2025年學(xué)歷類自考專業(yè)(建筑工程)土力學(xué)及地基基礎(chǔ)-工程測(cè)量參考題庫(kù)含答案解析(5卷)2025年學(xué)歷類自考專業(yè)(建筑工程)土力學(xué)及地基基礎(chǔ)-工程測(cè)量參考題庫(kù)含答案解析(篇1)【題干1】土的三相比例關(guān)系計(jì)算中，已知濕土質(zhì)量為18kg，含水率為35%，求土粒比重（Gs）。【選項(xiàng)】A.2.65B.2.75C.2.85D.2.95【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】濕土質(zhì)量=土粒質(zhì)量+水質(zhì)量，含水率w=35%=水質(zhì)量/(土粒質(zhì)量+水質(zhì)量)，解得土粒質(zhì)量=18×0.65/0.35=26.29kg。土粒比重Gs=土粒質(zhì)量/（土粒質(zhì)量+空氣體積），假設(shè)土粒密實(shí)體積=土粒質(zhì)量/Gs，總質(zhì)量=Gs×V_s+V_w×ρ_w，聯(lián)立方程解得Gs≈2.85。【題干2】地基承載力特征值確定時(shí)，當(dāng)采用載荷試驗(yàn)法，當(dāng)壓力p≤比例界限荷載p0的1/3時(shí)，應(yīng)取的承載力值為？【選項(xiàng)】A.最大加載量值B.壓力-沉降曲線線性段終點(diǎn)值C.壓力為p0/3時(shí)的沉降量對(duì)應(yīng)值D.破壞荷載的一半【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》，當(dāng)p≤p0/3時(shí)，應(yīng)取壓力為p0/3時(shí)的沉降量對(duì)應(yīng)值作為承載力特征值，需考慮沉降控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項(xiàng)A適用于p>0.8p0的情況，選項(xiàng)D為經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式適用范圍?！绢}干3】工程測(cè)量中，導(dǎo)線測(cè)量閉合差的計(jì)算公式為ΣΔx2+ΣΔy2=？【選項(xiàng)】A.(ΣΔx)^2+(ΣΔy)^2B.√(ΣΔx2+ΣΔy2)C.ΣΔx+ΣΔyD.√[(ΣΔx)^2+(ΣΔy)^2]【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】閉合差公式為f=√(ΣΔx2+ΣΔy2)，需注意單位統(tǒng)一。選項(xiàng)A為坐標(biāo)增量平方和，選項(xiàng)D為絕對(duì)閉合差表達(dá)式，但未開平方?！绢}干4】地基土壓縮試驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)e-p曲線出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的壓縮模量Es值為？【選項(xiàng)】A.壓縮指數(shù)CcB.再壓縮指數(shù)CrC.壓縮模量EsD.固結(jié)系數(shù)Cv【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】e-p曲線轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)正常固結(jié)與超固結(jié)段的交界，此時(shí)壓縮模量Es=1/(1+e0)×(a1-aa)，需結(jié)合壓縮系數(shù)a1-aa計(jì)算。選項(xiàng)A為壓縮指數(shù)，適用于e-p曲線直線段?！绢}干5】在土力學(xué)中，有效應(yīng)力原理的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.σ=σ'+uB.σ'=σ-uC.σ=σ'-uD.σ'=σ+u【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】有效應(yīng)力原理σ'=σ-u，其中σ為總應(yīng)力，σ'為有效應(yīng)力，u為孔隙水壓力。選項(xiàng)A為總應(yīng)力分解式，選項(xiàng)D符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤?！绢}干6】工程測(cè)量中，全站儀對(duì)中誤差允許值為？【選項(xiàng)】A.≤3mmB.≤5mmC.≤2mmD.≤4mm【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《工程測(cè)量規(guī)范》，全站儀對(duì)中誤差≤2mm，測(cè)站高程測(cè)量誤差≤3mm。選項(xiàng)B適用于普通鋼尺量距，選項(xiàng)D為經(jīng)緯儀對(duì)中允許值。【題干7】地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)中，軟弱下臥層承載力驗(yàn)算公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.f_a≥f_a0B.f_a≥1.1f_a0C.p_c≤f_a0D.p_c+γ×d≤f_a0【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】驗(yàn)算公式為p_c+γ×d≤f_a0，其中p_c為軟弱層頂面附加應(yīng)力，γ為土體重度，d為基礎(chǔ)埋深。選項(xiàng)A為持力層承載力要求，選項(xiàng)C缺少埋深修正?！绢}干8】土力學(xué)中，無側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度qu與地基承載力特征值f_a的關(guān)系為？【選項(xiàng)】A.f_a=qu/3B.f_a=qu/4C.f_a=qu/5D.f_a=qu/6【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》，當(dāng)采用無側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度qu時(shí)，f_a=qu/4（巖石地基為qu/3）。選項(xiàng)C為飽和黏土不排水抗剪強(qiáng)度對(duì)應(yīng)值。【題干9】工程測(cè)量中，水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量閉合差的計(jì)算公式為Σh=？【選項(xiàng)】A.Σh觀測(cè)值B.Σh觀測(cè)值-理論高差總和C.|Σh觀測(cè)值|D.Σh觀測(cè)值+理論高差總和【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】閉合差公式為f_h=Σh觀測(cè)值-（終點(diǎn)高程-起點(diǎn)高程）。選項(xiàng)C為絕對(duì)閉合差，選項(xiàng)D符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤?！绢}干10】地基土的滲透系數(shù)k與壓縮系數(shù)a的關(guān)系式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.k=ca·HB.k=ca·(1+e0)C.k=ca·H/(1+e0)D.k=ca·H·e0【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】由Terzaghi固結(jié)理論，k=ca·H/(1+e0)，其中H為排水路徑，ca為壓縮系數(shù)。選項(xiàng)B為壓縮指數(shù)Cc與k的關(guān)系式?！绢}干11】工程測(cè)量中，測(cè)回法觀測(cè)水平角時(shí)，半測(cè)回差允許值為？【選項(xiàng)】A.≤18"B.≤20"C.≤30"D.≤45"【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《工程測(cè)量規(guī)范》，測(cè)回法半測(cè)回差≤20"，方向觀測(cè)法半測(cè)回差≤25"。選項(xiàng)A適用于方向法，選項(xiàng)D為重復(fù)觀測(cè)差允許值?！绢}干12】地基基礎(chǔ)沉降計(jì)算中，分層總和法中的壓縮層深度取至？【選項(xiàng)】A.Δs_n≤0.025Δs_totalB.Δs_n≤0.025S_totalC.Δs_n≤0.025S_0D.Δs_n≤0.025S_1【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】規(guī)范規(guī)定壓縮層深度取至附加應(yīng)力等于自重應(yīng)力20%（軟土為10%）處，對(duì)應(yīng)公式Δs_n≤0.025Δs_total，其中Δs_total為總沉降量。選項(xiàng)B為分層沉降允許值，選項(xiàng)C為基礎(chǔ)寬度修正項(xiàng)?！绢}干13】土力學(xué)中，地基臨塑荷載p_c的計(jì)算公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.p_c=(π+2)q/(π-2)B.p_c=(π+1)q/(π-1)C.p_c=(π+2)γb/(π-2)D.p_c=(π+1)γb/(π-1)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】臨塑荷載公式p_c=(π+2)q/(π-2)，其中q為基礎(chǔ)兩側(cè)超載，γ為土體重度，b為基礎(chǔ)寬度。選項(xiàng)B為臨界荷載p_{1/4}計(jì)算式，選項(xiàng)C為條形基礎(chǔ)公式?！绢}干14】工程測(cè)量中，鋼尺量距的尺長(zhǎng)改正公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.ΔL=α·L0·(t-20)·(1+κ·L0)B.ΔL=α·L0·(t-20)C.ΔL=κ·L0·(t-20)D.ΔL=α·L0·κ·(t-20)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】鋼尺改正包括溫度、尺長(zhǎng)和拉力改正，公式ΔL=α·L0·(t-20)·(1+κ·L0)，其中α為線膨脹系數(shù)，κ為尺長(zhǎng)誤差系數(shù)。選項(xiàng)B忽略拉力修正，選項(xiàng)D未包含溫度影響?！绢}干15】地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)等級(jí)為乙類時(shí)，地基承載力特征值應(yīng)如何調(diào)整？【選項(xiàng)】A.不調(diào)整B.調(diào)整為1.1倍C.調(diào)整為1.2倍D.調(diào)整為1.3倍【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》，乙類場(chǎng)地（重要建筑）地基承載力特征值應(yīng)調(diào)整系數(shù)1.2。選項(xiàng)B為丙類（一般建筑），選項(xiàng)D為甲類（特殊建筑）?！绢}干16】土力學(xué)中，黏性土的不排水抗剪強(qiáng)度cu與有效應(yīng)力原理的關(guān)系為？【選項(xiàng)】A.cu=σ'·tanφ'B.cu=c·tanφ'C.cu=cu'·tanφ'D.cu=σ'·(c'+tanφ')【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】不排水條件下，cu=σ'·tanφ'，其中σ'為有效圍壓，φ'=0。選項(xiàng)B為排水條件抗剪強(qiáng)度公式，選項(xiàng)D為總應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度參數(shù)?！绢}干17】工程測(cè)量中，經(jīng)緯儀盤左盤右觀測(cè)水平角的平均值計(jì)算式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.(L+R)/2B.(L+R)/2±180°C.(L+R)/2±90°D.(L+R)/2±180°±90°【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】盤左（L）和盤右（R）觀測(cè)值需歸零后取平均，若未歸零需±180°調(diào)整。選項(xiàng)C為垂直角半測(cè)回差允許值，選項(xiàng)D為復(fù)雜情況修正?！绢}干18】地基基礎(chǔ)沉降計(jì)算中，計(jì)算深度zn的確定方法為？【選項(xiàng)】A.Δs_n≤0.025S_totalB.Δs_n≤0.025S_0C.Δs_n≤0.025S_1D.Δs_n≤0.025S_2【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】壓縮層深度zn取至Δs_n≤0.025S_total（總沉降量），若zn<5m時(shí)取至5m。選項(xiàng)B為分層沉降允許值，選項(xiàng)C為基礎(chǔ)寬度修正項(xiàng)?！绢}干19】土力學(xué)中，地基沉降計(jì)算中的附加應(yīng)力σz計(jì)算公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.σz=π(σ1+σ3)/4B.σz=K0·σcC.σz=γ·zD.σz=q·b/σz【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】附加應(yīng)力σz=K0·σc，其中K0為靜止土壓力系數(shù)，σc為土體自重應(yīng)力。選項(xiàng)A為莫爾-庫(kù)倫強(qiáng)度理論表達(dá)式，選項(xiàng)C為自重應(yīng)力σc=γ·z?！绢}干20】工程測(cè)量中，導(dǎo)線測(cè)量的角度閉合差允許值為？【選項(xiàng)】A.≤20"B.≤30"C.≤40"D.≤50"【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《工程測(cè)量規(guī)范》，閉合導(dǎo)線角度閉合差≤20"，附合導(dǎo)線≤30"。選項(xiàng)B為附合導(dǎo)線允許值，選項(xiàng)C為三等導(dǎo)線精度。2025年學(xué)歷類自考專業(yè)(建筑工程)土力學(xué)及地基基礎(chǔ)-工程測(cè)量參考題庫(kù)含答案解析(篇2)【題干1】地基承載力特征值的確定需考慮以下哪些因素？A.土的類別和狀態(tài)B.基礎(chǔ)寬度及埋深C.土的滲透性系數(shù)D.巖石風(fēng)化程度【參考答案】ABC【詳細(xì)解析】地基承載力特征值由土的類別、狀態(tài)、基礎(chǔ)寬度及埋深共同決定。選項(xiàng)C滲透性系數(shù)與承載力無直接關(guān)聯(lián)，D巖石風(fēng)化程度影響地基持力層穩(wěn)定性，但非承載力計(jì)算核心參數(shù)?！绢}干2】根據(jù)朗肯土壓力理論，主動(dòng)土壓力系數(shù)Ka的計(jì)算公式為？A.Ka=tan2(45°+φ/2)B.Ka=tan2(45°-φ/2)C.Ka=tan(45°+φ/2)D.Ka=tan(45°-φ/2)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】朗肯主動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí)，土壓力系數(shù)Ka=tan2(45°-φ/2)。選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)被動(dòng)狀態(tài)，C、D公式未包含平方關(guān)系?！绢}干3】工程控制網(wǎng)等級(jí)劃分中，三等導(dǎo)線測(cè)量適用于？A.建筑物高度≤15m的工程B.市政道路中線測(cè)量C.礦山巷道控制測(cè)量D.大壩變形監(jiān)測(cè)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】三等導(dǎo)線測(cè)量精度滿足市政道路（B）及一般工業(yè)建筑（A）需求，礦山（C）和大型水工結(jié)構(gòu)（D）需更高等級(jí)控制網(wǎng)。【題干4】土樣天然密度ρ的計(jì)算公式為？A.ρ=Gs×(1+w)B.ρ=(Gs+1)×wC.ρ=(Gs×(1+w))/1+wD.ρ=Gs/(1+w)【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】天然密度公式ρ=Gs×(1+w)/(1+w)，選項(xiàng)C正確。選項(xiàng)A忽略分母，D倒數(shù)關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤，B公式無物理意義?！绢}干5】水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量閉合差的計(jì)算公式為？A.fh=Σh觀測(cè)-Σ高程終值B.fh=Σh觀測(cè)-Σ高程起終點(diǎn)C.fh=Σh觀測(cè)-Σ高程閉合差D.fh=Σh觀測(cè)-Σ高程轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】閉合差公式fh=Σh觀測(cè)-(Hi終-Hi起)，選項(xiàng)B正確。選項(xiàng)A、C、D均未體現(xiàn)閉合路線起點(diǎn)與終點(diǎn)關(guān)系?！绢}干6】分層總和法計(jì)算地基變形時(shí)，壓縮模量Es的取值應(yīng)為？A.按實(shí)際應(yīng)力水平取值B.按基礎(chǔ)寬度取值C.按最大壓力取值D.按最小壓力取值【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】分層總和法要求壓縮模量Es按實(shí)際應(yīng)力水平取值，需通過e-p曲線確定，與基礎(chǔ)尺寸無關(guān)?！绢}干7】鋼尺量距的尺長(zhǎng)改正ΔL0與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度20℃時(shí)的關(guān)系為？A.ΔL0=α×L×(T-20)B.ΔL0=α×L×(20-T)C.ΔL0=α×L×(T-20)/L0D.ΔL0=α×L×(T-20)/L【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】尺長(zhǎng)改正公式ΔL0=α×L×(T-20)，α為溫度系數(shù)，L為實(shí)測(cè)長(zhǎng)度，選項(xiàng)C、D錯(cuò)誤單位，B符號(hào)相反。【題干8】錨桿抗拉力設(shè)計(jì)值應(yīng)考慮哪些因素？A.錨桿材料屈服強(qiáng)度B.錨桿自由長(zhǎng)度C.錨固段摩擦阻力D.錨桿保護(hù)層厚度【參考答案】ACD【詳細(xì)解析】抗拉力設(shè)計(jì)值需考慮材料強(qiáng)度（A）、錨固摩擦（C）、自由段風(fēng)化（B）及保護(hù)層（D）四方面，選項(xiàng)B雖影響安全系數(shù)但非直接計(jì)算參數(shù)?！绢}干9】根據(jù)《工程測(cè)量規(guī)范》，三等水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量每公里往返測(cè)高差中數(shù)的偶然中誤差限值為？A.±3mmB.±4mmC.±5mmD.±6mm【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】規(guī)范規(guī)定三等水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量偶然中誤差限值m=±4√L（L單位km），每公里m=±4mm。【題干10】土壓力分布呈三角形時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的土壓力類型為？A.主動(dòng)土壓力B.被動(dòng)土壓力C.靜止土壓力D.動(dòng)土壓力【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】朗肯主動(dòng)土壓力理論假設(shè)土壓力沿深度線性分布呈三角形，被動(dòng)狀態(tài)為倒三角形，靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)為梯形?！绢}干11】混凝土強(qiáng)度評(píng)定中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差σ0的確定需滿足？A.同一配合比試塊≥10組B.同一配合比試塊≥5組C.同一工程部位≥3組D.同一施工階段≥2組【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差σ0需由至少10組試塊（A）統(tǒng)計(jì)確定，選項(xiàng)B、C、D樣本量不足?！绢}干12】工程控制網(wǎng)復(fù)測(cè)周期與哪些因素相關(guān)？A.工程規(guī)模B.周圍荷載變化C.測(cè)量?jī)x器精度D.天氣變化頻率【參考答案】AB【詳細(xì)解析】復(fù)測(cè)周期主要與工程規(guī)模（A）及外部荷載變化（B）相關(guān)，儀器精度（C）影響初始精度，天氣（D）屬偶然因素?！绢}干13】根據(jù)《巖土工程勘察規(guī)范》，地基變形計(jì)算深度Zn的確定方法為？A.Δs'n≤0.025∑Δs'iB.Δs'n≤0.025s'_nC.Δs'n≤0.025HD.Δs'n≤0.025Zn【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】規(guī)范規(guī)定變形計(jì)算深度Zn滿足Δs'n≤0.025∑Δs'i（A），選項(xiàng)B、C、D均未體現(xiàn)累計(jì)變形原則。【題干14】土樣密度試驗(yàn)中，環(huán)刀裝土后稱重需注意？A.環(huán)刀應(yīng)飽和B.裝土高度≥環(huán)刀高度2/3C.裝土不得有氣泡D.稱重前需冷卻至20℃【參考答案】BC【詳細(xì)解析】裝土高度（B）和消除氣泡（C）是密度試驗(yàn)關(guān)鍵，環(huán)刀無需飽和（A），稱重溫度要求（D）屬其他試驗(yàn)要求?！绢}干15】導(dǎo)線測(cè)量的角度閉合差調(diào)整方法為？A.按測(cè)站數(shù)平均分配B.按角度大小反比例分配C.按角度等級(jí)正比例分配D.按角度測(cè)回?cái)?shù)正比例分配【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】角度閉合差調(diào)整采用測(cè)站數(shù)平均分配（A），其他選項(xiàng)分配方式不符合規(guī)范?！绢}干16】土壓力理論中，庫(kù)倫理論假設(shè)墻背與土體間摩擦角為？A.φB.δC.θD.α【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】庫(kù)倫理論用δ表示墻土摩擦角，φ為土體內(nèi)摩擦角，θ為填土面傾角，α為墻背傾角?！绢}干17】根據(jù)《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》，獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)底面尺寸的確定方法為？A.按地基承載力反算B.按結(jié)構(gòu)荷載反算C.按基礎(chǔ)材料剛度反算D.按施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)估算【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】規(guī)范規(guī)定基礎(chǔ)尺寸需按地基承載力（A）確定，其他選項(xiàng)不符合設(shè)計(jì)原則?！绢}干18】水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量中，轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)高程起算點(diǎn)應(yīng)滿足？A.閉合路線起點(diǎn)B.閉合路線終點(diǎn)C.外業(yè)記錄終點(diǎn)D.內(nèi)業(yè)計(jì)算終點(diǎn)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)高程需從閉合路線起點(diǎn)（A）傳遞，終點(diǎn)（B）為閉合差計(jì)算對(duì)象，C、D非規(guī)范要求。【題干19】錨桿抗拔力試驗(yàn)中，極限荷載的取值應(yīng)為？A.最大荷載的80%B.最大荷載的90%C.持力端破壞荷載D.針桿斷裂荷載【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】規(guī)范規(guī)定極限荷載取值應(yīng)為持力端破壞荷載（C），其他選項(xiàng)為安全系數(shù)計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)?！绢}干20】工程測(cè)量中，坐標(biāo)正算的公式為？A.X2=X1+c·cosα+s·sinαB.X2=X1+c·sinα+s·cosαC.X2=X1+c·cosα-s·sinαD.X2=X1+c·sinα-s·cosα【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】坐標(biāo)正算公式X2=X1+c·cosα+s·sinα（A），選項(xiàng)B、C、D符號(hào)或三角函數(shù)錯(cuò)誤。2025年學(xué)歷類自考專業(yè)(建筑工程)土力學(xué)及地基基礎(chǔ)-工程測(cè)量參考題庫(kù)含答案解析(篇3)【題干1】地基承載力特征值的確定需結(jié)合哪些方法？【選項(xiàng)】A.理論公式計(jì)算B.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)C.觀測(cè)沉降數(shù)據(jù)D.歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)【參考答案】A、B【詳細(xì)解析】地基承載力特征值需綜合理論公式（如極限平衡理論）與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，兩者結(jié)合可確保計(jì)算結(jié)果的可靠性和適用性。選項(xiàng)C和D單獨(dú)使用無法全面反映地基實(shí)際承載能力。【題干2】土壓力理論中，靜止土壓力系數(shù)K?的適用條件是？【選項(xiàng)】A.墻背豎直且光滑B.填土表面水平C.墻后土體處于彈性平衡狀態(tài)D.上述均不適用【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】靜止土壓力系數(shù)K?適用于墻后土體未發(fā)生明顯位移且處于彈性平衡狀態(tài)的情況，此時(shí)土壓力由土體自重和側(cè)向應(yīng)力決定，與墻背條件無直接關(guān)聯(lián)?！绢}干3】工程測(cè)量中，全站儀測(cè)距精度通常為？【選項(xiàng)】A.±(2mm+2ppm)B.±(3mm+3ppm)C.±(5mm+5ppm)D.±(1mm+1ppm)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】全站儀測(cè)距精度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為±(2mm+2ppm)，其中“2mm”為固定誤差，“2ppm”為比例誤差（百萬分之一）。選項(xiàng)B、C、D的數(shù)值不符合行業(yè)規(guī)范?！绢}干4】地基沉降計(jì)算中，分層總和法的關(guān)鍵步驟是？【選項(xiàng)】A.劃分壓縮層B.計(jì)算壓縮模量C.確定基底附加應(yīng)力D.上述均需完成【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】分層總和法需完整完成壓縮層劃分（各土層厚度）、壓縮模量計(jì)算（反映土體壓縮性）及基底附加應(yīng)力確定（計(jì)算各分層應(yīng)力增量），三者缺一不可?！绢}干5】土的三相比例關(guān)系中，孔隙比e與飽和度Sr的關(guān)系為？【選項(xiàng)】A.e=Sr/(1-Sr)B.e=(Sr-1)/SrC.e=Sr/(1+e)D.e=(1-Sr)/Sr【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】孔隙比e=Vv/Vs，飽和度Sr=Vv/(Vv+Vv)，推導(dǎo)可得e=Sr/(1-Sr)。選項(xiàng)B、C、D的公式邏輯錯(cuò)誤?！绢}干6】工程測(cè)量中，導(dǎo)線測(cè)量的等級(jí)劃分依據(jù)是？【選項(xiàng)】A.測(cè)量范圍B.精度要求C.儀器型號(hào)D.工作人員數(shù)量【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】導(dǎo)線測(cè)量等級(jí)（如一級(jí)、二級(jí)）直接依據(jù)精度指標(biāo)（如角度閉合差、導(dǎo)線全長(zhǎng)相對(duì)閉合差），而非范圍、儀器或人員數(shù)量?！绢}干7】地基處理中，強(qiáng)夯法的適用土層是？【選項(xiàng)】A.粉土B.砂土C.粘性土D.上述均可【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】強(qiáng)夯法通過重錘自由下落沖擊土體，適用于砂土等無粘性土層，粘性土易因夯擊產(chǎn)生裂縫或側(cè)向擠出，降低處理效果。【題干8】土力學(xué)中，有效應(yīng)力原理的核心公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.σ’=σ-μγB.σ’=σ+μγC.σ’=σ-γHD.σ’=σ+γH【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】有效應(yīng)力原理公式為σ’=σ-μγ，其中σ為總應(yīng)力，μ為泊松比，γ為土體容重。選項(xiàng)B、C、D的符號(hào)或變量錯(cuò)誤?！绢}干9】工程測(cè)量中，水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量的主要誤差來源是？【選項(xiàng)】A.儀器標(biāo)尺誤差B.觀測(cè)者讀數(shù)誤差C.地球曲率與大氣折光D.上述均需考慮【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量誤差主要受地球曲率（引起標(biāo)尺影像彎曲）和大氣折光（光線折射導(dǎo)致視線偏移）共同影響，選項(xiàng)A、B為次要因素。【題干10】地基承載力特征值的修正方法中，基底面積越大，修正值越高的是？【選項(xiàng)】A.深度修正B.寬度修正C.矩形基礎(chǔ)長(zhǎng)邊修正D.均不修正【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】根據(jù)《建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》，基底寬度修正系數(shù)隨基底寬度增大而提高（如寬度≥6m時(shí)修正系數(shù)為0.1），深度修正系數(shù)與基礎(chǔ)埋深相關(guān)，矩形基礎(chǔ)長(zhǎng)邊修正不納入規(guī)范?！绢}干11】土壓力理論中，朗肯理論假設(shè)墻后土體？【選項(xiàng)】A.產(chǎn)生主動(dòng)位移B.處于極限平衡狀態(tài)C.不發(fā)生任何位移D.僅水平位移【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】朗肯理論假設(shè)擋土墻墻后土體不發(fā)生任何位移（靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)），從而推導(dǎo)出側(cè)向土壓力分布公式。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均不符合假設(shè)條件?！绢}干12】工程測(cè)量中，控制網(wǎng)平差的主要目的是？【選項(xiàng)】A.提高儀器精度B.減少觀測(cè)誤差累積C.確定坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)D.上述均不正確【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】控制網(wǎng)平差通過最小二乘法分配觀測(cè)誤差，消除或減弱由儀器精度、人為讀數(shù)等導(dǎo)致的誤差累積，選項(xiàng)A、C為平差間接效果。【題干13】地基沉降計(jì)算中，計(jì)算壓縮模量Es的公式為？【選項(xiàng)】A.Es=(1+e?)σ’/(Δe)B.Es=σ’/(Δe)C.Es=(1+e?)σ’/(Δe)D.Es=σ’/(1+e?)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】壓縮模量Es=σ’/Δe，其中σ’為分層附加應(yīng)力，Δe為壓縮量。選項(xiàng)A、C引入了多余參數(shù)（e?、e?），不符合規(guī)范?！绢}干14】工程測(cè)量中，經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)角誤差主要與哪些因素相關(guān)？【選項(xiàng)】A.儀器精度B.觀測(cè)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)C.環(huán)境溫度D.上述均相關(guān)【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)角誤差受儀器自身精度（如軸系誤差）、觀測(cè)者操作水平（如瞄準(zhǔn)偏差）及環(huán)境因素（如溫度變化引起儀器變形）共同影響，三者均需控制。【題干15】土力學(xué)中，抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)φ和c的物理意義是？【選項(xiàng)】A.φ為粘聚力，c為內(nèi)摩擦角B.φ為內(nèi)摩擦角，c為粘聚力C.φ為孔隙比，c為壓縮模量D.均不正確【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】抗剪強(qiáng)度τ=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τf=τ