必修第三冊(cè)Unit4SpaceExploration（人教版2019）人與自然：太空探索單元引言解讀Mysterycreateswonderandwonderisthebasisofman'sdesiretounderstand.—NeilArmstrong釋義：本單元開(kāi)篇頁(yè)選取了第一位登上月球的美國(guó)宇航員尼爾·阿姆斯特朗的名言：“神秘感激發(fā)好奇心，而好奇心則是人們探索未知事物的前提?！眴⑹荆禾仗剿鲗?duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)是一種挑戰(zhàn)。正是這種挑戰(zhàn)激勵(lì)著一些國(guó)家不斷努力地進(jìn)行太空探索。對(duì)未知領(lǐng)域的好奇是促使人類(lèi)不斷探索的源泉，也是推動(dòng)人類(lèi)進(jìn)步的動(dòng)力。探索無(wú)止境，只有懷著一顆好奇之心，我們才能在探索的道路上不斷地進(jìn)取，攻克一個(gè)個(gè)難關(guān)，才能有一個(gè)個(gè)令人驚嘆的發(fā)現(xiàn)。名言名句積累人與自然：太空探索1．Spaceexplorationcontributesnotonlytotheimprovementofthequalityofhumanlife,butalsotoourunderstandingoftheinterdependenceofallbeings.太空探索不僅有助于改善人類(lèi)的生活質(zhì)量，而且也有助于我們理解所有生物的相互依賴(lài)性。2．That'sonesmallstepfor(a)man,onegiantleapformankind.—NeilArmstrong對(duì)一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一小步；對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一大步?！釥枴ぐ⒛匪固乩?．AlmosteverydaywemayseesomethinginthenewspaperoronTVaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinspaceexploration.幾乎每天，我們都會(huì)在報(bào)紙或電視上看到一些關(guān)于太空探索的最新的令人興奮的進(jìn)展。4．Thepursuitoftheultimatetruthoftheuniverseisthefinalobjectiveanddestinationofcivilization. —LiuCixin對(duì)宇宙終極真理的追求，是文明的最終目標(biāo)和歸宿?！?jiǎng)⒋刃纅eet.Tryexist.Beokupatthestarsandnotdownatyourfeet.Trytomakesenseofwhatyouseeandwonderaboutwhatmakestheuniverseexist.Becurious.—StephenHawking記住要仰望星空，而不是低頭看腳下。嘗試去理解你所看到的事物，并思考宇宙何以存在。保持好奇心。 ——斯蒂芬·霍金時(shí)文拓展閱讀HowtomakeBritain’snewinnovationagencyworkWhentheSovietUnionlaunchedSputnik,thefirsteversatellite,in1957,Americanswereblindsided.Theycouldscarcelybelievethattheyhadbeenbeatenintospace.“Now,somehow,insomenewway,theskyseemedalmostalien,”saidLyndonJohnson,thenthemajorityleaderoftheSenate,describingwhathecalled“theprofoundshockofrealisingthatitmightbepossibleforanothernationtoachievetechnologicalsuperiorityoverthisgreatcountryofours”.America’sleadersdidnotwanttobebeatenagain.In1958PresidentDwightEisenhowerapprovedthecreationofanewinstitution—theAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA).Itstaskwouldbetoscanthetechnologicalhorizonand“inventthefuture”.SixdecadeslaterARPA’smodernincarnation,DARPA(theDstandsfordefence)hasproveditselfsouseful—withdecisiverolesincreatingeverythingfromtheinternettomRNAcovid19vaccines—thatmanymediumsizedcountrieswanttheirownversions.OneofthosecountriesisBritain,whichthismonthannouncedthatitsnewbody—theAdvancedResearchandInventionAgency(ARIA)—wouldbeledbyPeterHighnam,aputerscientistpoached,promisingly,fromDARPAitself.ARIA’sstatedpurposeistofundhighrisk,highrewardresearchanditwillstartwithabudgetof$1.1bnoverfouryears.ThisnewadditiontoBritain’sresearchfundinglandscapeiswele—twoyearsafterthecountrylefttheEuropeanUnion,itisstillunclearwhetherBritishscientistswillcontinuetoreceiveanysupportfromtheEU’s$108bnHorizonEuropeprogramme.YetMrHighnamwillfacechallengesinbringingtheDARPAmodeltoacountrythathasneverseenanythinglikeit.Copyinghispreviousemployerwholesaleisunlikelytosucceed—DARPA’sscopeandscale(itcurrentlyhasabudgetof$3.5bnperyear)faroutweighanythingpossibleinBritain.InsteadoftryingtoreplicateDARPA,heshouldfocusonbringingtwoelementsofitsmodelacrosstheAtlantic.Thefirstisindependence.Governmentinterferencehashobbledotherexperimentalresearchbodies,suchasGermany’sversionofDARPA.Britishministershavepromisedthenewagencywillbefreefrompoliticalinterferenceandthebureaucracyassociatedwiththecountry’susualresearchagencies.Butthecivilservice,scienceestablishmentandpressmaynotreactkindlytoahandsoffagencythatisgivenbigchunksofmoneyandresistsscrutiny.MrHighnamshouldgoonacharmoffensivetoexplainwhatARIAis.ThatincludesthetoughtaskofpreparingBritainforfailures.Lotsofthem.DARPAhassucceededoverthedecadesinpartbecausemanyofitsgambleshavenotpaidoff.Thatisasignthatitisinvestigatingtrulyradicalideas,ratherthanconfiningitselftothesortsofsafescientificbetsbestlefttoindustryormoreconventionalresearchinstitutions.Thesecondelementistohaveacentreofgravity.DARPA’searlysuccessescamefromitsrelationshipwithAmerica’sDepartmentofDefence,whichwastryingtowinadecadeslongcoldwar.Itgaveastrategicdirectiontoresearchandactedasadeeppocketedcustomer.Asamiddlingpower,BritaindoesnothaveadefencebudgetthatremotelymatchesthatofUncleSam.InsteadARIAshouldfocusonanotherarea,wherethecountryhascriticalmass:lifesciences.Britainisworldclassinthisdomain—asdemonstratedinbothitsacademiccitationsanditsscientificresponsetocovid19.Britishlifesciencesfirmsraised$3.4bnofventurecapitalin2021;morethananywhereelseinEuropebutfarlessthantheAmericanbiotechhubs,Massachusetts($11.5bn)andSanFrancisco($4.9bn).Thereisampleroom,therefore,forstimulationandinvestmentthatwoulddirectexistingBritishacademicandindustrialstrengthsintotacklinglongtermhealthconcerns.AndwithBritain’sNationalHealthService,ARIAhasagiantcustomerwithaburningneedfortechnologicalbreakthroughsandtheresourcestobuythem.Byidentifyingthechallengesthatpeopleandhealthsystemsarelikelytofaceinthenextfewdecades,ARIAcouldshowthatmediumsizedcountriescanbeatscience’scuttingedge.【譯文欣賞】如何讓英國(guó)新成立的創(chuàng)新機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)揮作用1957年，蘇聯(lián)發(fā)射了世界上第一顆人造衛(wèi)星斯普特尼克號(hào)（Sputnik），打了美國(guó)一個(gè)措手不及。美國(guó)人簡(jiǎn)直不敢相信自己居然在太空領(lǐng)域敗下陣來(lái)。時(shí)任參議院多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖林登·約翰遜（LyndonJohnson）表示，“現(xiàn)如今，不知何故，天空似乎以一種前所未見(jiàn)的方式變得陌生起來(lái)”，這讓他“深感震驚，意識(shí)到另一個(gè)國(guó)家可能比我們這個(gè)偉大的國(guó)度更具科技優(yōu)勢(shì)”。美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不想再次品嘗慘敗的滋味。1958年，德懷特·艾森豪威爾（DwightEisenhower）總統(tǒng)批準(zhǔn)成立了一家新的機(jī)構(gòu)——高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局（ARPA），任務(wù)是全面著眼科技領(lǐng)域并“創(chuàng)造未來(lái)”。60多年過(guò)去了，ARPA現(xiàn)已更名為DARPA（國(guó)防部高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局），并在幾乎一切發(fā)明創(chuàng)造中發(fā)揮了決定性作用，從創(chuàng)造互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到研發(fā)mRNA新冠肺炎疫苗都是如此。難怪許多中型國(guó)家紛紛想要在本國(guó)成立此類(lèi)機(jī)構(gòu)。英國(guó)便是其中之一。本月，英國(guó)宣布其新成立的高級(jí)研究與發(fā)明局（ARIA）將由彼得·海納姆（PeterHighnam）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他正是英國(guó)從DARPA挖來(lái)的計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家，可望大有作為。ARIA宣稱(chēng)，其宗旨是資助高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高回報(bào)的研究，將在未來(lái)四年內(nèi)提供11億美元的預(yù)算支持。作為英國(guó)研究基金版圖的新成員，ARIA廣受歡迎。英國(guó)脫歐兩年后，國(guó)內(nèi)科學(xué)家是否能繼續(xù)從歐盟1080億歐元的“歐洲地平線”計(jì)劃（HorizonEurope）中獲得支持，尚無(wú)定數(shù)。然而，要將DARPA模式應(yīng)用到一個(gè)從未有過(guò)類(lèi)似經(jīng)驗(yàn)的國(guó)家，海納姆將面臨重重挑戰(zhàn)。全盤(pán)照搬前任雇主的做法是不太可能成功的，因?yàn)镈ARPA的研究領(lǐng)域和規(guī)模（目前年預(yù)算達(dá)35億美元）遠(yuǎn)超英國(guó)，ARIA難以企及。因此，海納姆不應(yīng)該想著怎樣復(fù)制DARPA，而應(yīng)專(zhuān)注于將該模式的兩大要素帶到大西洋彼岸。一是保持獨(dú)立性。政府干預(yù)阻礙了其他試驗(yàn)性研究機(jī)構(gòu)（例如德國(guó)版的DARPA）的發(fā)展。盡管英國(guó)部長(zhǎng)們紛紛允諾，新機(jī)構(gòu)ARIA將不會(huì)受到政治干涉，也不會(huì)像傳統(tǒng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)那樣“官僚風(fēng)”盛行，但是行政部門(mén)、科學(xué)界當(dāng)權(quán)派和媒體們可不會(huì)給這樣一個(gè)坐擁大筆資金，同時(shí)拒絕審查的獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)任何好臉色。海納姆需要做的是展開(kāi)魅力攻勢(shì)，好好解釋一下ARIA是做什么的，其中包括一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)就是讓英國(guó)做好迎接多次失敗的準(zhǔn)備。過(guò)去數(shù)十年，DARPA之所以風(fēng)生水起，部分原因就是其開(kāi)展了許多最終并未有所收獲的冒險(xiǎn)研究。而這恰恰表明，DARPA在進(jìn)行真正革命性的研究，而不是將研究范圍局限于更適合產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展或傳統(tǒng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)探索的常規(guī)科研領(lǐng)域。二是找準(zhǔn)重心。DARPA早期的成功得益于背靠美國(guó)國(guó)防部，后者在美蘇幾十年冷戰(zhàn)中一直想占據(jù)上風(fēng)。它既能對(duì)研究做出戰(zhàn)略性引導(dǎo)，又能提供雄厚的財(cái)力支持。但英國(guó)作為一個(gè)中等強(qiáng)國(guó)，其國(guó)防預(yù)算遠(yuǎn)不能與美國(guó)相比。因此，ARIA應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)向本國(guó)具有核心優(yōu)勢(shì)的領(lǐng)域：生命科學(xué)。英國(guó)在生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域位居世界一流，這一點(diǎn)從其學(xué)術(shù)引用情況和應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情的科學(xué)舉措可見(jiàn)一斑。2021年，全英生命科學(xué)企業(yè)共獲得34億美元的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資，這一金額雖然穩(wěn)居歐洲第一，但卻遠(yuǎn)不及美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州（115億美元）和舊金山（49億美元）這兩大美國(guó)生物科技中心。因此，英國(guó)在該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展空間還很廣闊，可以通過(guò)刺激和投資轉(zhuǎn)化已有的學(xué)術(shù)力量和產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)，解決長(zhǎng)期醫(yī)療難題。此外，英國(guó)的國(guó)家醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系（NHS）可以成為ARIA的大客戶(hù)，NHS亟需技術(shù)突破以及購(gòu)買(mǎi)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換成果的資金。通過(guò)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)幾十年人類(lèi)和醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)可能面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，ARIA可以證明，即便是中型國(guó)家，也可以引領(lǐng)前沿科技發(fā)展?！驹~匯積累】satellite[?s?t?la?t]n.人造衛(wèi)星landscape[?l?ndske?p]n.版圖blindside[?bla?ndsa?d]v.攻其不備previous[?pri?vi?s]adj.上一次的profound[pr??fa?nd]adj.意義深遠(yuǎn)的outweigh[?a?t?we?]v.勝過(guò)；大于institution[??nst??tju??n]n.機(jī)構(gòu)interference[??nt??f??r?ns]n.干擾horizon[h??ra?zn]n.地平線；眼界offensive[??fens?v]n.進(jìn)攻；攻勢(shì)decisive[d??sa?s?v]adj.果斷的ample[??mpl]adj.充足的；足夠的purpose[?p??p?s]n.意圖；目的edge[ed?]n.邊；邊線【知識(shí)拓展】英國(guó)政府成立了一個(gè)新的獨(dú)立研究機(jī)構(gòu)，以資助高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高回報(bào)的科學(xué)研究。該機(jī)構(gòu)名為高級(jí)研究與發(fā)明局（ARIA），獲得了英國(guó)政府8億英鎊資助，將由世界領(lǐng)先的杰出科學(xué)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，以確定和資助快速轉(zhuǎn)化的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。該新機(jī)構(gòu)旨在鞏固英國(guó)作為全球科學(xué)超級(jí)大國(guó)的地位。ARIA將以其他國(guó)家/地區(qū)的成功案例為基礎(chǔ)和目標(biāo)，特別是具有影響力的美國(guó)國(guó)防高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局（DARPA），推動(dòng)諸如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、GPS、隱形戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)等轉(zhuǎn)型技術(shù)的探索和發(fā)展。最近，DARPA正在研發(fā)可以發(fā)射多枚空空導(dǎo)彈的無(wú)人機(jī)，該機(jī)構(gòu)已與通用原子公司，洛馬公司和諾格公司簽訂合同，以進(jìn)行“遠(yuǎn)射”（LongShot）計(jì)劃的第一階段初步設(shè)計(jì)工作?！驹~匯延伸】blindsided

：出其不意地攻擊；使遭受意外打擊incarnation

：化身；典型poach

：偷獵；挖走（人員等）hobble

：阻礙；蹣跚scrutiny

：仔細(xì)審查；監(jiān)視gravity

：重力；嚴(yán)重性；重要性venture

：冒險(xiǎn)；風(fēng)險(xiǎn)stimulation

：刺激；激勵(lì)綜合實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練（一）（2022高三上·全國(guó)·專(zhuān)題練習(xí)）Quantum(量子)putershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantumputingexperts.OneisputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumputingresearchers.”Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmhecofoundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.1．RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited2．WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumputing?A．Hisdominanceinphysics. B．Thepetitioninthefield.C．HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D．Theinvestmentoftechpanies.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant.4．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．IsJohnsonMorepetentThanTaylor?B．IsQuantumputingRedefiningTechnology?C．WillQuantumputersEvereintoBeing?D．WillQuantumputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】1．A2．C3．A4．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（隨著量子計(jì)算吸引了更多的關(guān)注和資金，研究人員可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)投資者、記者、公眾，最糟糕的是，他們自己的工作潛力。約翰遜警告說(shuō)，如果研究人員不能兌現(xiàn)承諾，興奮可能會(huì)讓位于懷疑、失望和憤怒）”根據(jù)最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信約翰遜一樣）可知，關(guān)于約翰遜的擔(dān)憂(yōu)，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，贊同的；B.unconcerned不關(guān)心的；C.doubtful懷疑的；D.excited激動(dòng)的。故選A。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他說(shuō)，這家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子計(jì)算機(jī)，它“解決了一個(gè)有影響力的問(wèn)題，否則我們無(wú)法解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題”。他補(bǔ)充說(shuō):“人們自然會(huì)不相信我的觀點(diǎn)，但我已經(jīng)花了很多時(shí)間來(lái)定量地比較我們與他人的做法）”可知，泰勒對(duì)量子計(jì)算的樂(lè)觀來(lái)源于他對(duì)PyQuantum的信心。故選C。3．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但約翰遜表明，量子計(jì)算的某些方面使得它特別prone被炒作，可能是因?yàn)椤傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西?！保笨芍?，本句中含有一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)椤啊傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西”，所以它特別容易被炒作。故prone意為“易于……的”。A.Open.開(kāi)放的；易受損害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故選A。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計(jì)算領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報(bào)道，量子機(jī)器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火?！保币约白詈笠欢巍癈ouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說(shuō)的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”領(lǐng)先所有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會(huì)建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計(jì)算機(jī)。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。1.The1.Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。主句為T(mén)hepanyiscloser;hesays為插入語(yǔ)；thananyotherfirm為than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；句中還有兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞one，第二個(gè)修飾先行詞animpactfulproblem翻譯：他說(shuō)，這家公司比任何其他公司“在很大程度上”更接近于建造一臺(tái)“有用的”量子計(jì)算機(jī)，一臺(tái)“解決一個(gè)我們無(wú)法解決的有影響力的問(wèn)題”的計(jì)算機(jī)。Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“quantum”standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”①somethingaboutquantumputing是about引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，來(lái)修飾something，意為：量子計(jì)算的某些特性；②youshouldn’tbeabletounderstand是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)（①關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略；②定語(yǔ)從句先行詞是不定代詞的時(shí)候，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that）；翻譯：但約翰遜表示，量子計(jì)算的某些特性讓它特別容易被炒作，可能是因?yàn)椤啊孔印碇恍┠悴粦?yīng)該能夠理解的很酷的東西?！?.

laboratoryn.實(shí)驗(yàn)室2.

curiosity

n.

好奇心3.

invest

vt.投資；耗費(fèi)4.

opposite

adj.

相反的；對(duì)面的；對(duì)立的5.

potentiallyadv.

潛在地;可能地6.

misleadvt.誤導(dǎo)；帶錯(cuò)7.

investor

n.投資者;出資者8.

excitement

n.

興奮,激動(dòng);令人興奮的事9.

applyvt.

應(yīng)用；申請(qǐng)；涂，敷10.

impactful

adj.

有效的,有力的11.

otherwise

adv.否則；另外；在其他方面12.

discount

n.數(shù)目，折扣13.

quantitatively

adv.

數(shù)量上14.

marginn.頁(yè)邊緣；利潤(rùn)，余裕15.

claim

vt.

聲稱(chēng),斷言16.

sympathetic

adj.表示同情的;贊同的,支持的17.

dominance

n.

優(yōu)勢(shì);支配地位;控制力11.

laboratoryn.實(shí)驗(yàn)室2.

curiosity

n.

好奇心3.

invest

vt.投資；耗費(fèi)4.

opposite

adj.

相反的；對(duì)面的；對(duì)立的5.

potentiallyadv.

潛在地;可能地6.

misleadvt.誤導(dǎo)；帶錯(cuò)7.

investor

n.投資者;出資者8.

excitement

n.

興奮,激動(dòng);令人興奮的事9.

applyvt.

應(yīng)用；申請(qǐng)；涂，敷10.

impactful

adj.

有效的,有力的11.

otherwise

adv.否則；另外；在其他方面12.

discount

n.數(shù)目，折扣13.

quantitatively

adv.

數(shù)量上14.

marginn.頁(yè)邊緣；利潤(rùn)，余裕15.

claim

vt.

聲稱(chēng),斷言16.

sympathetic

adj.表示同情的;贊同的,支持的17.

dominance

n.

優(yōu)勢(shì);支配地位;控制力18.

takestepstodosth采取行動(dòng)做某事19.

keep

one’s

promise信守承諾;守諾;遵守諾言;全文翻譯量子計(jì)算機(jī)最近一直縈繞在我的腦海里。一位朋友一直在給我發(fā)文章，介紹量子計(jì)算機(jī)如何幫助解決我們?nèi)祟?lèi)面臨的一些最大挑戰(zhàn)。我還與兩位量子計(jì)算專(zhuān)家進(jìn)行了交流。其中之一是計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜，我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)幫助保持該領(lǐng)域誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。另一位是物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒。幾十年來(lái)，量子計(jì)算只不過(guò)是一種實(shí)驗(yàn)室的好奇心?，F(xiàn)在，大型科技公司已經(jīng)投資于量子計(jì)算，許多小型科技公司也是如此。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報(bào)道，量子機(jī)器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施使氣候變化朝著相反的方向發(fā)展?！边@是讓約翰遜惱火的炒作。他擔(dān)心研究人員正在做出他們無(wú)法兌現(xiàn)的承諾。約翰遜寫(xiě)道：“新的是，量子計(jì)算研究人員現(xiàn)在可能可以獲得數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元?！彪S著量子計(jì)算吸引更多的關(guān)注和資金，研究人員可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)投資者、記者、公眾，最糟糕的是，誤導(dǎo)他們自己對(duì)其工作潛力的看法。約翰遜警告說(shuō)，如果研究人員不能兌現(xiàn)承諾，興奮可能會(huì)讓位于懷疑、失望和憤怒。許多其他技術(shù)都經(jīng)歷了激動(dòng)人心的階段。但約翰遜認(rèn)為，量子計(jì)算的某些方面使其特別容易被炒作，也許是因?yàn)椤啊孔印砹四悴粦?yīng)該理解的很酷的東西?！边@讓我想起了泰勒，他建議我讀他的《量子Q》一書(shū)。在我讀完這本書(shū)后，泰勒耐心地回答了我的問(wèn)題。他還回答了我關(guān)于他于2016年共同創(chuàng)立的PyQuantum公司的問(wèn)題。泰勒和約翰遜一樣擔(dān)心炒作，但他說(shuō)這些擔(dān)憂(yōu)不適用于PyQuantum。他說(shuō)，該公司比其他任何公司都“以非常大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”更接近于構(gòu)建一臺(tái)“有用”的量子計(jì)算機(jī)，一臺(tái)“解決了一個(gè)我們無(wú)法解決的有影響力的問(wèn)題”的計(jì)算機(jī)。他補(bǔ)充道，“人們自然會(huì)否定我的意見(jiàn)，但我花了很多時(shí)間對(duì)我們正在做的事情與其他公司進(jìn)行定量比較?！盤(pán)yQuantum真的能像泰勒聲稱(chēng)的那樣“以很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”領(lǐng)先所有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會(huì)建議我的朋友或其他任何人投資量子計(jì)算機(jī)。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。(二)（2324高二下·廣東佛山·期末）Theconceptofaspaceelevator,whileonceconfinedtotherealmofsciencefiction,isgainingtractionasapotentialrealitywithinthenextfewdecades.Thisbeliefisnotunfounded,butratherstemsfromtheongoingadvancementsinaerospaceengineeringandmaterialsscience.Asanaerospaceengineerandaphysicsprofessor,theallureofaspaceelevator—acolossalcableextendingfromEarth'ssurfaceintospace,facilitatingthetransportationofbothpeopleandcargo—remainsapellingsubjectofstudy.Inrecentyears,innovativeapproachestodesignandengineeringhavesurfaced,providingnewinsightsintothefeasibilityandfunctionalityofspaceelevators.Therationaleforconstructingaspaceelevatorismultifaceted.Firstly,itpresentsasignificantopportunityforenergyandcostefficiency,offeringamorepracticalalternativetotraditionalrocketbasedspacetravel.Theeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitsaresubstantial,asthespaceelevatorwouldreducetheneedforfuelintensiverocketlaunches.Secondly,thespaceelevatorwouldrevolutionizeaccessibilitytospace.Theterm"spacemission"couldevolveinto“transit”,reflectingtheroutineandweatherindependentnatureofspacetravel.Thisshiftwouldnotonlymakespacetravelsaferforastronauts,mitigatingtherisksassociatedwithrocketlaunches,butalsoopenupthecosmostoabroaderrangeofindividualsandpurposes.Moreover,thespaceelevatoractsasagatewaytothesolarsystem.Byreleasingapayloadatdifferentpointsalongtheelevator,onecouldachieveorbitaroundEarthorthesun,dependingonthereleasepoint,allwithouttheneedforpropulsion.WhileitmayseemthatIamanadvocateforthespaceelevator,mytruepassionliesinthestudyofitsmechanicsandthepotentialitholdsforourfuture.Inaworldfacingnumerouschallenges,thepursuitofsuchambitiousprojectsallowsustodreamofatimewhenhumanitybeesresponsiblestewardsofourplanet,reachingforthestarswhilepreservingourhome.5．What'sthefunctionofParagraph1?A．Tointroducethetopic. B．Tosetabackground.C．Tomakeaparison. D．Togiveanexample.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"tinkerwith"meaninParagraph3?A．Abandon. B．Improve. C．Establish. D．Discuss.7．Whatisthepurposeofbuildingaspaceelevator?A．Topleasesciencefictionfans. B．Topromotespacetourism.C．Toprotectastronauts'safety. D．Tomakespacetraveleasier.8．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsspaceelevators?A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Dismissive.【答案】5．A6．B7．D8．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了太空電梯的概念及其潛在的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。文章討論了太空電梯的設(shè)計(jì)、功能以及建造它的目的，并表達(dá)了作者對(duì)太空電梯的樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Theconceptofaspaceelevator,whileonceconfinedtotherealmofsciencefiction,isgainingtractionasapotentialrealitywithinthenextfewdecades.(太空電梯的概念，雖然曾經(jīng)局限于科幻領(lǐng)域，但在未來(lái)幾十年內(nèi)正逐漸成為一種潛在的現(xiàn)實(shí)。)”可知，第一段的主要功能是引入主題，即太空電梯的概念及其潛在的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。故選A項(xiàng)。6．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Therationaleforconstructingaspaceelevatorismultifaceted.Firstly,itpresentsasignificantopportunityforenergyandcostefficiency,offeringamorepracticalalternativetotraditionalrocketbasedspacetravel.(建造太空電梯的理由是多方面的。首先，它為能源和成本效率提供了一個(gè)重要的機(jī)會(huì)，提供了一個(gè)比傳統(tǒng)的火箭太空旅行更實(shí)用的替代方案。)”可知，建造太空電梯的目的是為了提高能源和成本效率，提供一個(gè)更實(shí)用的替代方案。因此，“tinkerwith”在這里意味著“改進(jìn)”，即改進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)的火箭太空旅行。故選B項(xiàng)。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Secondly,thespaceelevatorwouldrevolutionizeaccessibilitytospace.Theterm“spacemission”couldevolveinto“transit,”reflectingtheroutineandweatherindependentnatureofspacetravel.(其次，太空電梯將徹底改變進(jìn)入太空的方式?！疤杖蝿?wù)”這個(gè)詞可能會(huì)演變成“過(guò)境”，反映了太空旅行的日常性和不受天氣影響的特性。)”可知，建造太空電梯的目的是為了使太空旅行變得更加容易和日常化。故選D項(xiàng)。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“WhileitmayseemthatIamanadvocateforthespaceelevator,mytruepassionliesinthestudyofitsmechanicsandthepotentialitholdsforourfuture.(雖然看起來(lái)我是太空電梯的支持者，但我真正的熱情在于研究它的機(jī)械原理和它對(duì)我們未來(lái)的潛力。)”可知，作者對(duì)太空電梯持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度，認(rèn)為它有巨大的潛力和價(jià)值。故選C項(xiàng)。（三）（2324高二下·廣東佛山·期末）Wearecurrentlyexperiencinganunprecedentederaintherealmofspaceexploration,markedbyasurgeintheretrievalandstudyofcelestialsamples.This“goldenage”ischaracterizedbytheactiveeffortsofglobalspaceagenciestogatherandanalyzematerialfromvariouscelestialbodies,includingasteroids,moons,andplanets.China’sChang’e5missionstandsoutasarecenttriumphinthisendeavor.OnDecember17,theChang’e5lunarprobesuccessfullyconcludeditsjourneybylandingintheInnerMongoliaautonomousregion,asreportedbyChinaDaily.Thismission,thefirstlunarsamplereturnendeavorsince1976,managedtosecureanimpressive1,713gramsoflunarrocksanddust,utilizingadvanceddrillingtechnologyandroboticarms.Similarly,onDecember6,Japan’sHayabusa2probeachievedaremarkablefeatbyreturningacapsulefilledwithsamplesfromtheasteroidRyugu.ThismarksthesecondinstanceofasteroidsamplesbeingcollectedandbroughtbacktoEarth,followingtheoriginalHayabusaspacecraft’sacplishmentin2010.Themomentuminthisfieldissettocontinue,withNASA’sOSIRISRExspacecraftanticipatedtoreturntoEarthin2023,carryingsamplesfromtheasteroidBennu.Additionally,Russia’sLunar25missionispoisedtolaunchin2021,withtheobjectiveofcollectinglunarsamples.Thesignificanceofthesesamplereturnmissionscannotbeoverstated.Theyholdthepotentialtoshedlightonlongstandingmysteriesthathavebaffledscientists,suchastheoriginsoflifeandtheemergenceofwateronEarth.AsAnnNguyen,aNASAplanetaryscientist,emphasizes,“Icannotemphasizeenoughhowvaluablereturnsamplesareforincreasingourunderstandingoftheoriginandevolutionofoursolarsystemandourplaceintheuniverse,andhowwecametobe.”UponarrivalonEarth,thesecelestialsamplesundergometiculousanalysisusingsophisticatedinstruments.Theseanalysescanyieldmoredetailedinsightsthanwhatcanbegleanedfromphotographsorroboticroversalone.InthecaseoftheChang’e5lunarsamples,scientistswillemployavarietyofanalyticalmethods,tests,andexperimentstodeterminetheposition,structure,andphysicalpropertiesofthelunarmaterial.Thisprehensiveunderstandingwillcontributetoadeeperprehensionofthemoon’shistoryand,byextension,thebroaderhistoryofoursolarsystem.Thoughwehaveonlybeguntoexplorethesurfaceofthesecelestialbodies,bothinaliteralandfigurativesense,theknowledgewehavegainedisalreadysubstantial.Thejourneyofdiscoveryisfarfromover,withawealthofmysteriesstillwaitingtobeunveiled.9．WhatdoweknowabouttheChang’e5lunarprobe?A．ItwaslaunchedonDec17.B．Itcollectedtheworld’sfirstlunarsample.C．Itbroughtback1,713gramsoflunarsamples.D．Itpletedthemostsuccessfulmissionrecently.10．Whichofthefollowingcollectedthefirstasteroidsamples?A．Hayabusa. B．Hayabusa2. C．OSIRISREx. D．Russia’sLunar25.11．Whatcanthesamplesshedlighton(闡明)?A．Theoriginoflife. B．Structureofthesolarsystem.C．Whichcelestialbodieshavewater. D．Howwaterfirstappearedonthemoon.12．Whatwillscientistsdowiththesamples?A．Analyzethemandconductexperiments. B．Determinetheirsources.C．parethemwithspacephotos. D．Scratchtheirsurfaces.【答案】9．C10．A11．A12．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。介紹了當(dāng)前全球太空機(jī)構(gòu)在回收和研究天體樣本方面的活躍努力。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thismission,thefirstlunarsamplereturnendeavorsince1976,managedtosecureanimpressive1,713gramsoflunarrocksanddust,utilizingadvanceddrillingtechnologyandroboticarms.(這次任務(wù)是自1976年以來(lái)的第一次月球樣本返回任務(wù)，利用先進(jìn)的鉆探技術(shù)和機(jī)械臂，成功地獲得了令人印象深刻的1713克月球巖石和塵埃)”可知，嫦娥五號(hào)月球探測(cè)器帶回了1713克月球樣本。故選C。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“ThismarksthesecondinstanceofasteroidsamplesbeingcollectedandbroughtbacktoEarth,followingtheoriginalHayabusaspacecraft’sacplishmentin2010.(這是繼2010年第一次“隼鳥(niǎo)”號(hào)宇宙飛船之后，第二次收集并帶回地球的小行星樣本)”可知，隼鳥(niǎo)號(hào)收集了第一批小行星樣本。故選A。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Theyholdthepotentialtoshedlightonlongstandingmysteriesthathavebaffledscientists,suchastheoriginsoflifeandtheemergenceofwateronEarth.(它們有可能解開(kāi)長(zhǎng)期困擾科學(xué)家的謎團(tuán)，比如生命的起源和地球上水的出現(xiàn))”可知，這些樣本能說(shuō)明生命的起源。故選A。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“InthecaseoftheChang’e5lunarsamples,scientistswillemployavarietyofanalyticalmethods,tests,andexperimentstodeterminetheposition,structure,andphysicalpropertiesofthelunarmaterial.(就嫦娥五號(hào)月球樣本而言，科學(xué)家將采用各種分析方法、測(cè)試和實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)確定月球物質(zhì)的組成、結(jié)構(gòu)和物理性質(zhì))”可知，科學(xué)家們將分析這些樣本并進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。故選A。（四）（2324高一下·甘肅蘭州·期末）Ahomescienceexperimentrecentlytooktheworldbystorm.TwoteensfromToronto,inCanada,sentaLegomanrisingabovetheEarthandcapturedtheirtinyastronaut’striponfilm.MathewHoandAsadMuhammad,both17,usedaweatherballoontolaunchtheirplasticlegomodel16milesabovetheEarth.ThisisinsideapartofEarth’satmosphere.ThetwoteenswereinspiredbyasimilarprojectperformedbystudentsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT).TheMITstudentshadlaunchedaweatherballoonwithacameraintonearspaceandtakenmanyunusualimagesoftheEarth.MathewandAsadthenspentfourmonthsfiguringouthowtolaunchtheirownspacecraftintothespace.TravelingtospaceisexpensiveforNASA,butMathewandAsadworkedhardtokeeptheircostsdown.Theyboughtmuchoftheirequipmentused.Intotal,theprojectcostonly$400.“Wehadalotofanxietyonlaunchdaybecausetherewerehighwindswhenweweregoingup,”Mathewtoldreporters.Theyhadtopumpextrahelium(氦)intotheballoonsothatitwouldrisequicklyandavoidbeingblowntoofaroffcoursebythestrongwinds.Thetoyastronaut’sjourneylasted97minutesbeforetheballoonbrokeandhefellbacktoEarth.MathewandAsadthenspenttwoweekendslookingfortheirspacecraft.Ithadlanded76milesawayfromthelaunchsite.Thestudentscientistsarecurrentlyfinishinguptheirfinalyearofhighschoolandapplyingforcolleges.Theyarealsolookingintomoredo-it-yourselfspaceprojects.“Iguesstheskyisnotreallythelimitanymore,”Mathewtoldreporters.“Weneverknewwe’dgetthisfar.It’sbeenalessonforusthathardworkpaysoff.”13．Bysaying“tooktheworldbystorm”inthefirstparagraph,thewritermeanttheexperiment________.A．harmedtheworld B．floodedtheworld C．a(chǎn)ttractedtheworld D．managedtheworld14．WhichofthefollowingaboutthestudentsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)isright?A．TheywereexamplesforMathewHoandAsadMuhammad.B．TheyhelpedMathewHoandAsadMuhammadtoachievedream.C．TheylaunchedweatherballoontogetherwithMathewHoandAsadMuhammad.D．TheystudiedwithMathewHoandAsadMuhammadinthesameschool.15．HowdidMathewandAsadkeeptheircostsdown?A．Bymakingtheweatherballoonthemselves. B．ByborrowingspacecraftfromtheMITstudents.C．Bymakingtheirspacecraftbyhand. D．Byusingsecond-handequipment.16．WhatproblemsdidMathewandAsadhaveonlaunchday?A．Theyranoutofhelium. B．Thewindwastoostrong.C．Theballoonsuddenlybroke. D．Theirspacecraftwasblownaway.【答案】13．C14．A15．D16．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。主要講述了兩名加拿大多倫多的青少年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)自制科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，他們利用氣象氣球?qū)?lè)高小人送入近太空并拍攝了整個(gè)過(guò)程，實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功引起了廣泛的關(guān)注。13．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中“TwoteensfromToronto,inCanada,sent