中國旅游文化ChineseTourismCulture主講人吳娜佳TheGreatWallofChina：WorldWonderGuardingtheHanChineseHomeland主講人吳娜佳萬里長城——守護華夏的世界奇跡長城是中國古代規(guī)模最宏大的防御工程，是歷代修筑者為防御外來侵略、保衛(wèi)整個國家而修建的。TheGreatWallwasthelargestdefenseprojectinancientChina,builtbybuildersthroughouthistorytodefendagainstforeignaggressionandtheentirecountry.以浩大的工程、雄偉的氣魄和悠久的歷史著稱于世。1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。Renownedforitsvastengineering,majesticspirit,andlonghistory.In1987,itwasincludedintheWorldCulturalHeritageListbyUNESCO.TheHistoricalEvolutionoftheGreatWall長城的歷史演變01TheHistoricalEvolutionoftheGreatWall長城的歷史演變戰(zhàn)國時期WarringStatesPeriod秦始皇統(tǒng)一六國時期Huang'sUnificationoftheSixKingdomsPeriod春秋時期SpringandAutumnPeriod漢朝HanDynasty明朝時期MingDynastyPeriodTheHistoricalEvolutionoftheGreatWall長城的歷史演變春秋時期SpringandAutumnPeriod楚國最早修筑長城數(shù)百里，稱“方城”。TheChuStatewastheearliesttobuildtheGreatWallhundredsofmiles,knownasthe"Fangcheng"戰(zhàn)國時期WarringStatesPeriod齊、魏、燕、趙、秦等國也相繼興筑長城。Qi,Wei,Yan,Zhao,QinandothercountrieshavealsosuccessivelybuilttheGreatWall.此后，許多朝代在中國北部與游牧民族接壤地帶修筑長城。Afterwards,manydynastiesbuilttheGreatWallontheborderwithnomadicpeoplesinnorthernChina.TheHistoricalEvolutionoftheGreatWall長城的歷史演變漢長城GreatWalloftheHanDynasty規(guī)模最大，東起遼東，西迄蒲昌海(今新疆羅布泊),長1萬千米，是漢武帝在三次征服匈奴的基礎上修筑而成。Ithasthelargestscale,startingfromLiaodongintheeastandendingatPuchanghai(nowLuobupoinXinjiang)inthewest.Itis10000kilometerslongandwasbuiltbyEmperorWuofHanonthebasisofthreeconquestsoftheXiongnu.不僅抵御了匈奴南下，而且保護了通往西域的陸上交通--絲綢之路。NotonlydiditresistthesouthwardmovementoftheXiongnu,butitalsoprotectedthelandtransportationtotheWesternRegions-theSilkRoad.TheHistoricalEvolutionoftheGreatWall長城的歷史演變明代TheMingdynasty為防御韃靼、瓦刺的侵擾，曾多次修筑長城，西起甘肅嘉峪關東至遼寧丹東虎山，全長6000余千米。InordertodefendagainsttheinvasionofTatarsandWaci,theGreatWallhasbeenbuiltmultipletimes,withatotallengthofover6000kilometers,fromJiayuguaninGansuProvincetoDandongTigerMountaininLiaoningProvince.TheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構02TheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構城墻Citywalls敵臺Enemytowers烽火臺Beacontowers關隘PassesTheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構城墻Citywalls是長城的建筑主體。多建于高山峻嶺或平原險阻之處，其建造往往依照“因地而異、就地取材，因材施用”的原則。城墻外側一面設垛口墻，上部有望口，下部有射洞和礌石孔。ItisthemainbuildingoftheGreatWall.Itisoftenbuiltinhigh-riskareassuchashighmountainsorplains,anditsconstructionoftenfollowstheprincipleof"dependingonthelocation,usinglocalmaterials,andapplyingthemaccordingly".Ontheoutersideofthecitywall,thereisabuttresswall,withanupperhopefulopeningandalowershootingholeandastonehole.TheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構敵臺Enemytowers是騎跨城墻，突兀于墻外的建筑，可從側向射擊敵人，達到二臺互相策應，不使敵人有登城的可能。敵臺上如有重樓則稱敵樓，上層環(huán)以垛口，中層四面開箭窗，下層可發(fā)火炮。樓中既可遮風、防雨、休息，又可存放武器。Itisabuildingthatridesacrossthecitywallandprotrudesfromtheoutside.Itcanshootenemiesfromthesidetoachievemutualcoordinationbetweenthetwoplatforms,avoidingthepossibilityoftheenemyclimbingthecity.Ifthereareheavybuildingsonanenemyplatform,theyarecalledenemytowers.Theupperlayerissurroundedbybattlements,themiddlelayerhasarrowwindowsonallsides,andthelowerlayercanfireartillery.Thebuildingcanprovideshelterfromwind,rain,rest,andalsostoreweapons.TheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構烽火臺Beacontowers是利用舉火和燃煙來傳達軍情的高臺建筑。一般都筑在長城附近的小山包上，如遇敵情，白天燃煙，夜間放火，并以鳴炮的數(shù)目告知來敵的大致數(shù)目，臺臺相傳，通報敵情消息。Itisahigh-risebuildingthatuseslightingfiresandsmokingtoconveymilitaryinformation.TheyareusuallybuiltonsmallhillsneartheGreatWall.Incaseofenemysituation,smokeislitduringthedayandfiresaresetatnight.Theapproximatenumberofincomingenemiesisinformedbythenumberofshotsfired,whichispasseddownfromTaiwantoreporttheenemysituation.TheStructureoftheGreatWall長城的結構關隘Passes是長城沿線的重要據(jù)點，通常設在交通要沖，并且有幾道關墻，設置關門等。扼守著出入長城的咽喉要道。歷史上著名的關隘有玉門關、山海關、居庸關、嘉峪關、雁門關等。ItisanimportantstrongholdalongtheGreatWall,usuallylocatedatatransportationhub,withseveralwallsanddoorsclosed.GuardingthethroatoftheGreatWall.FamouspassesinhistoryincludeYumenPass,ShanhaiPass,JuyongPass,JiayuPass,YanmenPass,etc.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀03ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀老龍頭Laolongtou山海關Shanhaiguan居庸關Juyongguan八達嶺Badaling嘉峪關Jiayuguan玉門關YumenPass慕田峪MutianyuExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀江南長城TheGreatWallofJiangnan浙江臨海Linhai,Zhejiang苗疆長城TheGreatWallofMiaojiang湖南湘西Xiangxi,HunanExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀八達嶺長城BadalingGreatWall是明長城中保存最完好、最具代表性的一段。是重要關口居庸關的前哨，海拔1015米，地勢險要。01ItisthemostwellpreservedandrepresentativesectionoftheMingGreatWall.ItisanimportantoutpostatJuyongPass,withanelevationof1015metersandadangerousterrain.是歷來兵家必爭之地，是明代重要的軍事關隘和首都北京的重要屏障。Ithasalwaysbeenabattlegroundformilitarystrategists,animportantmilitarypassintheMingDynasty,andanimportantbarrierforthecapitalBeijing.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀居庸關Juyongguan位于北京市昌平區(qū)境內(nèi)。居庸關的得名始于秦代。02LocatedinChangpingDistrict,Beijing.ThenameJuyongguanoriginatedfromtheQinDynasty.秦始皇修筑長城時，將囚犯、士卒和強征來的民夫遷居于此，取“徙居庸徒”之意現(xiàn)存的關城是明太祖朱元璋派遣大將軍徐達督建的，為北京西北的門戶。DuringtheconstructionoftheGreatWallbyEmperorQinShiHuang,prisoners,soldiers,andconscriptedsoldierswererelocatedhere,withthemeaningof"migratingmediocredisciples".TheexistingGuanchengwasbuiltunderthesupervisionofGeneralXuDasentbyEmperorZhuYuanzhangoftheMingDynasty,servingasthegatewaytothenorthwestofBeijing.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀慕田峪Mutianyu位于懷柔區(qū)南部。始建于北齊年間，明朝在此基礎上修筑長城。03LocatedinthesouthernpartofHuairouDistrict.FoundedduringtheNorthernQiDynasty,theMingDynastybuilttheGreatWallonthisfoundation.是歷史上修建規(guī)模最大、質(zhì)量最高、最能體現(xiàn)古代先進軍事防御思想的一項工程。Itisthelargest,highestquality,andmostreflectiveofancientadvancedmilitarydefenseideasinhistory.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀司馬臺長城TheSimataiGreatWall始建于明洪武初年，經(jīng)戚繼光和譚倫加固，是萬里長城中的精華部分，04ItwasfirstbuiltintheearlyyearsoftheHongwureignoftheMingDynastyandreinforcedbyQiJiguangandTanLun.ItistheessenceoftheGreatWall,它已被聯(lián)合國教科文組織確定為“世界級珍品”的人類特級文化遺產(chǎn)，是我國唯一一段沒有修飾、保留明朝原貌的長城。Ithasbeendesignatedasa"world-classtreasure"bytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationandistheonlysectionoftheGreatWallinChinathathasnotbeendecoratedandretainstheoriginalappearanceoftheMingDynasty.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀黃崖關長城TheHuangyaguanGreatWall位于天津市薊州區(qū)以北，始建于公元556年，是京東軍事險要之地，是明代薊鎮(zhèn)長城的重要關隘。05ItislocatednorthofJizhouDistrict,Tianjin,andwasfoundedin556AD.ItisamilitarystrongholdinJingdongandanimportantpassoftheMingDynasty'sJizhenGreatWall.關城東側山崖的巖石多為黃褐色，每當夕陽映照，金碧輝煌，素有“黃崖夕照”之稱，關城因此得名。TherocksonthecliffsontheeastsideofGuanchengaremostlyyellowbrown,andwhenthesunsets,theyaregoldenandmagnificent,earningthemthenickname"YellowCliffSunset",hencethenameGuancheng.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀老龍頭Laolongtou位于山海關城南長城入海處，距山海關4千米。06ItisLocatedattheentranceoftheGreatWallinthesouthofShanhaiguanCity,4kilometersawayfromShanhaiguan.現(xiàn)存明長城東起老龍頭，西至嘉峪關，全長12700里，橫跨崇山峻嶺，蜿蜒似一條巨龍入渤海，故長城之首被稱為“老龍頭”。TheexistingMingGreatWallstretches12700milesfromtheolddragonheadintheeasttotheJiayuguaninthewest,spanningsteepmountainsandwindinglikeagiantdragonintotheBohaiSea.Therefore,theheadoftheGreatWallisknownasthe"olddragonhead"ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀山海關Shanhaiguan位于河北省秦皇島市東北，北倚燕山余脈，東南臨渤海灣。因地處要塞，地勢嚴峻，有“山海關關山?！敝f。07Itis

LocatedinthenortheastofQinhuangdaoCity,HebeiProvince,itisadjacenttotheYanshanMountainstothenorthandtheBohaiBaytothesoutheast.Duetoitslocationinafortressandsevereterrain,thereisasayingof"ShanhaiguanShanhaiguan".自古為兵家必爭之地，素有“兩京鎖鑰無雙地，萬里長城第一關”的美譽。Sinceancienttimes,ithasbeenamust-haveplaceformilitarystrategistsandisknownasthe"unparalleledlandforthelockandkeyofthetwocapitals,thefirstpassoftheGreatWall".ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀山海關Shanhaiguan關城保存最好，氣魄最雄偉的是東門，即馳名中外的“天下第一關”。07ThebestpreservedandmostmagnificentGuanchengistheEastGate,alsoknownasthe"FirstPassintheWorld".ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀金山嶺長城TheJinshanlingGreatWall位于河北省灤平縣，全長10.5千米。建造者吸取了歷代戰(zhàn)爭長城被攻陷的教訓，在提高總體防御能力方面有許多獨到之處。08Itis

LocatedinLuanpingCounty,HebeiProvince,withatotallengthof10.5kilometers.ThebuildersdrewlessonsfromthecaptureoftheGreatWallinpreviouswarsandhadmanyuniquefeaturesinimprovingtheiroveralldefensecapabilities.ExistingFamousGreatWallLandscape現(xiàn)存著名長城景觀嘉峪關長城TheJiayuguanGreatWall位于萬里長城的西部終點，地處甘肅省河西走廊中部。嘉峪關是

長城上最大的關隘。09ItislocatedatthewesternendpointoftheGreatWall,inthecentralpartoftheHexiCorridorinGansuProvince.JiayuguanisthelargestpassontheGreatWall.是全國規(guī)模最大的關隘，素有“天下第一雄關”之稱，是古代絲綢之路上的必經(jīng)關隘。Itisthelargestpassinthecountryandisknownasthe"NumberOnePassintheWorld".Itwasamust-havepassontheancientSilkRoad.TheCharacteristicsoftheGreatWall長城的特點04TheCharacteristicsoftheGreatWall長城的特點歷史悠久Havealonghistory中國長城至少已有2700多年歷史。即使明代修筑的長城，至今也已600多年。TheGreatWallofChinahasahistoryofatleast2700years.EventhoughtheMingDynastybuilttheGreatWallofChinaforatleast2700years.TheCharacteristicsoftheGreatWall長城的特點長度驚人Amazinglength長城遍布于黃河、長江流域的16個省、市、自治區(qū)，既有東西走向，也有南北走向，總長度達五萬四千公里。其中超過一萬里的就有秦長城、漢長城和明長城，所以稱之為“萬里長城“。TheGreatWallisdistributedthroughout16provinces,cities,andautonomousregionsintheYellowRiverandYangtzeRiverbasins,withbotheast-westandnorth-southdirections,withatotallengthof54000kilometers.Amongthem,therearetheQinGreatWall,theHanGreatWall,andtheMingGreatWall,whicharemorethantenthousandli,hencetheyarecalledtheGreatWallofTenThousandli.TheCharacteristicsoftheGreatWall長城的特點工程浩大Agiganticproject據(jù)科學家粗略計算，如果把明長城的土、磚、石方用來修筑一條1米寬、5米高的城