Unit6OperationalandTechnicalManagementHotTipWriting4

Presentation1Passage12Passage23LanguageLab7Extension7Speaking5Translating6Unit6OperationalandTechnicalManagementHotTipUnit6OperationalandTechnicalManagementPresentation

OperationalandTechnicalmanagementinvolvesthedutiesacarcompanymustperformforthetechnicaloperationofavehicle.Thisinvolvesmanagementrelatedtostaffmanagementwithrelatedtasks,logisticsrelatedtooperationsaswellasserviceandmaintenance.HotTipPassage1QualityControlofAutomobilesEachyear,nearlyhalfamillioncaraccidentstakeplaceinChina,andmorethan100,000peopledieinthosecrashes.Givensuchsoberingstatistics,qualitycontrolandsafetytestshouldfactorintothewholeprocessofanautomobileproductlifecycle.Asacaristobedrivenbyaperson,qualitycontrolisofvitalimportance.Todayqualitycontrolisseenasaprocessbuiltrightintothedesignofthevehicleaswellastheassemblyprocess.Tomakecomponentscarrypeopleandrun,testsshouldstartfrompartsproviders.Forautomobilemanufactures,outsidepartsvendorsshouldsubjecttheircomponentspartstotestingandinspectionauditssimilartothoseusedbytheassemblyplants.OnlyinthiswaycantheassemblyplantsthinkthattheproductsarrivingattheirreceivingdocksareStatisticalProcessControl(SPC)approvedandquality-certified.翻譯Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage1Fornewmodels,geometryinspectionisalsoacriticalactivitythroughoutthedevelopmentprocess.Itguaranteesthatindividualvehiclepartscanbeassembledcorrectly.Tactileprobemeasurementsaretraditionalinspectiontoolsfor3Dgeometryinspection.TactileprobesinstalledonCoordinateMeasurementMachines(CMMs)areusedtoverifythe3Dgeometryofcomponents.Oncethecomponentpartsoftheautomobilebegintobeassembledattheautomobilefactory,theyaremonitoredbothbyproductioncontrolspecialistsandqualityauditstations.ProductioncontrolspecialistscanfollowtheprogressofeachembryonicautomobilebymeansofitsVehicleIdentificationNumber(VIN),assignedatthestartoftheproductionline.Throughouttheassemblyprocessqualityauditstationskeeptrackofvitalinformationconcerningvariousfunctionalcomponentsofthevehicle.翻譯Unit4

ProductDesigningandProduction翻譯Afterthevehicleisassembledavalidationprocessisconductedattheendoftheassemblyline.Itmaybeonlyafinalaudit,oraroadtest.Toverifyqualityauditsfromthevariousinspectionpointsthroughouttheassemblyprocess,thisfinalaudittestsforproperlyfittingpanels,dynamics,functioningelectricalcomponents,andengine,chassis,andwheelalignment.Togivefullfunctionaltests,thevehicleswillbepulledfromtheauditlineandroad-tested.Aroadtestincludesapriorvisualinspection,atestoverarangeofspeeds,acceleration/deceleration.Enginerev/minsensitive,noiseandvibrationwhileturning,etc.Asvehiclerecallsarecostly,manufacturersdoeverythingpossibletoensurethequalityoftheproductbeforeitisshippedtothecustomer.Thereforealleffortstodayareputforthtoensurethatqualityandreliabilityarebuiltintotheassemblyproduct.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionPassage1HotTipPassage1sobering['s?ub?ri?] adj.嚴(yán)重的，令人深思的；使冷靜的，使清醒的vital['vait?l] adj.至關(guān)重要的；生死攸關(guān)的vendor['vend?:] n.賣主；小販；[貿(mào)易]自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)dock[d?k] n.碼頭；船塢geometry[d?i'?mitri] n.幾何學(xué)guarantee[,ɡ?r?n'ti:] vt.保證；擔(dān)保embryonic[,embri'?nik] adj.萌芽階段的;非常初期的verify['verifai] vt.核實(shí)；查證dynamics[dai'n?miks] n.動(dòng)力學(xué)，力學(xué)acceleratio[?k,sel?'rei??n] n.加速，促進(jìn)deceleration['di:,sel?'rei??n] n.減速vibration[vai'brei??n] n.振動(dòng)recall[ri'k?:l] n.召回；回憶reliability[ri,lai?'bil?ti] n.可靠性ensure[in'?u?] vt.保證，確保NewwordsUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage1productlifecycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期subjectto 使經(jīng)受，使經(jīng)歷；使服從StatisticalProcessControl(SPC) 統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程控制tactileprobemeasurements 接觸式探針測(cè)量CoordinateMeasurementMachines(CMMs)坐標(biāo)系測(cè)量機(jī)3Dgeometryofcomponents 零部件的三維尺寸productioncontrolspecialists 生產(chǎn)控制專家qualityauditstations 質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)部門VehicleIdentificationNumber(VIN) 汽車身份號(hào)碼keeptrackof 記錄，跟蹤；與…保持聯(lián)系validationprocess 驗(yàn)證過(guò)程wheelalignment 前輪定位putforth 提出；發(fā)表；啟航；（植物等）長(zhǎng)出PhrasesandExpressionsUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTip

Passage11.Givensuchsoberingstatistics,qualitycontrolandsafetytestshouldfactorintothewholeprocessofanautomobileproductlifecycle.

鑒于如此令人痛心疾首的數(shù)字，質(zhì)量控制和安全測(cè)試應(yīng)成為汽車生產(chǎn)流程中不可或缺的一環(huán)。2.Forautomobilemanufactures,outsidepartsvendorsshouldsubjecttheircomponentspartstotestingandinspectionauditssimilartothoseusedbytheassemblyplants.

汽車制造商要求外部零件供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行零部件的測(cè)試與檢驗(yàn)，測(cè)試與檢驗(yàn)的方法與汽車裝配工廠所采用的方法相似。NotesUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage1

3.ProductioncontrolspecialistscanfollowtheprogressofeachembryonicautomobilebymeansofitsVehicleIdentificationNumber(VIN),assignedatthestartoftheproductionline.

生產(chǎn)控制專家可以通過(guò)汽車身份號(hào)碼來(lái)跟蹤每輛車的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，這些號(hào)碼在生產(chǎn)線的起點(diǎn)就已設(shè)定。4.Toverifyqualityauditsfromthevariousinspectionpointsthroughouttheassemblyprocess,thisfinalaudittestsforproperlyfittingpanels,dynamics,functioningelectricalcomponents,andengine,chassis,andwheelalignment.

為了驗(yàn)證裝配過(guò)程中的各部分檢測(cè)結(jié)果，這個(gè)最終測(cè)試包括合適的板件安裝、動(dòng)力、電氣部件功能、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、底盤和車輪定位在內(nèi)的各項(xiàng)檢測(cè)。NotesUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionPassage1

TasksI.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.1.Howdopeopleviewqualitycontrol?

It’apartofthedesignofthevehicleaswellastheassemblyprocess.2.Wheredoesqualitycontrolbegin?

Frompartsproviders.3.What’sspecialinqualitycontrolfornewmodels?

Fornewmodels,geometryinspectionisdone.4.Howisqualitycontroldonealongtheassemblyline?

Productioncontrolspecialistsandqualityauditstationsmonitortheassemblingprocess.5.What’sthefinalstepofqualitycontrol?

Avalidationprocessisconductedattheendoftheassemblyline.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionPassage2

TasksII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.□1.Thecomponentpartsfromoutsidevendorsarealsosubjectedtotestingandinspectionauditsoftheassemblyplants.□2.Tactileprobemeasurementsarerecentlyusedfor3Dgeometryinspection.□3.EachembryonicautomobilegetsitsVINatthebeginningofitsassembly.□4.EachembryonicautomobilegetsitsVINatthebeginningofitsassembly.□

5.Aroadtestdoesnotincludenoiseandvibrationwhileturning.FTTFFUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionPassage1

TasksIII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Todayqualitycontrolisseenasaprocessbuiltrightintothedesignofthevehicleaswellastheassemblyprocess.

今天，質(zhì)量控制被認(rèn)為是汽車設(shè)計(jì)和制造過(guò)程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。2.Throughouttheassemblyprocessqualityauditstationskeeptrackofvitalinformationconcerningvariousfunctionalcomponentsofthevehicle.

在整個(gè)裝配過(guò)程中，質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)部門跟蹤有關(guān)各個(gè)汽車部件的關(guān)鍵信息。3.Aroadtestincludesapriorvisualinspection,atestoverarangeofspeeds,acceleration/deceleration,enginerev/minsensitive,noiseandvibrationwhileturning,etc.

通過(guò)三站式工作，就能保證在同一時(shí)間段內(nèi)有三輛車分別在不同的工作站被組裝。4.Asvehiclerecallsarecostly,manufacturersdoeverythingpossibletoensurethequalityoftheproductbeforeitisshippedtothecustomer.因?yàn)槠囌倩睾馁M(fèi)很高的成本，汽車制造商會(huì)盡一切可能來(lái)保證產(chǎn)品在送達(dá)客戶之前質(zhì)量完好。Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2Frontal-ImpactCrashTestsTheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)andtheInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety(IIHS)aretheonlytwoorganizationsthatconductcrashtestsintheUnitedStates.However,theyconducttheirtestsquitedifferently.TheNHTSATestIntheNHTSAtest,twocrash-testdummiesthesizeofanaverageadultmale(5feet7inchestalland170pounds)areplacedinthedriverandfrontpassengerseatsofthetestvehicleandsecuredwithseatbelts.Thevehicleisthencrashedhead-onintoafixedbarrierat35mph,whichistheequivalentoftwovehiclesofsimilarweighthittingeachotherhead-onatthatsamespeed.Theforceoftheimpactonthedummiesismeasured,andNHTSAgivesthevehicleastarrating,basedonthepercentchanceofseriousinjurytotheheadandchest,fromonestar(46percentorgreater)tofivestars(10percentorless).翻譯Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2TheIIHSTestIntheIIHStest,asinglecrash-testdummythesizeofanaverageadultmaleisplacedinthedriver’sseatofthetestvehicleandsecuredwiththeseatbelt.Measurementsofimpactforcearetakenfromthehead,neck,chest,legs,andfeettodeterminethelikelihoodofinjuryinanyofthoseareas.ThefrontaltestthatIIHSconductsisanoff-settest,meaningthatonlyonesideofthevehicle’sfrontendiscrashed,becausetheagencyfeelsthatitismorecommoninreal-worldfrontalcollisionsforavehicletobeimpactedatananglewhenmostdriversturntoavoidthecollision.Thevehiclestrikesadeformablebarrieronthedriver’ssideat40milesperhour.Approximately40percentofthefrontofthevehicleisimpacted.IIHSassignsthevehicleoneoffourratings:good,acceptable,marginal,orpoor,assessingoccupantinjury,thevehiclestructureperformance,andthemovementofthedummy.翻譯Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2翻譯Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionInterpretingtheResultsWhileitwouldseematfirstglancethatthetwotestsaremeasuringbasicallythesamething,thefactthatthetestsareconducteddifferentlymeansthattheresultstendtobequitedifferent.Today’svehiclesaredesignedsothattheenergycreatedinacollisionisdispersedthroughthebodyofthevehicleandawayfromtheoccupants.ExampleFRONTALOFFSETTESTOVERALLEVALUATION:GStructure/safetycageInjurymeasuresDummykinematicsGHead/neckChestLeg/foot,leftLeg/foot,rightGGGGAHotTipPassage2dummy['d?mi] n.人體模型；笨蛋；傀儡；啞巴Secure[si'kju?] vt.保護(hù)；招致head-on['hed'?n] adj.正面的，直接的adv.迎頭，頭朝前地deformable[,di'f?:m?bl] adj.可變形的marginal['mɑ:d?in?l] adj.邊緣的；臨界的NewwordsUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)國(guó)家公路交通安全部門InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety(IIHS)

公路安全保險(xiǎn)協(xié)會(huì)crashtest 碰撞測(cè)試frontpassenger 前排乘客starrating

星級(jí)評(píng)估impactforce 撞擊力off-settest

偏置測(cè)試frontalcollision

正面碰撞PhrasesandExpressionsUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage21.Thevehicleisthencrashedhead-onintoafixedbarrierat35mph,whichistheequivalentoftwovehiclesofsimilarweighthittingeachotherhead-onatthatsamespeed.

然后車輛以每小時(shí)35英里的速度正面撞向一個(gè)固定的障礙物，這相當(dāng)于兩輛重量相近的車以同等速度正面相撞。NotesUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2

2.ThefrontaltestthatIIHSconductsisanoff-settest,meaningthatonlyonesideofthevehicle’sfrontendiscrashed,becausetheagencyfeelsthatitismorecommoninreal-worldfrontalcollisionsforavehicletobeimpactedatananglewhenmostdriversturntoavoidthecollision.IIHS所進(jìn)行的前部測(cè)試是一個(gè)偏置測(cè)試，意思是只有車輛前部的一個(gè)側(cè)面遭到碰撞。原因是該機(jī)構(gòu)感覺在真實(shí)世界的車輛前部碰撞中，由于多數(shù)司機(jī)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向一邊來(lái)避免碰撞，所以更多情況下車輛受撞擊時(shí)會(huì)有一定角度。NotesUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipPassage2

3.IIHSassignsthevehicleoneoffourratings:good,acceptable,marginal,orpoor,assessingoccupantinjury,thevehiclestructureperformance,andthemovementofthedummy.IIHS測(cè)試車內(nèi)假人受傷程度、車輛結(jié)構(gòu)性能以及假人的移動(dòng)，并用四種級(jí)別中的一種來(lái)評(píng)估該車輛：好，可以接受，勉強(qiáng)可以，差。NotesUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionPassage2

TasksI.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.□

1.Boththetwotestsusetwocrash-testdummiesthesizeofanaverageadultmale.□2.OnlytwoorganizationsconductcrashtestsintheUnitedStates,NHTSAandIIHS.□

3.TheNHTSAtestismorelikelytohappenintherealworld.□4.ThedifferencebetweenNHTSAandIIHSisthewaythetestisconducted,andconsequently,theresult.□

5.Thecollisionimpactofvehiclesisnotconsideredtobedispersedinpastvehicledesign.FFTTFUnit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTip

Passage2II.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.Whileitwouldseematfirstglancethatthetwotestsaremeasuringbasicallythesamething,thefactthatthetestsareconducteddifferentlymeansthattheresultstendtobequitedifferent.Today’svehiclesaredesignedsothattheenergycreatedinacollisionisdispersedthroughthebodyofthevehicleandawayfromtheoccupants.

雖然乍看起來(lái)兩種測(cè)試基本上測(cè)的是相同的內(nèi)容，但測(cè)試方法的不同意味著測(cè)試結(jié)果一般有很大的差別。如今的汽車都有這樣的設(shè)計(jì)，就是碰撞中所產(chǎn)生能量將被分散到車身，從而遠(yuǎn)離乘車者。Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipWritingEightDisciplinesProblemSolving(8D)isamethodusedtoapproachandtoresolveproblems,typicallyemployedbyqualityengineersorotherprofessionals.Itspurposeistoidentify,correctandeliminaterecurringproblems,anditisusefulinproductandprocessimprovement.Itestablishesapermanentcorrectiveactionbasedonstatisticalanalysisoftheproblemandfocusesontheoriginoftheproblembydeterminingitsrootcauses.Althoughitoriginallycomprisedeightstages,or“disciplines”,itwaslateraugmentedbyaninitialplanningstage.Thedisciplinesare:D0:Plan:Planforsolvingtheproblemanddeterminetheprerequisites.D1:UseaTeam:Establishateamofpeoplewithproduct/processknowledge.D2:DefineanddescribetheProblem:Specifytheproblembyidentifyinginquantifiabletermsthewho,what,where,when,why,how,andhowmany(5W2H)fortheproblem.D3:DevelopInterimContainmentPlan;ImplementandverifyInterimActions:Defineandimplementcontainmentactionstoisolatetheproblemfromanycustomer.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipWritingD4:Determine,Identify,andVerifyRootCauses:Identifyallapplicablecausesthatcouldexplainwhytheproblemhasoccurred.Alsoidentifywhytheproblemhasnotbeennoticedatthetimeitoccurred.Allcausesshallbeverifiedorproved,notdeterminedbyfuzzybrainstorming.D5:ChooseandVerifyPermanentCorrections(PCs)forProblem:Throughpre-productionprogramsquantitativelyconfirmthattheselectedcorrectionwillresolvetheproblemforthecustomer.(Verifythecorrectionwillactuallysolvetheproblem)D6:ImplementandValidateCorrectiveActions:DefineandImplementthebestcorrectiveactions.D7:TakePreventiveMeasures:Modifythemanagementsystems,operationsystems,practices,andprocedurestopreventrecurrenceofthisandallsimilarproblems.D8:CongratulateYourTeam:Recognizethecollectiveeffortsoftheteam.Theteamneedstobeformallythankedbytheorganization.8Dreportshavebecomeastandardintheauto,assemblyandotherindustriesthatrequireathoroughstructuredproblemsolvingprocessusingateamapproach.Theyareoftenusedintheautomobileindustrytohelpsolvequalityproblems.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionHotTipWritingWorkinpairsandcompletethefollowing8Dreportforaproblemyouhadinreallife.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionShanghaiYingliAutoPartsCo.,Ltd.8DReportCustomer:Supplier:Date:To:Product:D1.IdentifyTeamMembers/Roles&ResponsibilitiesChampion:Leader:Teammembers:Dept/RolePhone/e-mail1.

2.

3.

4.

D2.DefinetheProblemProblemStatement:ProblemDescription:Problemfoundat:HotTipWritingWorkinpairsandcompletethefollowing8Dreportforaproblemyouhadinreallife.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionD3.Implement&VerifyInterimContainmentAction(s)

Responsible%EffectiveDateImplementedD4.Define&VerifyRootCause(s)

%ContributionD5.Identify&VerifyProposedPermanentCorrectiveAction(s)

%EffectiveD6.ImplementPermanentCorrectiveAction(s)

DateImplementedD7.Action(s)toPreventRe-Occurrence

ResponsibleVerifiedY/NDateImplementedD8.CommunicateResults&RecognizeTeam

Speaking

Situation1AliceandMr.Birdaretalkingaboutautomotivequalitycontrol.Alice:Mr.Bird,sincequalitycontrolisveryimportant,howdowecontrolthequalitiesofthecarsthatwemanufacture?Mr.Bird:Wehaveseveralwaystotestcomponentsandfinishedparts.Theteststartsfrompartsvendors.Partsvendorsshouldsubjecttheircomponentpartstotestingandinspectionaudits.Itguaranteesthatindividualvehiclepartsarefeefromdefectsandcanbeassembledcorrectly.Alice:Isthereanyqualitycontrolduringtheassemblingprocess?Mr.Bird:Yes,ofcourse.Oncethecomponentpartsoftheautomobilebegintobeassembledattheautomotivefactory,theyaremonitoredbothbyproductioncontrolspecialistsandqualityauditstations.Alice:Thenhowdoweinspectthequalityofafinishedcar?Mr.Bird:Afterthevehicleisassembled,avalidationprocessisconductedattheendoftheassemblyline.Itmaybeonlyafinalaudit,oraroadtest.Aroadtestincludesapriorvisualinspection,atestoverarangeofspeeds,accelerationanddeceleration,noise,vibrationwhileturningandsomeotherthings.Alice:Undersuchcriticalinspections,canweensurethecarsareperfect?Mr.Bird:No.Nothingcanbeperfect.Butweshoulddoeverythingpossibletoensurethequalityofacarbeforeitisshippedtothecustomerasvehiclerecallsarecostly.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionSpeaking

Situation2TracyisshowingMr.Philipsaroundtheassemblyplant.Philips:Nicetomeetyou,Tracy.CallmeBen,please.Tracy:Nicetomeetyou,too.Welcometoourplant.We’llvisittheassemblyplant.Youshouldfirstputonahelmetforsafety.Philips:WhatdoIlooklikewiththehelmeton?Tracy:Good,indeed.Now,I’llshowyouaroundtheassembly.Philips:Wow!Whatatremendousplant!Thismustbeofthesizemorethan20footballfield.Tracy:Asamatteroffact,itisofthesizeof26footballfields.Thisisthebiggestassemblyintheworld.Philips:Thenhowmanypeopleareworkinghere?Tracy:Exactlyspeaking,therearealmost2000workerscalled“teammembers”.Weworktogethertotakerawpartsandturnthemintoabrandnewcar.Philips:Youmustbeveryproudofthis.Tracy:Certainly.Now,onourrightistheHoldingArea.Philips:Ihavebeentoldthatthisistheplacewherepartsarestockedforassembly.Tracy:Youdoknowalot.Differentpartsarrivedbytruckortrainandthenthosehustle-bustleforkliftstakethemtotheholdingarea.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionSpeaking

Situation2Philips:Whydon’tpeopletransportallthepartstotheassemblydirectlythen?Tracy:Tosavethespace.Theassemblyonlykeepsone-dayofpartsonhand,sonewpartsarriveallthetime.Thisiswhatwecalled“just-in-timedelivery”.Philips:Just-in-timedelivery?Tracy:Becausethepartsarrivejustintimetobeusedinassemblyline.Asyouknow,ittakesthousandsofpartstobuildanewcar.Wehavetokeeptheassemblylinestockedwithnewpartsastheyareneeded.Philips:Thenyoumustgoto-and-frobetweentheHoldingareaandtheAssembly.Tracy:Yes,Idriveovertwentymileseverydaytodeliverthepartsaroundtheplant.Wepack,box,andweuseforklifts.Wetakeallthepartstheyneedtobuildacar.Philips:Soitisyourteamwhokeepsthelinerunning.Tracy:Yes,itisaveryimportantjob.Ifwelosetime,thelinewillstop,whichwillcostmoretimelostinthecourseoftheway.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionSpeaking

TasksWorkinpairs.Workwithapartnertodothefollowingrole-play.Situation1:Youandyourpartnerareconductingaroadtestforafinishedcar,andyoufindanunpleasantnoisefromthewindshield.Situation2:YouarethereceptionistofSunriseCarPlant.YouareshowingyourpartneraroundtheCrashCenter.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionTranslating

ReadthepassageandtranslateitintoChinese.Fortheautomobilemanufacturers,safetyisthemostimportant.Oneofthecommonrestraintsystemisairbagsystem.Anairbagismuchlikeanylonballoonthatquicklyinflatestostoptheforwardmovementofthepassenger’supperbody.Inthisway,itcanavoidtheinjuryofthepassenger’schestandhead.Anairbagsystemconsistsofimpactsensors,anairbaginflationdeviceandanairbag.Thesystemcandetectanimpact,andsendsasignalthatinflatestheairbag.Whentheairbagisdeployed,somepowderysubstancewouldreleasefromit.Thispowderisqualifiedcornstarchpowderortalcumpowder.Thispowderisusedbyairbagmanufacturerstokeepairbagslubricatedandpliablewhiletheyareinstorage.對(duì)汽車制造商來(lái)說(shuō)乘客的安全是第一位的。安全氣囊裝置屬于汽車強(qiáng)制安裝的安全設(shè)備之一。安全氣囊外形像一個(gè)用尼龍制成的氣球，能夠快速充氣膨脹，從而防止乘客上身猛烈向前傾倒。這樣一來(lái)就能夠使乘客避免胸部和頭部受傷。安全氣囊由碰撞傳感器、氣囊充氣裝置和氣囊組成。這套裝置能探測(cè)到碰撞，并發(fā)出信號(hào)，使氣囊得以充氣。當(dāng)安全氣囊打開時(shí)，從安全氣囊中釋放出一些粉狀物質(zhì)。這些粉末是合格的玉米淀粉或者滑石粉。安全氣囊制造商用這些粉末來(lái)保持安全氣囊不粘連，并能及時(shí)打開。Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionExtension

AutomotiveQualityControlTechniquesQualitycontrolissomethingthat'sakeypartofalmosteveryindustryandeveryjob.Qualitycontrol(QC)isaprocedureorsetofproceduresintendedtoensurethatamanufacturedproductorperformedserviceadherestoadefinedsetofqualitycriteriaormeetstherequirementsoftheclientorcustomer.Itmayincludewhateveractionsabusinessdeemsnecessarytoprovideforthecontrolandverificationofcertaincharacteristicsofaproductorservice.Inautomanufacturing,thatmeanscarsgothroughrigoroustestingtomakesurethey'rewell-engineered,safeandcomfortable.Whenacarcompanyreleasesanewproduct,theybuildprototypes,whicharethentestedtofindweaknesses,mechanicalproblemsandotherdetailsthatcouldbeimproved.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionExtension

Engineershavedesignedseveralteststodeterminehowwellacarwillstanduptoreal-world(andextreme)use.Forinstance,theydrivetheprototypecaroverspeciallydesignedsurfacestotestthesmoothnessoftherideandthedurabilityofthesuspension.Theyalsoexposethecarstoextremeheatandcoldweathertotesthowthevariousmechanicalcomponentswillworkinalltypesofweather.Theyevenfillacarwithsmokeandthencheckallthewindowanddoorsealstoinsureit'sairtight.Oneofthemostwell-knownquality-controltestsisthecrashtest.Whilemostpeoplearefamiliarwithgovernmentandinsuranceindustrycrashtests,carmakersalsoruntheirownteststomakesureitsproductsandsafetysystemswillworkastheyweredesignedtoandprotectthevehicle'soccupants.Unit4

ProductDesigningandProductionExtension

Sothequalitycontrolstepofautomanufacturingseemsprettystraightforward,right?Youdesignacar,buildaprototype,testtheprototypeandonceyou'veworkedoutthekinks,startbuildingproductionmodels.But,technologicaladvanceshavemadethecrucialstepofautomotivequalitycontrolevenmoreinvolved.Now,qualitycontroltestscanbemorecloselycontrolled,andevenmoreextreme.Whilecarmakersstilldoalotoftestingintherealworld(likedrivingthroughDeathValley,Calif.,totesthowwellacarhandleshotweather),theycanmimicandevenexceedreal-worldconditionsintheirowntestingcenters.Also,thankstomoreprecisesensorsandcomputerprograms,theycantakemoredetailedmeasurementsofacar'sresponsestothetests.Finally,they'vealsobeenabletoaddautomated