法律英語（第三版）全套可編輯PPT課件

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

Contents

Lesson1Law

Lesson2LegalSystem

Lesson3LegalEducation

Lesson4CourtSystem

Lesson5Constitution本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

Contents

Lesson6AdministrativeLaw

Lesson7CriminalLaw

Lesson8CriminalProcedureLesson9CivilProcedureLesson10Torts

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

Contents

Lesson11Contract

Lesson12PropertyLaw

Lesson13LawofCorporationLesson14IntellectualPropertyLesson15Evidence

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

Contents

Lesson16InternationalLaw

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Lesson1Law學習目標TheobjectiveofthelessonistointroducetheconceptoflawStudentsarerequiredtousethelegaltermstoexpresstheirunderstandingoflaw本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TextLawEverygovernmentistheexactsymbolofitspeopleSoitiswithlawThelawsandlegalsystemofasocietyreflectthevaluesofitspeopleThefairnessofanationslawsandtheextenttowhichthelegalsystemjustlyadministersthelawsisameasureoftheenlightenment,humanity,anddegreeofcivilizationofitspeople.Lawconsistsofthewholebodyofrulesappliedandenforcedundertheauthorityofestablishedgovernmentindeterminingwhatconductisproperandshouldbepermittedandthatwhichshouldbedeniedorpenalized.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Withoutlaw,therewouldbeanarchyLawisthemeansthroughwhichsocietyisabletoexistbyprovidingprotectionfortheindividual;byestablishingandmaintainingorder,health,andsafety;byprovidingapeacefulmeansofdisputeresolution;byprovidingstabilityandflexibilityineconomicrelationsbetweenpeople;andbyprohibitingconductdestructivetosocietyRulesreflectthesocietyandtimeinwhichtheyoperateGrowthoflawhasbeenpragmatic,developingfromsocietysneedforreasonablenessandflexibilityinitsdaytodayworking.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

LawisadynamicprocessItisaflow,constantlychangingandcontinuallyexpanding.Inasense,lawissimilartolanguageItconsistsofrulesandhasapattern,buttherulesandpatternchangeastheyareusedoveraperiodoftime.Lawisbestunderstoodbyviewingthelegalsystemasaprocess—ameansofpullingtogethersocietysneedsandgoalsandtranslatingthemintoguidesforfairnessandreasonablenessinconductCourts,throughjudicialdecisions,reflectthecontrollingandimportantsocial,economic,andpoliticalgoalsandneedsofthesocietyinwhichtheyfunction.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TheEnglishsystemoflaw,onwhichtheAmericanlegalsystemisbased,developedaftertheNormanConquestintheeleventhcentury.UponconqueringEngland,William,theConqueror,replacedthelocalandhighlyvariedsystemsoflawwithacommonsystemoflaw.Overtheyears,asthecourtsystemgrew,asystemofjudgemaderulesbegantodevelop.Theserulesbecameknownas“thecommonlaw”,becausetheywerecommontoallthepeopleintheland.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Becauseoftheextremelyrigid,frequentlyoverlytechnicalproceduralrequirementsofthecommonlawsystem,peopleweresometimesunabletoobtainfairreliefinthecourts.Intime,somepersonswhofeltthattheformofreliefwasinadequatepetitionedtotheKingdirectly.ThesepetitionswereturnedovertotheKingsLordChancellor.Thispracticegaverisetoasecondcourtsystem,calledtheCourtofChanceryRemediesgrantedbytheCourtofChancerywereknownasequity.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TheEnglishcolonistswhosettledNorthAmericabasedtheirlegalsystemonwhattheyhadpreviouslyexperienced,thecommonlawandequitysystemsofEurope.Thecolonies,andlaterthestatesestablishedseparatecourtsystemstoadministerlawandequity,aswhatEnglandhaddoneAmericancourtsystemsinthenineteenthcenturyresultedinsimplificationofjudicialproceduresandeliminationofequitycourtsasseparatecourtsinmoststates.Whilethetwocourtsystemshavebeenjoinedinmoststates,theterminologyinlawandequitycasesmayremaindifferent.Forexample,ina“l(fā)awsuit”,the“plaintif”initiatesanactionbybringinga“complaint”.Inanequitycase,thepersonbringingthesuitisa“petitioner”,whobringsa“billinequity”.Thelawjudgerenders“judgment”whiletheequityjudgerendersa“decree”.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件WhilethecommonlawandequitysystemofjurisprudenceinEnglandresultedfromjudgemadedecisionsfromtheperiodfollowingtheNormanConquest,theprimarygrowthoflawintheUnitedStateshasresultedfromstatutesenactedbystatelegislaturesandbyCongress.UnderthefederalConstitutionandtheconstitutionsofall50states,itisthefunctionanddutyofthelegislativebranchofgovernmenttoenactthelaws(statutes)underwhichwelive.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ThereexistsintheAmericanlegalsystem,thecommonlawandstatutorylawThroughhistoricaldevelopment,someareasoflawhaveresultedinlesscontrolbystatutesthanbyjudicialdecisionsThelawofcontracts,forexample,wasdevelopedextensivelybythecommonlawjudgesduringthegrowthofEnglandslegalsystemThisisnottosaythatthereisnolegislationinthisarea.Legislatureshaveindeedenactedstatutescoveringcontracts,butthelegislationhasbeenphrasedbroadlyanditisthecommonlawruleswhichfilloutthedetailsofthestatutesOtherareasoflaw,particularlybusinesslaw,areentirelytheresultofstatutesForexample,corporationandantitrustlawsarecreatedbylegislation,notcourtdecisions.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Onetypeofstatutorylawconsistsofordinances,whichareenactmentsbythelegislativebodyofamunicipalcorporation(city）.AnordinanceisamunicipallawofageneralandpermanentnatureExamplesincludefirecodes,parkingregulations,andcityelections.Atreaty,anotherformofstatutorylaw,isawrittencontractbetweennationsexecutedwiththeformalitycustomaryindealingsbetweennations,althoughnotnecessarilyinaparticularandprescribedformIntheUnitedStates,thepowertomaketreatieswithforeignnationsis,undertheConstitution,giventothePresident,actingwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenateLesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ExercisesⅠ.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1Whyisagovernmentthesymbolofitspeople?2Whatislaw?3Canyoulisttherolesoflawinasociety?4Howcanlawbebestunderstood?5WhataretheeventsthatpromotethedevelopmentoftheEnglishlegalsystem?6WhydidthepeopleinEnglandpetitiontotheKing?7WhatwasthesituationofequitycourtsinNorthAmerica?8WerethestatutesdevelopedfastinNorthAmerica?Why?9Whatarethecommentsonstatutesandthecommonlawrules?10Whatisyourunderstandingabouttheordinances?Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.OneofthefoundationsofoursocietyisthebeliefthatoursisanationcommittedtotheruleoflawNopersonisabovethelaw.Weuselawtoregulatepeopleintheirrelationshipswitheachother,andintheirrelationshipswithgovernment.Lawreflectsoursocialaspirations,ourculture,andourpoliticalandeconomicsituation.Itprovidesmechanismsforresolvingdisputesandforcontrollinggovernmentofficials.Privatelawincludesproperty,family,tort,probate,andcorporatelawPubliclawincludesconstitutional,criminal,andadministrativelaw.Commontoboth,however,arecertainlegalobjectives.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Ⅲ.Whatisyouropinionofthefollowingtopic?Pleasesupportyouropinionwithexamples.Topic:Whatistherighttoequalprotectionoflaw?PublicLawandPrivateLawPubliclawisconcernedwiththedistributionandexerciseoftherulesgoverningthepowersanddutiesoflocalauthoritiesTheoperationoftheNationalHealthService,theregulationsofbuildingstandards,theissuingofpassportsandthecompulsorypurchaseoflandtobuildamotorwayallfallwithintheambitofpubliclawIncontrast,privatelawisconcernedwiththelegalrelationshipsbetweenindividuals,Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件suchastheliabilityofemployerstowardstheiremployeesforinjuriessustainedatwork,consumersrightsagainstshopkeepersandmanufacturersoverfaultygoods,orownersrightstopreventotherswalkingacrosstheirland.ThedivisionoflawintopublicandprivatelawandcivilandcriminallawaretwoclearexamplesofcategoriesthatoverlapThus,forexample,somepubliclawiscivilandsomeiscriminal.Thesignificanceofthepublic/privatelawdistinctionoperatesattwolevels.First,itisaveryusefulgeneralclassificationthroughwhichwecanhighlightsomebroaddifferences,suchasthoseinthepurposeoflaw,insourcesandformsoflegalrules,andinremediesandenforcementThisisthewaytheideaofpublic/privatelawwillbediscussedhereHowever,thedistinctionisalsousedinasecond,narrowersense;asawayofdefiningtheprocedurebywhichclaimscanberaisedincourt.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件OnewayofthinkingaboutalegalruleistoconsideritspurposeTheprimarypurposeunderlyingmostprivatelawrulesistheprotectionofindividualinterests,whereastheaimofmostpubliclawprovisionsisthepromotionofsocialobjectivesandtheprotectionofcollectiveratherthanindividualinterestsThemethodsusedtoachievethesepurposesalsodifferAcharacteristicfeatureofpubliclawisthecreationofapublicbodywithspecialpowersofinvestigation,decisionmakingand/orenforcementinrelationtoaparticularproblem,whereasprivatelawachievesitsendsbygivingindividualstherighttotakeactionindefenceoftheirinterests.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Publicandprivatelawalsoshowdifferencesintheiroriginsandforms.SomeofthemostimportantprinciplesofprivatelawareofancientoriginandweredevelopedthroughthecommonlawasindividualstooktheirprivatedisputestocourtanddemandedaremedyTherulesofprivaterightsincontract,overlandandinheritance,tocompensationforphysicalinjuryordamagetopropertyorreputation,wereallfirstfashionedbyjudgesinthecourseofdecidingcasesbroughtbeforethem.Incontrast,mostpubliclawrulesareofcomparativelyrecentoriginfirstoriginatinginstatute,notjudicialdecisions.Thereareobviousexceptions.Criminallawandthecriminaljusticesystemitselfareprimeexampleswherestandardsofbehaviouraresetbythestateandenforcedbyanetworkofpublicofficialswithpowersofarrest,Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件prosecution,trialandpunishmentLotsoftheearlydevelopmentsofthisfieldofpubliclawliesincommonlawAnimportantfunctionofpubliclawhasitsrootsinconstitutionaltheoryTheactionsofpublicbodiesareonlylawfulwhenthereisalegalrulegrantingthebodyauthoritytoactinagivensituationPubliclawthereforehasafacilitativefunction,forwhichthereisnoequivalentinprivatelaw,permittingapublicbodytotakeactionthatwouldotherwisebeunlawfulAfeatureofmostofrecentpubliclawsisashifttowardsthegrantofbroaddiscretionarypowerstopublicbodiesThischaracteristicformofmodernpubliclawcontrastsquitesharplywiththerelativelyspecificrightsanddutiestobefoundinprivatelaw,andinturnaffectstheLesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件waypublicandprivatelawcanbeenforced.Allprivatelawisenforcedbygrantingindividualstherighttotakeactionindefenceofarecognizedpersonalinterest.Forexample,ahouseholdermaymakeacontractwithabuilderovertherepairofaroof,andmaysuethebuilderiftheworkormaterialsareofalowerstandardthanwasspecifiedinthecontract.Notallpubliclawcanbeenforcedbywayofindividualaction.Evenwherelegislationlaysadutyonapublicauthority,theremaybenocorrespondingrightofindividualactionForexample,undertheEducationAct1996,localeducationauthoritiesareunderadutytoensurethattherearesufficientschools,innumbers,charactersandequipmentsLesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件forprovidingeducationalopportunitiesforallpupilsintheirareaHowever,nobodycansuetheauthorityiftheschoolsareovercrowdedorbadlyequipped.TheonlyremedyistocomplaintotheSecretaryofState,whocanmakeordersifsatisfiedthattheauthorityisindefaultofitsduties.Themechanismforcontrollingstandardsofpublicbodiesisgenerallybywayofpoliticalaccountabilitytotheelectorateorministersratherthanthelegalprocess.Lesson1Law本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Lesson2LegalSystem學習目標Theobjectiveofthelessonistointroducethemajorlegalsystemsintheworld.Studentsarerequiredtousethelegaltermstomakecomparisonsamongthelegalsystems本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TextLegalSystemCivillawCivillawisthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld,withitsoriginsinRomanLaw,andsetsoutacomprehensivesystemofrules,usuallycodified,thatareappliedandinterpretedbyjudges.However,modernsystemsaredescendantsofthe19thcenturycodificationmovement,duringwhichthemostimportantcodes(mostprominentlytheNapoleonicCodeandGermanCivilCode)cameintoexistence.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ThecivillawisbasedonRomanLaw,especiallytheCorpusJurisCivilisofEmperorJustinian,aslaterdevelopedthroughtheMiddleAgesbymedievallegalscholars.TheacceptanceofRomanlawhaddifferentcharacteristicsindifferentcountries.Insomeofthemitseffectresultedfromlegislativeact,i.e.,itbecamepositivelaw,whereasinotheronesitbecameacceptedbywayofitsprocessingbylegaltheorists.Consequently,RomanlawdidnotcompletelydominateinEurope.Romanlawwasasecondarysource,whichwasappliedonlyaslongaslocalcustomsandlocallawslackedapertinentprovisiononaparticularmatter.However,localrulestoowereinterpretedprimarilyaccordingtoRomanlaw,resultinginitsinfluencingthemainsourceoflawalso.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Asecondcharacteristic,beyondRomanlawfoundations,istheextendedcodificationoftheadoptedRomanlaw,ie,itsinclusionintocivilcodes.Theconceptofcodificationdevelopedespeciallyduringthe17thand18thcentury,asanexpressionofbothNaturalLawandtheideasoftheEnlightenmentThepoliticalidealofthaterawasexpressedbytheconceptsofdemocracy,protectionofproperty,andoftheruleoflaw.Thatidealrequiredthecreationofcertaintyoflaw,throughtherecordingoflawandthroughitsuniformitySo,theaforementionedmixofRomanlawandcustomaryandlocallawceasedtoexist,andtheroadopenedforlawcodification,whichcouldcontributetotheaimsoftheabovementionedpoliticalideal.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Anotherreasonthatcontributedtocodificationwasthatthenotionofthenationstate,whichwasbornduringthe19thcentury,requiredtherecordingofthelawthatwouldbeapplicabletothatstate.Certainly,therewasalsoreactiontotheaimoflawcodification.Theproponentsofcodification,regardeditasconducivetocertainty,unity,andsystematicrecordingoflaw,whereasitsopponentsclaimedthatcodificationwouldresultintotheossificationoflaw.CommonlawThecommonlawformsamajorpartofthelawofthosecountriesoftheworldwithahistoryasBritishterritoriesorcoloniesItisnotableforitsinclusionofextensivenonstatutorylawreflectingprecedentderivedfromcenturiesofjudgmentsbyworkingjurists.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TherearethreeimportantconnotationstothetermOneisusedtodistinguishtheauthoritythatpromulgatedaparticularpropositionoflaw:forexample,theUnitedStatestypicallyhas“statutes”enactedbyalegislature,“regulations”promulgatedbyexecutivebranchagenciespursuanttoadelegationofrulemakingauthorityfromalegislature,and“commonlaw”decisionsissuedbycourts(orquasijudicialtribunalswithinagencies)thatdiscussanddecidethefinedistinctionsinstatutesandregulations.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Theseconddistinguishes“commonlaw”jurisdictions(mostofwhichdescendfromtheEnglishlegalsystem)thatplacegreatweightonsuchcommonlawdecisions,from“civillaw”or“code”jurisdictions(manyofwhichdescendfromtheNapoleoniccodeinwhichtheweightaccordedwithjudicialprecedentismuchless）.Thethirddistinguishes“commonlaw”from“equity”.Untilthebeginningofthe20thcentury,mostcommonlawjurisdictionshadtwoparallelcourtsystems,courtsof“l(fā)aw”thatcouldonlyawardmoneydamagesandrecognisedonlythelegalownerofproperty,andcourtsof“equity”thatrecognisedtrustsofpropertyandcouldissueinjunctions,orderstodoorstopLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件doingsomethingAlthoughtheseparatecourtsweremergedlongagoinmostjurisdictions,oratleastallcourtswerepermittedtoapplybothlawandequity,thedistinctionbetweenlawandequityremainsimportantin(a)categorisingandprioritisingrightstoproperty,(b)determiningwhethertheSeventhAmendmentsguaranteeofajurytrialappliesorwhethertheissuecanonlybedecidedbyajudge(issuesofequity),and(c)intheprinciplesthatapplytothegrantofequitableremediesbythecourts.ManyimportantareasoflawaregovernedprimarilybycommonlawForexample,inEnglandandWalesandinmoststatesoftheUnitedStates,thebasiclawofcontractsandtortsdoesnotLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件existinstatute,butonlyincommonlawInalmostallareasofthelaw,statutesmaygiveonlystatementsofgeneralprinciple,butthefineboundariesanddefinitionsexistonlyinthecommonlawTofindoutwhatthelawis,youhavetolocateprecedentialdecisionsonthetopic,andreasonfromthosedecisionsbyanalogy.CivillawversusCommonlawCivillawisprimarilycontrastedagainstcommonlawTheoriginaldifferenceisthat,historically,commonlawwaslawdevelopedbycustoms,beginningbeforethereweremanywrittenlawsandcontinuingtobeappliedbycourtsaftertherewerewrittenlaws,too,whereascivillawdevelopsoutoftheRomanlawofJustiniansCorpusJurisCivilis.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Thedifferencebetweencivillawandcommonlawlieslessinthemerefactofcodification,butinthemethodologicalapproachtocodesandstatutesIncivillawcountries,legislationisseenastheprimarysourceoflawBydefault,courtsthusbasetheirjudgmentsontheprovisionsofcodesandstatutes,fromwhichsolutionsinparticularcasesaretobederived.Courtsthushavetoreasonextensivelyonthebasisofgeneralrulesandprinciplesofthecodes,oftendrawinganalogiesfromstatutoryprovisionstofillgapsandtoachievecoherenceBycontrast,inthecommonlawsystem,casesaretheprimarysourceoflaw,whilestatutesareonlyseenasincursionsintothecommonlawandthusinterpretednarrowly.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TheunderlyingprincipleofseparationofpowersisseensomewhatdifferentlyincivillawandcommonlawcountriesInsomecommonlawcountries,especiallytheUnitedStates,judgesareseenasbalancingthepoweroftheotherbranchesofgovernmentBycontrast,theoriginalideaofseparationofpowersinFrancewastoassigndifferentrolestolegislationandjudges,withthelatteronlyapplyingthelaw(thejudgeas“themouthofthelaw”）.Thereare,however,certainsociologicaldifferencesCivillawjudgesareusuallytrainedandpromotedseparatelyfromadvocates,whereascommonlawjudgesareusuallyselectedfromLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件accomplishedandreputableadvocates.Also,theinfluenceofarticlesbylegalacademicsoncaselawtendstobemuchgreaterincivillawcountries.Civillawandcommonlawsystemsalsodifferconsiderablyincriminalprocedure.Ingeneral,thejudgeinacivillawsystemplaysamoreactiveroleindeterminingthefactsofthecaseMostcivillawcountriesinvestigatemajorcrimesusingaso-calledinquisitorialsystemAlso,civillawsystemsrelymuchmoreonwrittenargumentthanoralargument.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ExercisesⅠ.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1WhatistherelationshipbetweenthecivillawsystemandRomanLaw?2WhoisJustinianandwhatishiscontribution?3WhichistheprimarysourceoflawinEurope,RomanLaworlocallaws?4Whywastheconceptofcodificationdevelopedinthe17thand18thcenturies?5Whatdidtheopponentsofcodificationthinkaboutcodificationoflaw?Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件6Whatisthemainfeatureofcommonlaw?7Whatisthedifferencebetweenstatutesandregulations?8Whereshouldpeoplegoiftheywantedtoapplyforinjunctionsbeforethe20thcentury?Why?9Whatisthedifferencebetweentheselectionofjudgesincivillawcountriesandthatincommonlawcountries?10Whatarethedifferencesinthecriminalproceduresofthetwomajorlegalsystems?Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.ThereisabewilderingvarietyoflegalsystemsintheworldEverycountryhasitsownButlawisstrictlydefinedbynationality:itstopsattheborderOutsideitshomebase,ithasnovalidityatallNowtwolegalsystemsareexactlyalikeEachisspecifictoitscountryoritsjurisdictionThisdoesnotmeanthateverylegalsystemisentirelydifferentfromeveryotherlegalsystemWhentwocountriesaresimilarincultureandtradition,theirlegalsystemsarelikelytobesimilaraswell.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Ⅲ.Whatisyouropinionofthefollowingtopic?Pleasesupportyouropinionwithexamples.Topic:TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCivilLawSystemandThoseofCommonLawSystemCommonLawAftertheNormanInvasionofBritainin1066,thefirstroyalcourtsdevelopedfromtheKingsCouncil.ThefirstroyaljudgesthenweretheKingsclosestadvisorswhotraveledthecountrycheckingonlocaladministrationand,aspartoftheirduties,decidingdisputesLatertheirtasksbecameprimarilyjudicialTheyseparatedfromtheCouncilandbegantoacquiretheirownjurisdictionasroyalcourtsTheseroyaljudgesheldcourtbothinLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Westminsterandwhiletravelingthroughoutthecountry.Localcourtscontrolledbylocalnoblescontinuedtoresolvemostdisputes.However,themoreimportantcaseswerereservedfortheKingscourts.TheroyaljudgesthroughtheirtravelsacquiredindepthknowledgeoflocalcustomarylawinallpartsofthecountryHowever,theybelievedthatcasesof“national”interestshouldbedecided—notaccordingtolocalcustomarylawasappliedbythelocalcourts—butinaccordwithasinglenationalbodyoflawcommontotheentirecountry.MeetinginWestminster,theydevelopedsuchabodyoflawbyselectingfrom,combiningormodifyingthelocalcustomsthattheyhadlearnedabout.Thelawthusdeterminedandappliedbecameknownasthe“commonlaw”.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Thiswasbecauseitwaslawthatwas“common”totheentirecountry,asopposedtolocallaw,whichvariedfromplacetoplaceEventually,theroyalcourtsgrewandcommonlawdisplacedalargepartoflocallaws.TheinstinctoftheearlycommonlawjudgeswastokeeptheirdecisionsasconsistentaspossibleThisprinciple,calledstaredecisis,datesatleasttothe1170s.Asystemofprecedentisdifficultwithoutsomewrittenrecordsofearlierdecisions,butthesmallnumberofcommonlawjudgesduringthisperiodandtheircentrallocationinWestminstermadeitpossibletomaintainsomeconsistency.Inaddition,lawyerswhoappearedinthecommonlawcourtswouldassistbyremindingthejudgesofpriorcases.ThisLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

roughsystemofprecedentlatergavewaytoamoresophisticatedoneoncereliablereportsofdecisionsbecameavailable.OnemightwonderwhyjudgemadelawsurvivedinEnglandatatimewhenitwasabandonedintherestofEurope.Thecommonlawsurvivedtwomajorthreatstoitsexistence.Thefirstcameduringthe16thand17thcenturieswhenthecommonlawfacedcompetitionfrommoreaccessibleRomancannonlaw.However,thiswasalsothetimeofthestruggleforsupremacybetweentheKingandParliament—astrugglewhichParliamenteventuallywon.ThelosingRoyalistsfavoredRomancannonlawwhichwassimpleranditsprocedureandcontentwasmoreeasilycontrolledbytheKingThecommonlaw,whichParliamentfavored,representedaguaranteeLesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件offreedom,inlargepartbecauseitsponderous,formalisticproceduresandstrongjudgesmadethecourtsmoredifficultfortheKingtocontrol.ThesecondthreattothecommonlawsexistencewastheFrenchRevolutionItsdemocratictheorymaintainedthatthelegislaturewastheonlypropersourceofpositivelawinanenlighteneddemocraticage.ThisstrongfeelingagainstjudgemadelawwaslargelypromptedbythefactthataristocraticprerevolutionaryFrenchjudgeshadusedtheirindependenceandbroadpowertosabotagestatutoryreformssoughtbytheFrenchCrownineffortstopassmoderatereformstostaveoffrevolution.ThereactiontothisinFrancewastolimitstrictlythepowersofjudgesinordertoassurethattheycouldneveragainhavethepowertodoanythingmorethanstrictlyapplythelawassetoutbythelegislature.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ThisideaspreadtootherpartsofcontinentalEuropeasaresultofthegreatinfluenceoftheideasoftheFrenchRevolution.EnglishcommonlawwaswelldevelopedwhentheNorthAmericancolonieswerebeingsettled,primarilybyEnglishcolonistsAroundthetimeoftheDeclarationofIndependenceandthereafteritwasformally“received”fromEnglandbythenewlyindependentstates.Sincethen,after200yearsofseparateexistence,commonlawintheUnitedStateshastakenonalifeofitsown.Thoughcommonlawmethodislargelythesame,therearenumerousdifferencesinsubstantivecommonlawrulesintheUnitedStatesandEnglandanditisrarethatcourtsintheUnitedStatesrelyonEnglishdecisionstoday.Lesson2LegalSystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

LawdecisionsandrulesarebasedonprecedentHowever,allcasesdifferso