四選一閱讀專題一匯報人：題型突破——推理判斷題章節(jié)副標題01推理判斷是指在理解原文字面意思的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節(jié)的推敲，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而理解文章的深層含義的過程。推理判斷題主要考查考生分析上下文邏輯關系的能力以及邏輯推理能力。題目所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是某幾句話，要求考生在理解原文意思的基礎上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，從而揭示其深層含義?？v觀近幾年高考真題，推斷隱含信息、觀點態(tài)度、寫作意圖為高頻考點，而推斷讀者對象、后續(xù)內(nèi)容、文章體裁、寫作手法、文章結(jié)構(gòu)和文章出處為低頻考點。[選項特征]技法一隱含信息題——關鍵詞句細推敲隱含信息題要求考生根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)語篇提供的信息，或者借助語境進行推理判斷?？忌挥姓_把握文章的邏輯關系，理解關鍵詞句的真正含義，才能作出準確的推斷。一般此類題干中主要包括六個動詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出結(jié)論)和assume(假定，設想)。設問方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5？(2023·新課標Ⅱ，34題)2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph？(2023·全國甲，35題)3.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’stripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake？(2023·全國乙，26題)4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2？

(2023·全國乙，33題)5.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor？(2023·浙江1月，26題)6.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs？(2022·新課標Ⅰ，31題)7.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy？(2022·全國乙，35題)解此類試題常用“推敲關鍵詞句”法。解題流程如下：...Obviously，ifprecautions(預防)aren’ttaken，grizzliescanbecometroublesome，sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites，grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean，attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits，”saysJamesJonkel，longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.真題體驗(2023·全國甲·D片段)35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.√推理判斷題。依據(jù)題干定位細節(jié)，即語段中的“Obviously，ifprecautions(預防)aren’ttaken，grizzliescanbecometroublesome，sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites，grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.”可推知，灰熊數(shù)量增長，雖然會帶來一些麻煩，但是如果采取一些預防措施，人和灰熊可以和諧相處。故選B。技法二觀點態(tài)度題——“忠于措辭”定選項此類試題往往讓考生推斷文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的態(tài)度、觀點或看法，或推斷文中人物的語氣、性格等。觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：①支持、贊同、樂觀；②客觀、中立；③反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀。作者或文中人物的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。解這類題要注意不可摻雜個人觀點，不能帶著主觀傾向評價作者或他人，要基于原文的措辭作出客觀的判斷。設問方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’

studies？(2023·新課標Ⅰ，35題)2.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner’sbook？(2023·全國甲，31題)3.HowdoestheauthorfindhisphotostakenatDevil’sLake？(2023·全國乙，27題)4.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood？(2023·全國乙，28題)5.Whatwastheattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardbuyinggrocerieswithjars？

(2023·浙江1月，25題)6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers’textingintheUS？

(2022·新課標Ⅱ，28題)7.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney？(2022·全國甲，34題)解此類試題常用“忠于措辭”法。解題流程如下：...Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents，theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates？Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds？Thishappenedsomeofthetime，butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently，thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow，theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.真題體驗(2023·新課標Ⅰ·D片段)AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.√觀點態(tài)度題。依據(jù)“忠于措辭”法。

根據(jù)最后一段“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.”可知，作者認為雖然Navajas領導的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究是贊許和支持的。故選D。技法三寫作意圖題——文體特點推意圖各種話題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作目的/意圖。通常情況下，作者在文中不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。所以，這種題型要求考生具備對作者闡述的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)和分析的能力。設問方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage？(2021·天津6月，40題)2.Whatisthepurposeofthistext？(2020·新課標Ⅰ，31題)一、整篇文章的寫作目的/意圖：1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou？(2023·新課標Ⅰ，26題)2.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4？(2023·全國甲，29題)二、具體段落的寫作目的/意圖：3.WhydoestheauthormentionNoaOvadiainthefirstparagraph？(2023·浙江1月，28題)4.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4？(2023·浙江1月，34題)解此類試題常用“文體特點推意圖”法。解題流程如下：...Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates，seelikeThoreau，listenlikeSchopenhauer，andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This，morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy，isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife....真題體驗(2023·全國甲·C片段)29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?A.TocompareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeiner’sbook.√寫作意圖題。根據(jù)本段中的“Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates，seelikeThoreau，listenlikeSchopenhauer，andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段開頭描寫了Weiner的書的內(nèi)容，接著作者通過列舉幾位偉大的哲學家來描寫讀完這本書后我們能從中學到的東西，由此可推知，作者列舉幾位偉大的哲學家是為了幫助讀者理解Weiner的書。故選D。技法四推斷低頻題——內(nèi)容細節(jié)巧判斷這類考題考查頻率較低，常包括讀者對象題、后續(xù)內(nèi)容題、文章體裁題、寫作手法題、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題和文章出處題等。一般來講，讀者對象推斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷文章的讀者對象；后續(xù)內(nèi)容推斷題要求考生能根據(jù)整篇文章的情節(jié)發(fā)展預測文章的后續(xù)內(nèi)容，這種題型對考生的能力要求較高；文章體裁題要求考生根據(jù)文章的行文風格對文章體裁作出判斷，如新聞報道、書評、傳記、導游手冊等；寫作手法題主要考查整篇文章或某個段落的寫作手法；文章結(jié)構(gòu)題需要考生對文章結(jié)構(gòu)，如總－分或總－分－總等進行分析；文章出處題要求考生具備一定的常識，能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處或類別。設問方式多以如下形式出現(xiàn)：1.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom？(2023·新課標Ⅱ，28題)2.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout？(2023·全國乙，31題)3.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom？(2023·全國乙，35題)4.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?(2022·新課標Ⅰ，21題)5.Whatisthetext？(2022·全國乙，27題)解此類試題常用“內(nèi)容細節(jié)巧判斷”法。解題流程如下：...Inthis“bookofbooks”，artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool，withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume，deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago，buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.真題體驗(2023·新課標Ⅱ·C片段)...Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview，theprintedbookiscertainlyancient，butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction，abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened，thepagesparted，thecontentsreviewed，perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked，aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate，“off-line”activity.28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.

B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.

D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.√文章出處題。依內(nèi)容判出處，根據(jù)語段中的“Inthis‘bookofbooks’，artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.”以及最后一段中的“Froma21st-centurypointofview，theprintedbookiscertainlyancient，butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷書的扉頁，即對該書的介紹。故選A。A(外刊閱讀·原創(chuàng)題)選自magazineNew

ScientistIamafirmbelieverthatyoucanstargazeanywhere.Infact，afewyearsago，Iwroteabookaboutstargazingfromcitiesbasedonthatveryassumption.Myargumentisthatstargazingcansometimesbeeasiertodofromurbanareas，especiallyforpeoplewhoarenewtothepastimeandwanttolearntheirwayaroundthenightsky.隨堂演練本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了作者對光污染的擔心、光污染的危害及解決方法，最后指出光污染還沒糟糕到不可控制的地步。語篇解讀Havingsaidthat，Iamveryconcernedaboutlightpollution，particularlyafterreadingarecentstudyinSciencesuggestingthat，from2011to2023，lightpollutionhasgotworsequickly.Itreportedtheresultsofacitizenscienceprojectthatcollectedinformationfrompeopleallovertheworld，totallingmorethan51,000observationsofthenightsky，findingthatitisbrighteningbycloseto10percenteachyear.Lightpollutionisn’tjustaproblemforstargazers.Itisadriverofbiodiversityloss，particularlyaffectingbirds.Itharmshumanhealthtoo，withaninfluenceonmentalhealthandlinksfoundtosomecancers.Itisalsoahugecarbonemitter—theenergyusedsendinglightintotheskyissimplyawasteofelectricity.TheInternationalDarkSkyAssociationhasasimplesetofguidelinesthatpeoplecanfollowtolimittheircontributiontolightpollution.Thisincludesmakingsurethatanyoutdoorlightyouinstallisnecessary，onlypointsexactlywhereyouneeditandisonlyusedwhenrequired.Youshouldalsolimittheamountofbluelightinyouroutdoorlighting.Thebiggestcausesforlightpollutionincitiesarethingslikestreetlightsandbrightlightsfrombigcommercialbusinesses，suchassupermarkets.Youcanwritetoyourlocalgovernmentifyouareconcernedaboutunnecessarylightpollutioninyourarea.Itisn’tallthatbad，though.CountrysidecharityCPREhasrunaUKannualstarcounteachFebruarysince2019tobuildupapictureofhowlightpollutionischanging.Byitsestimates，intheUKatleast，lightpollutiongotbetterand，by2023，stillhasn’tgotworse.1.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph1?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Tostatetheauthor’sbelief.C.Toargueovertheidealplaceforstargazing.D.Tointroducethetopictobediscussed.√寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Iamafirmbelieverthatyoucanstargazeanywhere.Infact，afewyearsago，Iwroteabookabout...Myargumentis...”可知，作者一直持有的觀點就是“你可以在任何地方觀星”；再結(jié)合第二段開頭“Havingsaidthat，Iamveryconcernedaboutlightpollution”可知，事實并不是作者想的那樣，由此我們可推斷作者寫第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要講的話題：光污染。故選D。2.Whichofthefollowingshowsthecorrectstructureofthepassage?A.Part1(Paras.1&2)→Part2(Paras.3&4)→Part3(Paras.5&6)B.Part1(Paras.1&2&3)→Part2(Para.4)→Part3(Paras.5&6)C.Part1(Paras.1&2)→Part2(Para.3)→Part3(Paras.4&5)→Part4(Para.6)D.Part1(Para.1)→Part2(Para.2)→Part3(Paras.3&4)→Part4(Paras.5&6)√文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。綜合分析文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第一、二兩段引出光污染話題；第三段講到了光污染的危害；第四、五兩段指出了解決方法；最后一段用英國光污染好轉(zhuǎn)的例子說明光污染還沒糟糕到不可控制的地步。故選C。3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Lightpollutionisoveremphasized.B.Lightpollutiondoesn’texistintheUK.C.Lightpollutionisaglobalchallengingissue.D.Lightpollutioncanbereducedwithjointefforts.√推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Itisn’tallthatbad，though.”可知，光污染還沒糟糕到不可控制的地步，隨后作者又列舉了英國光污染好轉(zhuǎn)的例子，由此我們可以推斷作者在最后一段想表達的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被減少。故選D。4.Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwemostprobablyreadthistext?A.Travel. B.Environment.C.Entertainment. D.Culture.√文章出處題。文章主要講了“光污染”，由此我們可以推測文章最有可能出現(xiàn)在報紙的“環(huán)境”這一版塊。故選B。BFluid(流體)intelligenceisadecisivefactorofhumancognition(認知).Studiesshowthathighfluidintelligencepredictsprofessionalsuccess，socialmobility，health，andlongevity，andalsorelatestostrongeradditionalcognitivecapacitieslikememory.Now，newresearchhasmappedthepartsofthebrainthatsupportourabilitytothinkquickly.本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了英國倫敦大學學院神經(jīng)病學研究所的一個團隊已繪制出“流體智力”相關腦區(qū)圖譜，該結(jié)果首次表明，大腦的右額葉區(qū)域?qū)τ诹黧w智力所涉及的高級功能至關重要。語篇解讀“Ourfindingsindicateforthefirsttimethattherightfrontalregionsofthebrainarecriticaltothehigh-levelfunctionsinvolvedinfluidintelligence，suchasproblemsolvingandreasoning，”saysleadstudyauthorProfessorLisaCipolottioftheUCLQueenSquareInstituteofNeurology.Despitemodernsciencelargelyagreeingthatfluidintelligenceisakeyaspectofwhatmakesushuman，it’squitedifficultforscientiststostudythesematters：Inordertoestablishwhichpartsofthebrainarenecessaryforacertainability，researchersmuststudypatientsinwhomthatpartiseithermissingordamaged.So，earlierstudieshavemainlymadeuseoffunctionalimaging(fMRI)techniques，whicharenotentirelyaccurateandsometimescanbemisleading.Thislatestproject，ledbyProfessorCipolotti，includedatotalof227patientswhohadexperiencedbraininjuries，likeabraintumororstroke.TheteamcompletedthisusingtheRavenAdvancedProgressiveMatrices(APM)：thebest-establishedtestoffluidintelligence.TheAPMfeaturesvariousmultiple-choicevisualpatternproblemsofincreasingdifficulty.Eachoftheproblemsshowsanincompletepatternofgeometricfiguresandasksparticipantstoselectthemissingpiecefromasetofmultiplepossiblechoices.Next，researchersintroducedanovel“l(fā)esion-deficitmapping(損傷缺陷映射)”approachthathelpedtomakeoutthecomplexpatternsofcommonbraininjuries，suchasstroke.Resultsshowfluidintelligence-damagedperformancewasmostlylimitedtopatientswithrightfrontaldamage，asopposedtoawidesetofregions