsinstemcelltherapiesandsmartinsulinformulationsthatmayrevolutionizediabetestreatment.Forthosewithadvancedcases,experimentaltreatmentslikeisletcell8)_________offerpotentialsolutions.Wearabletechnologyisbecomingmoresophisticated,providingreal-timeglucosemonitoringwithoutpainfulfingerpricks.Perhapsmostexcitingareadvancesinprecisionmedicinethatmayonedayallowfortruly9)_________diabetesmanagement.Thoughthefutureholdspromiseformoreeffectivesolutionstothiscomplexmetabolicdisorder,regularcheck-upsarestrongly10)_________,asearlydetectionandmanagementofdiabetescanhelppreventormitigatecomplications,suchasheartdisease,kidneydamage,nervedamage,andvisionproblems.Answers1)spikes2)unpredictably3)entails4)littered5)relentless6)quest7)horizon8)transplantation9)personalized10)warrantedEnhancingmedicalwritingReferenceanswersTask1Theauthorensuresaccuracyinseveralways:1)Citingpeer-reviewedstudies&authoritativesourcesItismentionedthatthestudyispublishedinCell,aprestigiouspeer-reviewedjournal.ReferencestoNatureconsolidatecredibility,asitisaleadingscientificpublication.2)UsingexactfiguresSpecificdatapointsareincluded,suchasthewoman’stimeinrangeimprovingfrom43.18%to96.21%andherachievingsustainedinsulinindependencein75days.Theglobaldiabetesstatistics(800millionpeople)highlighttheseverityoftheproblem.3)QuotingexpertopinionsThereportincludesaquotefromaUniversityofMiamiexpertontheneedforlong-termverification.Bygroundingclaimsinpublishedresearch,usingprecisedata,andincorporatingexpertperspectives,theauthormaintainshighaccuracy.Task2Toenhancereadabilityandengagement,thepassageeffectivelytranslatescomplexscienceintoaccessiblecontentinthefollowingways:1)SimplifyingtechnicaltermsInsteadofusing“chemicallyinducedpluripotentstemcells(CiPSCs),”thepassageuses“reprogrammedstemcellsderivedfromthepatient’sownbody”–exceptwhenreferencingresearchfindingsdirectly.Thepassageuses“herbodyproduceditsowninsulinagain”ratherthanmorespecialized“endogenousinsulinsecretionrestoration.”2)HighlightingkeybreakthroughsThefocusisonthefirst-everreversaloftype1diabetesandthepatient’slife-changingresults,whiletheparallelprogressintype2diabetestreatmentismentionedbutnotover-explained.Insteadofburdeningreaderswithtechnicaldetails,thepassagefocusesoncoreoutcomes(e.g.,“achievedsustainedinsulinindependencejust75daysafter…”)andaccessibleexplanations(e.g.,“produceslittleornoinsulinonitsown”).Thisensuresreadersgraspthebreakthroughswithoutgettinglostintechnicaldetails.3)UsingpersonalstoriesThecasesoftheTianjinwomanandthe59-year-oldmaninShanghaiaddhumaninterest,demonstratingthelife-changingimpactofthestemcelltherapyonpatients.TheTianjinwoman’squotation(“Icaneatsugarnow...especiallyhotpot”)makesherexperienceparticularlyrelatable.Bybalancingclarity,conciseness,andstorytelling,thereportremainsengagingwithoutsacrificingcredibility.Task3BreakthroughinAlzheimer’streatmentshowspromiseAgroundbreakingexperimentaldrug,donanemab,hasshownremarkablesuccessinslowingAlzheimer’sdisease,offeringhopetomillions.PublishedinJAMA,thestudyrevealsthedrugiseffectiveatclearingβ-amyloidthatformstoxicplaques–ahallmarkofAlzheimer’sdisease–thusdelayingcognitivedeclineinearly-stagepatients.Inatrial,researchersexamined1,736peopleaged60to85withmildcognitiveimpairment.Halfofthemreceivedamonthlyinfusionofthetreatment,andtheotherhalfweregivenaplacebo.After18months,thoseonthedrugexhibitedslowedcognitiveandfunctionaldeclinebyupto35%,comparedtotheplacebogroup.ResearcherssaytheresultsmarkanewerawhereAlzheimer’scanbetreated.MikeColley,whois80,isoneofonlyafewdozenpatientsintheU.K.totakepartinthetrial.Hestartedtohaveproblemswithmemoryand