SocialMannersUnit4Introduction

Insocialevents,mannersdemonstratehowpeoplebehaveinpublic.Theyarekindsofnorms.Whatisconsideredgoodmannersishighlyinfluencedbytime,location,socialclass（社會階層）,occasion,andotherfactors.Propermannersaresomethingsusedeverydaytomakeagoodimpressiononothersandtofeelgoodaboutoneself.Beingpolitemeansconsideringhowothersarefeeling.Discussion.1.Whatisconsideredgoodmannersinyourarea?Citeexamplesasmanyaspossible.2.Withregardtosocialmanners,arethereanydifferencesbetweenChinaandWesterncountries?Ifyes,whatarethey?Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingListeningandSpeakingTask1TalkingaboutEtiquetteandAppropriateTableMannersZhangHuaisthemanagerofABCCompany.HeismeetinganAmericanclientforthefirsttime.ZhangHuaistalkingwithhissecretaryaboutetiquetteformeetingpeople.Listentotheirconversationandfillintheblanks.M—ManagerS—SecretaryM:IamgoingtomeetanAmerican1attheairportthisafternoon.S:DoIneedtogowithyou?M:Yes,istheresomethingweshouldpay2to?S:We’dbetter3neatlyandbecleaninappearance.M:Whatelse?S:In4culture,peopleareusedtomaintainingarelativelylarge

5distancebetweenoneanotherduringconversationorsocialmeetings.M:Isthatsocalled“6zone”?S:Yes,donotstandtooclosetopeopleinaconversation,7theymayfeeloffendedanduncomfortable.M:DoEnglishspeakerssay“Howdoyoudo?”whentheyfirstmeet?S:Yes,itisusedin8occasions;youmaysay“Hi”or“Hello”oninformaloccasions.M:Bytheway,isitappropriatetoshakehandswhenmeetingeachotherforthefirsttime?S:Yes,youaresupposedtoofferafirm9.Aftermutualintroduction,wemaycollecthisluggageand10accommodationforhim.M:OK.ListeningandSpeakingNewWordsandExpressions1.neatly ad.tidilyororderly干凈地；整潔地2.appearance n.thewaysomeoneorsomethinglooks外表；外觀3.offended a.hurtorupset得罪；冒犯4.supposed a.plannedorexpected應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)模焕響?yīng)的ListeningandSpeakingTask2Task3Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Listentotheconversationagainanddecidewhetherthestatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F). 1.Oneisrequiredtodressneatlyandbecleaninappearancewhenmeetingforeignclients. 2.Inwesternculture,peoplemayfeeloffendedandnotcomfortableifyoustandtooclosetothem. 3.Englishspeakerssay“Howdoyoudo?”whentheyfirstmeet. 4.Itispropertogiveahugorkisswhenmeetingeachotherforthefirsttime. 5.Thereisnoneedtohelpwiththeforeignguest’sluggageorarrangeaccommodationforhim.ListeningandSpeakingTask4Task5Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.Yourbusinesspartneriscomingforanegotiation.Youmeethim/herattheairport.ZhangHua,themanagerofABCCompany,isgoingtoholdabanquetinawesternrestauranttowelcometheAmericanclient.Heistalkingwithhissecretaryabouttablemanners.Listentothefollowingconversationandfillintheblanks.M:Iamgoingtoholdabanquetinawestern1towelcometheAmericanclienttonight.S:AsfarasIamconcerned,2mannersinChinaaredifferentfromthoseinwestern

countries.M:Thenwehaveto3sometablemannersinwesterncountries.S:Americanpeoplechooseknivesandforksastheirtablewareratherthan4.M:Howtousetheknivesandforks?S:Whenusingthesilverware,oneshould5fromtheoutsideandworkintowardtheplate.

Inotherwords,youshouldstartwiththeknife,fork,orspoonthatis6fromyourplate,

andthepiecesclosesttotheplateareforthelastcourse.M:Ineedtoputmy7onmylap,right?S:That’sright.Anddon’tstarteatinguntileveryonehasbeen8.M:AndhowshouldIdrinkmysoup?ListeningandSpeakingS:Slowly,sipwithoutslurpingfromthesideofthespoon.Whenthesoupisfinished,remembernottoleavethespooninthebowl,butplaceitontheplatebeneath.M:CanIeatwithmyhands?S:Youbetternot!Remembertocutyourmeatupintosmallpiecesthatareeasyto9.When

youfinisheating,theknifeandforkshouldbeputdiagonallyonthefurthersidebutnot

leaningontheplate.Theknifeshouldalwaysbeplacedwiththesharpedgein.M:Youknow,thinkingaboutalltheseruleskindof10myappetite!NewWordsandExpressions1.banquet n.agrandformaldinner宴會2.asfarasIamconcerned

據(jù)我所知3.tableware n.theobjectsusedonthetableatmeals,forexample plates,glasses,orcutlery餐具4.silverware n.tablewaremadeofsilverorsilverplateorstainless steel銀器；鍍銀器皿（尤指餐具）5.course n.anyoftheseparatepartsofameal一道菜6.slurp v.toeatordrinknoisily出聲地吃（或喝）7.diagonally ad.inthewayofjoiningtwooppositecornersofaflat shape,usuallyasquare對角地8.appetite n.desiretoeat胃口ListeningandSpeakingTask6Task7Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Task8Listentotheconversationagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsorally.1.WhereisthemanagergoingtoholdabanquettowelcometheAmericanclient?2.WhattablewaredoAmericanschooseforeating?3.What’stheproperwayofusingknifesandforks?4.Howtoplacetheknifeandforkwhenyoufinisheating?5.What’sthemanager’sattitudetowardthetablemanners?Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.TakeaforeignfriendtoaChineserestaurantandtellhimsomethingabouttablemannersinChina.Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingIntensiveReadingWorkplaceSocialEtiquette Etiquettereferstotheproper,politewaytoconductoneselfincertainsituations.Infact,everyoneholdsajobatsomepointintheirlives.Workplacesarefullofinteractionswithco-workers,bossesandothers.Properetiquetteisimportantinworkplacesocialsituationsbecauseitimpactshowyoudealwithothersandhowtheyperceiveyou.Workplacesocialetiquetteisfairlysimple.Therulescenteronbeingrespectfulofothers.Benefits Usingproperworkplacesocialetiquettemakesagoodimpressiononyourco-workersandsuperiors.Mostworkplacesocialetiquetteiscenteredontherespectforothers.Followingetiquetterulesshowsyouareateamplayerandcanhelpyougetabetterperformancereviewandbeconsideredforbetterassignmentsandpromotions.Dress Professionalattireshouldbewornintheworkplace.Wearingsloppy,dirtyclothesisbadetiquette.Soiswearinggaudyclothing.Inmanyworkplaces,peopleareallowedtowearbusinesscasualattireorevenbluejeansandT-shirts.Nomatterwhatyouwear,makesureitisneat,cleanandappropriateforaprofessionalenvironment.DonotweartornjeansorT-shirtswithoff-color,eveninthemostcasualworkplace.Limitperfumetoalightapplicationorleaveitoffentirely.Wearingheavyscentsinlargequantitiesisbadetiquettebecauseitcanbotheryourco-workers.ReadingSocialRelationships Keepsocialrelationshipslowkey.It’sOKtobefriendswithyourco-workers,butdon’twastetimeonchattingorgossipingduringtheworkday.Itisespeciallybadetiquettetostandnearaco-worker’sdeskorcubicleandcarryonaloudconversationthatdistractsothersinthearea.Limitsocialinteractionstobreaks,lunchtimeandafterwork.Beextremelycautiousaboutdatingco-workers,especiallythosewhoareyoursuperiorsorsubordinates.Thiscancreateanawkwardsocialsituationifyoubreakup.PersonalCalls Limitpersonalphonecallsintheworkplace.Manyemployersforbidpersonalphonecalls.Becautiousevenifyouremployerallowsthem,anddonotabusetheprivilege.Speaksoftlysoyourconversationdoesn’tbotherco-workersinothercubiclesandoffices.Keepcallsshortandtothepoint.Donotletapersonalphonecallinterruptawork-relatedconversation.IfyouhavecallerIDandseeapersonalcallcomingin,letitgotovoicemailoranswerquicklyandtellthecalleryouwillcallbackwhenyoucan.Ifyoubringacellphonetowork,keepitinvibratingmode.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatonecommunicatewithothersviashorttextmessagesratherthanvoicecallsduringworkhours.ReadingFood Donoteatstrong-smellingfoodintheoffice,especiallyifyouworkinacubicleenvironmentoropenareawhereodorscantravel.Itispooretiquettetosubjecttheentireworkplacetoonions,garlicorotheroverwhelmingodors.Chooseitemsthatwon’tbotherothersifyoueatatyourdesk,andgotothelunchroomoranotherappropriateareaifyouhavepotentiallybothersomefood.Officeetiquetterulesalsosuggestthatyoudisposeofemptyfoodcontainersandotheritemswheretheywon’tcontributenegativelytotheofficeatmosphere.PersonalWorkspace Keepyourpersonalworkspacecleanandneatatalltimes.Generally,lessisbetterwhenitcomestoofficeandcubicledecor.Usediscretionwhendisplayingpersonalitemssuchasfamilyphotosandsouvenirssoasnottooverdo,clutter,andobstructyourworkarea.ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.impact v.haveaneffectupon影響2.perceive v.tobecomeawareofornotice感覺；察覺；認(rèn)知3.superior n.apersonofhigherrank,statusorposition上級；上司4.assignment n.adutythatyouareassignedtoperform工作；任務(wù)；選派5.attire n.clothingofadistinctivestyleorforacertainoccasion服裝；衣服6.sloppy a.lackingneatnessororder邋遢的7.gaudy a.brightly-coloredandshowy,inawaythatlackstaste花哨的；俗氣的8.perfume n.apleasant-smellingliquid香水9.scent n.thepleasantsmellthatsomethinghas香味10.lowkey

低調(diào)的11.gossip v.tospeakaboutotherpeople’sbehaviorandprivatelives,often includingremarksthatareunkindoruntrue傳播流言；說長道短ReadingNewWordsandExpressions12.cubicle n.smallareasetoffbywallsforspecialuse小隔間13.distract v.todrawsomeone’sattentionawayfromsomething分散（注意力）14.subordinate n.personinalessimportantpositionorlowerrank下級；下屬15.awkward a.embarrassinganddifficulttodealwith令人尷尬的；難處理的16.privilege n.aspecialrightoradvantagethatonlyonepersonorgrouphas特權(quán)17.vibratemode

（移動電話）振動模式18.odor n.aparticularanddistinctivesmell氣味19.overwhelming a.sostrongastobeirresistible巨大的；壓倒性的；無法抗拒的20.bothersome a.annoyingorirritating困擾人的；令人討厭的21.contribute v.toaddtosomething;helptocausesomething增加某物；促成某物22.souvenir n.areminderofpastevents紀(jì)念品23.obstruct v.toblock;tomakeitdifficulttomoveforward阻擋；妨礙ReadingTask9Choosethecorrectoptiontocompletethesentencesbasedonyourunderstandingofthepassage.1.Properetiquetteisimportantinworkplacesocialsituationsbecause

.A.itmakesoneattractiveB.ithelpsonebecomethecentreoftheofficeC.itinfluenceshowone’sinteractionwithothersandhowtheyperceivehim2.

isconsideredtobeproperdressingintheworkplace.ProfessionalattireB.TornjeansorT-shirtswithoff-colorC.Gaudyclothing3.

whenonetriestobuildsocialrelationshipsintheworkplace.A.Don’twastetimechattingorgossipingB.BefreeaboutofficeromanceC.Standnearaco-worker’sdeskorcubicleandcarryonaloudconversation4.

isthoughttobeproperetiquetteintheworkplace.A.AbusingtheprivilegeofunrestrictedpersonalphonecallsB.Lettingpersonalphonecallsinterruptawork-relatedconversationC.Keepingthecellphoneinvibratemodeifonebringsittowork5.

isnotmentionedinthepassage.A.TheuseofInternetintheofficeB.AvoidingfoodswithstrongsmellsintheworkplaceC.KeepingpersonalworkspacecleanandneatatalltimesReadingTask10Task11Fillintheblankswithoutreferringtothepassage.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.1.What’sdefinitionoftheword“etiquette”?2.Whatarethebenefitsofproperworkplaceetiquette?3.Howtodressproperlyintheworkplace?4.Howtodealwithpersonalcallsintheworkplace?5.Whatshouldbearinmindwheneatingintheoffice? Workplacesarefullof1withco-workers,bossesandothers.Properworkplace2isimportantbecauseithelpsmakeagood3onyourcolleaguesandsuperiors.Mostworkplaceetiquetteis4onrespectforothers.Followingetiquetterulesshowsyouarea5andcanhelpyougetabetterperformancereviewandbeconsideredforbetterassignmentsand6.Theserulesincludewearing7attireintheworkplace,keepingsocialrelationshipslowkey,8personalphonecalls,avoidingeatingpotentially

9foodandkeepingpersonalspacecleanand10.ReadingTask12CompletethesentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebracketsintoEnglish. 1.Thecutintheinterestrate_________________（有顯著影響）thedevelopmentofthecompany. 2.Whenworkingwithpatients,myefforts_________________（以……為中心）helpingthemtoovercomeillness. 3.____________________________（無論有多艱巨）thetaskmaybe,itmustbedone. 4.Untilyouknowyoucouldsolvetheproblem,itisinyourbestintereststo____________________________（盡量保持低調(diào)）. 5.Itisrecommendedthattheproject_________________（不要開始）untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingInternationalBusinessEtiquetteTips

Thereisnodoubtthattoday’sbusinessenvironmentisbecomingincreasinglymoreglobal.Meetings,phonecalls,andconferencesareheldallovertheworldandattendeescancomefromanypointontheglobe.Onanygivenbusinessday,youcanfindyourselfdealingface-to-face,overthephone,orbye-mail Whiletheoldsaying“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”stillholdstrue,businessclientsandcolleagueswhoarevisitingabroadshouldbetreatedwithsensitivityandwithanawarenessoftheiruniqueculture.Notdoingyourhomeworkbeforesteppingyourfirstinternationalfootforwardcancostyourelationshipsandfuturebusiness.Onesmallmistakesuchasusingfirstnamesinappropriately,notobservingtherulesoftimingorsendingthewrongcolorflowerinthewelcomebouquetcanbecostly. Thereisnoonesetofrulesthatappliestoallinternationalvisitors,sodotheresearchforeachcountrythatyourclientsrepresent.Thatmaysoundlikeadifficulttask,butitismanageableandtherewardsareworththeeffort.HereareafewtipsformindingyourglobalP’sandQ’s.ReadingBuildingrelationships FewotherpeopleareaseagertogetdowntobusinessasAmericans.Sotaketimetogettoknowyourinternationalclientsandbuildrapportbeforeyourushtothebottomline.Businessrelationshipsarebuiltontrustthatisdevelopedovertime,especiallywithpeoplefromAsiaandLatinAmerica.Dressingconservatively Americansliketodressforfashionandcomfort,butpeoplefromotherpartsoftheworldaregenerallymoreconservative.Yourchoiceofbusinessattireisasignalofyourrespectfortheotherperson.Leaveyourtrendyclothesintheclosetonthedaysthatyoumeetwithyourclosefriendsorfamily.Usingtitlesandcorrectformsofaddress

PeopleareveryinformalintheUnitedStatesandarequicktocallpeoplebytheirfirstname,butit’sbettertousetitlesandlastnamesuntilyouhavebeeninvitedtousetheperson’sfirstname.Insomecases,thismayneveroccur.Theuseoffirstnamesisreservedforfamilyandclosefriendsinsomecultures.TitlesaregivenmoresignificancearoundtheworldthanintheUnitedStatesandareanotherimportantaspectofaddressingbusinesspeople.Earnedacademicdegreesareacknowledged.Forexample,aGermanengineerisaddressedas“IngenieurHerr”andaprofessoras“ProfessorHerr”.Listencarefullywhenyouareintroducedtosomeoneandfollowsuit.ReadingExchangingbusinesscards

Thekeytogivingoutbusinesscardsinanycultureistoshowrespectfortheotherperson.Presentyourcardsothattheotherpersondoesnothavetoturnitovertoreadyourinformation.UsebothhandstopresentyourcardtovisitorsfromJapanorSingapore.Whenyoureceivesomeoneelse’sbusinesscard,alwayslookatitandacknowledgeit.Whenyouputitaway,placeitcarefullyinyourcardcaseorwithyourbusinessdocuments.Inmostcases,waituntilyouhavebeenintroducedtogivesomeoneyourcard.Honoringspaceissues Americanshaveaparticularvaluefortheirownphysicalspaceandareuncomfortablewhenotherpeoplegetintheirrealm.Iftheinternationalvisitorseemstowanttobeclose,acceptit.Backingawaycansendthewrongmessage.Socantouching.Youshouldn’triskoffendingbytouchingthemexcepthandshake. Whethertheworldcomestoyouoryougoouttoit,thegreatestcomplimentyoucanpayyourinternationalclientsistolearnabouttheircountryandtheircustoms.Understanddifferencesinbehaviorandhonorthemwithyouractions.Don’ttakeoffensewhenvisitorsbehaveaccordingtotheirnorms.Peoplefromothercultureswillappreciateyoureffortstoaccommodatethemandyouwillfindyourselfbuildingyourinternationalclientele.ReadingNotes mindyourP’sandQ’s：意思是becareful；behaveyourself，即謹(jǐn)言慎行；注意禮貌（規(guī)矩）。對這種表達(dá)存在3種解釋，1種說法和酒店有關(guān)。17世紀(jì)晚期，在英國的一些酒館里有兩種盛酒器具——品脫和夸脫。品脫大，夸脫小。為了在客人們結(jié)賬的時候不出差錯，酒館侍者必須在酒館的小黑板上記下客人們用的到底是哪種容器，P代表pints（品脫），Q代表qauts（夸脫）。因此，酒館老板也不斷地提醒他們：注意你們的品脫和夸脫。第2種說法從課堂上來。小學(xué)生在拼寫p和q時總是容易將它們混淆。p反著寫就成了q，而q反過來寫又變成了p。這兩個字母不但順序相鄰，而且拼寫相似，老師經(jīng)常要提醒小學(xué)生“MindyourP’sandQ’s”。第3種說法中P指的是peacloth，一種粗呢布料；Q代表queue，指的是“（朝臣或水手們的）辮子”。年輕的貴族們總被提醒不要將假發(fā)上的粉末弄到粗呢夾克上。另一種解釋是，水手們剛上船時，有一個慣例，就是將他們的辮子放在焦油里蘸一蘸，不過要小心不要把油弄到粗呢夾克上。例句：ShetoldhersontomindhisP’sandQ’satthebanquet.（她讓兒子在宴會上要注意自己的言行。）ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.sensitivity n.qualityordegreeofbeingsensitive敏感；體貼2.observe v.toobeyorfollow遵守；遵循3.bouquet n.abunchofflowerswhichisattractivelyarranged花束4.manageable a.easytohandleoruseormanage易處理的；可做到的5.mindyourP’sandQ’s 謹(jǐn)言慎行；注意禮貌（規(guī)矩）6.rapport n.arelationofmutualunderstandingortrust融洽；和諧7.conservative a.unwillingtoacceptchangesandnewideas保守的；守

舊的8.trendy a.fashionableandmodern時髦的；現(xiàn)代的9.reserve v.tokeepforaparticularpersonorpurpose保留10.academicdegree

學(xué)位11.acknowledge v.toacceptsomethingistrueoradmitthetruthorexistenceofsomething承認(rèn)；認(rèn)可……屬實或存在12.realm n.anareaofactivity,interest,orthought領(lǐng)域；范圍13.compliment n.aremark(oract)expressingpraiseoradmiration贊美；恭維14.offense n.alackofpoliteness;afailuretoshowregardforothers冒犯15.clientele n.allthecustomerorclientofashop,organization,etc顧客；

客戶ReadingTask13Lookthroughthepassagequicklyandchoosethebestanswerforeachofthefollowing.1.Howdopeopleconductbusinessintoday’sbusinessenvironment? A.Facetoface B.ByE-mailorpostalletter C.Bothofthetwomentionedabove2.What’sAmericans’attitudetowardbuildingbusinessrelationships? A.Theytaketimetoknowtheirinternationalclients B.Theyareeagertogetdowntobusiness C.Theytendtobuildtrustbeforerushingtothebottomline3.Howshouldyoudealwithyourtrendyclothes?A.Dressthemwhenyoumeetwithyourclients.B.Leavethemtoyourmother.C.Dressthemwhenyoumeetwithyourclosefriends.4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesistrueaccordingtothepassage? A.Titleisanimportantaspectofaddressingpeople B.UseoffirstnamesisreservedforfamilyandclosefriendsinAmerica C.PeopleintheUSareformalandreluctanttocallpeoplebytheirfirstname5.What’stheproperwaytoreceivebusinesscard? A.Puttingitawayimmediately B.Stickingitrandomlyinthepocket C.AlwayslookingatitandacknowledgingitReadingTask14Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage. 1.Whiletheoldsaying“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”still________________,businessclientsandcolleagueswhoarevisitingthiscountryshouldbetreatedwithsensitivityandwithanawarenessoftheiruniqueculture. 2.Thewritergivessomeinternationalbusinessetiquettetipsinthepassage,suchasbuildingrelationships,dressingconservatively,________________,andcorrectformsofaddressandsoon. 3.Withregardtobuildingbusinessrelationships,itisimportanttotaketimetogettoknowyourinternationalclientsand________________beforeyourushtothebottomline. 4.Thekeytogivingoutbusinesscardsinanycultureisto________________theotherperson. 5.Americanshaveastrongawarenessoftheirown________________andareunpleasantifsomeoneintrudestheirrealm,whichisalsocalled“comfortzone”.Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingCaseStudyTask15Workingroups,anddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners. Mr.WangisageneralmanagerofalargetradingcompanyinChina.Themanager,withhissecretary,MissHan,paidavisittoIranfornegotiationaboutexportofmanufacturingfacility.

Ontheirarrival,theywentdirectlytothetradingpartner’scompanytomeettheirIraniancounterparts.ThehostsaskedtheChinesedelegationtowaitforawhileandMr.Wangwasnotsatisfiedwithsucharrangements. TheIranianhostsheldabanquettowelcomethedelegationheadedbyMr.Wang.TodemonstrateChinesewomen’sbeautyandelegance,thesecretaryworeatightsleevelesscheongsam（旗袍）andsteppedintothebanquethall.Beforethemeal,thehostofferedeachoftheirguestsaglassofjuice.MissHanwasabouttotakethedrinkwithherlefthandwhenthehostputthejuiceonthetablewithdispleasure. ToMr.Wang’sconfusion,theIraniandelegationwhowereonceeagerlylookingforwardtocooperationdidn’tgodeeperintothenegotiationanymoreafterthebanquet.Theywentbackhomewithoutsigningthecontract.1.WhatdoyouthinkofMr.Wang’sperformanceinthenegotiation?2.Howdoyouthinkthesecretary’sdressingatthebanquet?3.Whatcanwelearnfromthecasestudy?Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingGrammarandUsage1．begoingto+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)的用法SimpleFutureTense一般將來時

一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。例如：tomorrow,tomorrowmorning/afternoon…,thedayaftertomorrow,nextyear,nextmonth…,fromnowon（從現(xiàn)在開始）,inanhour（一小時后）,intwodays/weeks等。一般將來時的表示方法有以下6種形式。

（1）這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在的意圖，即打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，主語通常指人。在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語也可指物，但動作的執(zhí)行者仍然是人。

例如 WhatareyougoingtodonextSunday?下個星期天你打算干什么？ She’sgoingtobeadoctor.她打算當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。 Thewallisgoingtobebrushedwhite.這面墻將刷成白色。

（2）表示說話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為很可能即將發(fā)生某事。這時，主語既可指人也可指物。此結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示客觀事態(tài)的發(fā)展，而不是表示主觀的意圖。

例如 Lookattheseblackclouds.It’sgoingtorain.看這些烏云。天快要下雨了。 I’mafraidI’mgoingtohaveabadcold.恐怕我要得重感冒。GrammarandUsage2．will/shall+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

這種結(jié)構(gòu)是表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)，常伴有表示將來的時間狀語。shall用于第一人稱，在現(xiàn)代英語中will可以通用于各種人稱。在問句中shall常用于第一人稱，表示建議或征求對方意見。

例如 Ishallwriteyoualetternextmonth.我下個月給你寫信。 Iwillgotomyhometownnextweek.我下周回老家。 Shallwegotothepark?我們?nèi)ス珗@好嗎？

注意：begoingto與will用法上的異同及比較說明。

（1）begoingto與will都可用來表示即將發(fā)生的事情。前者多用于口語，后者多用于書面語和正式文告中。

例如 Therewill(=isgoingto)beafootballmatchinourschoolnextweek.

下周我校將舉行（有）一場足球賽。 TheAmericanbasketballteamwillarriveinBeijingtomorrow.

美國籃球隊明天將抵達(dá)北京。GrammarandUsage

（2）begoingto與will都可用來表示意圖。

例如 Iwill(=amgoingto)climbthehilltomorrow.我明天去登山。

一般來說，“意圖”是事先經(jīng)過考慮的，用begoingto表示，反之則用will。will還多用于對話中，即一方聽了對方的話后所做出的反應(yīng)。

例如 They’regoingtomeetattheschoolgate.他們打算在學(xué)校大門見面。 —Pleasebringmeacupoftea.請給我端杯茶來。 —I’lldoitinaminute.我馬上就去（端）。

（3）begoingto常含有“即將”之意，而will既可表示“即將”又可表示“較長時間后的未來”，或不表示任何特定的將來時間概念。

例如 We’regoingtovisitthefactory.我們即將去參觀那家工廠。 He’llwriteabookoneday.他有朝一日要寫書。 Thehousewillbreakdown.那屋子（遲早）要倒塌。GrammarandUsage

（4）表示預(yù)測時，begoingto表示有發(fā)生某事的跡象，will則表示說話者認(rèn)為或相信要發(fā)生某事。

例如 It’sverydarkandcold.It’sgoingtosnow.

天很暗而且非常冷，要下雪了。 I’msurehe’llbebackinanhour.

我確信他一小時后會回來。

（5）在詢問對方是否愿意以及表示客氣的邀請時，常用will。

例如 Willyoulendmethebook?你能把那本書借給我嗎？ Willyougotherewithus?你能和我們一起去那兒嗎？GrammarandUsage

（6）begoingto可用于條件句，表示將來的時間，will一般不能。

例如 IfyouaregoingtowatchTVthisevening,you’dbetterfinishyourhomeworknow.

你今晚若想看電視，最好現(xiàn)在就完成作業(yè)。

如果不是表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)，而是表示意愿、堅持、推論等，will也可用于條件句中。

例如 IfyouwilllearnEnglish,I’llhelpyou.你若愿意學(xué)習(xí)英語，我將會幫助你。 Ifyouwillkindlywaitamoment,I’llaskhimtogotherewithyou.

你若耐心等一會兒的話，我就叫他和你一起去那兒。

（7）如果條件從句表示將來發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，主句中常用will，而條件從句中則用一般現(xiàn)在時表示。

例如 IfyougotoEngland,youwilllikethefoodthere.

如果你去英國，你將會喜歡那兒的食物。

若條件從句表示的是現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，主句中也可用begoingto。

例如 IfIhaveenoug