第二部分語法專題講析專題六動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)考點(diǎn)一

一般現(xiàn)在時①Of

the

nineteen

recognized

polar

bear

subpopulations，three

are

declining，six

are

stable，one

is

increasing，and

nine

lack

enough

data.在19個被認(rèn)可的北極熊亞群中，3個在下降，6個穩(wěn)定，1個

在增加，9個缺乏足夠的數(shù)據(jù)。②I

learned

that

the

earth

goes

around

the

sun

when

I

was

in

primary

school.我上小學(xué)時就知道了地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。③Here

comes

the

bus.公共汽車來了。④The

train

leaves

at

9：45.火車9：45發(fā)車?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn)；表示經(jīng)常

或習(xí)慣性的動作，句子中常有often，always，from

time

to

time等時間狀語。2.

表示客觀規(guī)律、事實和永恒真理。3.

在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時；常用的

引導(dǎo)詞有表示時間的when，until，after，before，as

soon

as，once，the

moment/the

minute，the

day等和表示條件的

if，unless，provided，so/as

long

as等。4.

用于here，there開頭的倒裝句中，一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)

在正在發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。5.

按時間表、時刻表、日程表等安排將要發(fā)生的動作，

用一般現(xiàn)在時（一般只限于某些表示移動的動詞，如begin，

come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close

等），這種安排很固定，不易改變?？键c(diǎn)二

一般過去時①Our

hosts

shared

many

of

their

experiences

and

recommended

wonderful

places

to

eat，shop，and

visit.我們的主辦方分享了他們的許多經(jīng)歷，并推薦了一些好吃

的、購物的和參觀的好地方。②The

real

reason

why

prices

were，and

still

are，too

high

is

complex，and

no

short

discussion

can

satisfactorily

explain

this

problem.物價過去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是那么高的真正原因是復(fù)雜的，短時

間的討論不可能對此問題作出令人滿意的解釋。③I

always

got

up

late，and

never

had

enough

time

for

breakfast.我總是起床很晚，從來沒有足夠的時間吃早飯?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

表示在確定的過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀

態(tài)。常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday，last

year，

last

night，the

other

day，just

now，then，two

days

ago，in

1999，at

that

time等。2.

表示過去一段時間內(nèi)完成的動作。3.

表示過去經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。4.

在時間、條件、方式、讓步狀語從句中，用一般過去

時表示過去將來的動作。考點(diǎn)三

一般將來時①By

the

time

you

have

finished

this

book，your

meal

will

get

cold.到你看完這本書的時候，飯菜就會涼了。②—Dr

Jackson

is

not

in

his

office

at

the

moment.—All

right，I

will

call

him

later.——杰克遜博士現(xiàn)在不在辦公室?！玫?。我稍后給他打電話。③The

meeting

is

to

be

held

at

3

o’clock

this

afternoon.會議將在今天下午3點(diǎn)舉行。④“Give

me

a

supportive

point，”Archimedes

once

said，

“and

a

place

to

stand—and

I

will

move

the

world.”阿基米德曾說：“給我一個支點(diǎn)，我就可以撬動地球?！雹軹he

flight

takes

off

at

2：30

every

Wednesday

and

Friday.飛機(jī)每星期三、五的2：30起飛。⑥I

am

meeting

Mr

Wang

tonight.今天晚上我將約見王先生?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

“shall/will＋動詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的

動作或存在的狀態(tài)?！皐ill＋動詞原形”還可以表示說話時

臨時做出的決定。2.

“be

going

to＋動詞原形”表示：（1）現(xiàn)在打算或計

劃將來要做的事情；（2）表示根據(jù)某種跡象認(rèn)為在最近或

將來要發(fā)生的事情。3.

“be

to＋動詞原形”表示：（1）預(yù)先安排好的計劃

或約定；（2）表示說話人的意志、意圖、義務(wù)、命令等。4.

“be

about

to＋動詞原形”表示正要或即將要做某

事，該結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示具體的將來時間狀語連用。5.

“祈使句＋and/or＋句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句

子謂語用一般將來時。6.

“be

doing”表示近期的出行安排或事情即將發(fā)生，

此結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞一般為位置移動動詞?？键c(diǎn)四

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時①“The

moment

is

coming

soon，”he

thought

to

himself，

waiting

nervously.“這一刻就要來到了，”他自思自忖，緊張地等待著。②My

aunt

is

leaving

for

Shanghai

at

eleven

o’clock

tomorrow

morning.明天早上11點(diǎn)我嬸嬸將離開去上海。③Tom

is

always

coming

late

for

meetings，which

makes

his

boss

very

angry.湯姆開會老是遲到，這使他的老板很生氣?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成為“am/is/are＋

doing”。表示說

話時正在進(jìn)行或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，雖然此時動作不一

定正在進(jìn)行。常與these

days，this

week等時間狀語連用。2.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時還可表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動作，

這類動詞主要有g(shù)o，come，leave，stay，start，arrive，

land，meet，move，return，stay，stop，do等。3.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時還可表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為的贊

賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒，常與always，continually等副詞

連用?？键c(diǎn)五

過去進(jìn)行時①Jack

was

working

in

the

lab

when

the

power

cut

occurred.杰克正在實驗室里工作的時候突然停電了。②He

must

have

sensed

that

I

was

looking

at

him.He

suddenly

glanced

at

me

and

said

quietly，“Why

are

you

staring

at

me

like

that？”他一定是感覺到了我在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，然后輕聲

說道：“為什么你那樣盯著我？”③I

was

coming

to

visit

you

later

that

day，but

I

had

to

phone

and

cancel.我打算那天晚些時候去看你，但是不得已打電話取消了?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

過去進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成為“was/were＋doing”。表示在過

去具體的時間正在發(fā)生的動作或者表示過去某個時間段內(nèi)一

直在發(fā)生的事情。常同表示過去的時間狀語從句以及at

that

time，at

that

moment，

at

this

time

yesterday，

at

ten

o’clock

yesterday連用。2.

表示運(yùn)動和位置移動的動詞可以用過去進(jìn)行時表示

過去將來時。這類動詞主要有l(wèi)eave，start，arrive，go，

come等。3.

表示某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在進(jìn)行。考點(diǎn)六

將來進(jìn)行時①I

feel

so

excited！At

this

time

tomorrow

morning

I

will

be

flying

to

Shanghai.我覺得特別興奮！明天上午這個時候我就要飛往上海了。②The

places

of

interest

in

Xi’an

attract

my

family

all

the

time，

and

I

hope

we

will

be

enjoying

ourselves

this

time

next

year.西安的名勝古跡一直吸引著我們一家人，我希望明年的這個

時候我們正玩得愉快?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)將來進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成為“will＋be＋doing”。表示將來某

一時刻或階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或表示要從將來某一時刻開

始，并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常見標(biāo)志性的時間狀語有this

time

tomorrow，from

1：30

p.m.

to

4：30

p.m.，the

day

after

tomorrow等?？键c(diǎn)七

現(xiàn)在完成時①While

online

shopping

has

changed

our

life，not

all

of

its

effects

have

been

positive.盡管網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活，但是并不是所有的影

響都是積極的。②In

the

last

few

years，China

has

made

great

achievements

in

environmental

protection.在過去的幾年里，中國在環(huán)境保護(hù)方面已經(jīng)取得了巨大的

成就。③I’ll

go

home

as

soon

as

I’ve

had

my

car

repaired.我一把車修好就回家。④It

is

the

most

instructive

lecture

that

I

have

attended

since

I

came

to

this

school.這是自從我到這個學(xué)校以來所參加過的最有教育意義的講

座。④It

is

the

third

time

that

you

have

been

late

for

work

this

week，isn’t

it？這已經(jīng)是這周你第三次工作遲到了，不是嗎？考點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成為“have/has＋done”。（1）表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，

或說話時剛剛完成的動作。與up

to

now，so

far，already，

yet，now，recently，in

the

past

few

years，just等表示時間的

詞連用。（2）表示從過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往

往和for，since等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。2.

用于時間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作

或一個動作先于另一個動作。3.

在“It/This

is

the＋形容詞最高級＋名詞＋從句”中，

從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時。4.

在“It/This

the

first/second/third/…time＋that從句”

中，that從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。5.

在“It

is/has

been＋時間段＋since從句”中，since引

導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時?？键c(diǎn)八

過去完成時①Silk

had

become

one

of

the

primary

goods

traded

along

the

Silk

Road

by

about

100

BC.

到公元前100年為止，絲綢已經(jīng)成為絲綢之路上交易的主要

商品之一。②By

the

end

of

yesterday，we

had

received

over

1，000

letters

from

all

over

the

world.到昨天為止，我們已經(jīng)收到了來自世界各地的1，000多封

信。③Hardly

had

the

speaker

finished

his

speech

when

the

audience

kept

asking

him

questions.演講者一結(jié)束他的講話，觀眾就不停地向他提問。④By

the

time

the

messenger

reached

him，the

damage

had

been

done.送信人趕到他那兒時，損失已經(jīng)造成了。⑤That

was

the

second

time

that

she

had

seen

her

grandfather.那是她第二次看見她的祖父了?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

過去完成時的構(gòu)成為“had＋done”。表示過去某個

時間或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，即“過

去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語（before，

after，by，up

till），這種時態(tài)從來不孤立使用。2.

動詞hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，

suppose，plan用過去完成時，表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意

圖，意為“本來期望/認(rèn)為/……”。3.

在“hardly

（scarcely）…when…”“no

sooner…than…”句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一

般過去時，意思為“一……就……”。4.

by，by

the

end，by

the

time，until，before，since后接

表示過去某一時間的短語或從句，主句用過去完成時。5.

表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時，從句用過去

完成時。考點(diǎn)九

將來完成時①By

the

time

Mr.

Smith

arrives

at

the

supermarket，we

will

have

stayed

there

for

one

hour.等到史密斯先生到達(dá)超市時，我們將已經(jīng)在那里待一個小

時了。②—I

will

have

finished

my

project

by

the

time

you

come

to

London.—Great.This

way

you

can

act

as

my

guide.——等你到倫敦時我就把我的工作做完了?！昧?。這樣你就可以做我的導(dǎo)游了?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)將來完成時的構(gòu)成為“will＋have＋done”。主要表示某

一動作到將來某個時間為止已完成或一直持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，常與

“before＋將來時間”或“by＋將來時間”連用，如by

six

o’clock，by

the

weekend，by

the

end

of

next

month等。考點(diǎn)十

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時①—Where

is

Peter？I

can’t

find

him

anywhere.—He

went

to

the

library

after

breakfast

and

has

been

writing

his

essay

there

ever

since.——彼得在哪里？我到處都找不到他。——他吃過早飯后去了圖書館，從那時起一直在那里寫文

章。②—Excuse

me，which

movie

are

you

waiting

for？—The

new

Star

Wars.We

have

been

waiting

here

for

more

than

two

hours.——對不起，你們在等什么電影？——新版的《星球大戰(zhàn)》。我們在這里等了兩個多小時了。③You

have

been

saying

you

can

succeed

for

five

years.五年來你一直在說你能成功?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成為“have/has＋been＋

doing”。表示過去的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去，它

所表示的動作具有持續(xù)性、暫時性和未完成性，多用于延續(xù)

性動詞。常和for，since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。2.

表示重復(fù)性動作。3.

表示某種感情色彩?？键c(diǎn)十一

被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成①When

fat

and

salt

are

removed

from

food，the

food

tastes

as

if

it

is

missing

something.當(dāng)脂肪和鹽從食物中除去時，食物的味道就好像少了東西

一樣。②Despite

the

previous

rounds

of

talks，no

agreement

has

been

reached

so

far

by

the

two

sides.盡管以前進(jìn)行了多輪的談判，但到目前為止雙方尚未達(dá)成任

何協(xié)議。③—Did

you

enjoy

the

party？—Yes.We

were

treated

well

by

our

hosts.——你們在聚會上玩得愉快嗎？——是的，我們被主人們招待得很好。考點(diǎn)總結(jié)時體現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般am/is/are

donewas/weredonewill/shallbe

donewould/shouldbe

done進(jìn)行am/is/arebei

ng

donewas/werebei

ng

done——時體現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時完成have/hasbeen

donehad

beendonewill/shallha

vebeen

donewould/should

havebeen

done[名師點(diǎn)津]

“get＋過去分詞”表示被動。More

and

more

people

are

getting

attacked

in

the

underground

these

days.近來，越來越多的人在地鐵里遭到襲擊?？键c(diǎn)十二

被動語態(tài)的用法①A

box

of

tissues

will

be

needed

to

get

through

this

book！讀完這本書需要一盒紙巾！②People’s

lives

have

been

changed

by

online

communities

and

social

networks.人們的生活被在線社區(qū)和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)所改變?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.

被動語態(tài)用于以下幾種情況：（1）不知道或沒有必要指明動作的執(zhí)行者。（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出動作的承受者。2.

不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況：（1）不及物動詞（短語）不用于被動語態(tài)，如happen，

occur，fail，remain，spread，take

place，break

out，

come

true等。（2）某些動詞（短語）不用于被動語態(tài)，如benefit，

fit，lack，contain，join，last，arrive

in/at，agree

with，

look

like，

consist

of，

suffer

from，succeed

in等。（3）表示歸屬的動詞（短語）不用于被動語態(tài)，如

have，own，belong

to等。（4）賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時，謂語動詞用主動

語態(tài)，不用被動語態(tài)?？键c(diǎn)十三

主動表示被動的用法①His

plan

proved

(to

be)

practical.他的計劃被證明符合實際。②His

books

sell

well，so

they

will

be

sold

soon.他的書很暢銷，因此很快就會賣光。③The

door

won’t

open，so

we

will

ask

a

repairman

to

open

it.這門打不開，所以我們請修理工打開它。④As

a

result

of

the

serious

flood，two-thirds

of

the

buildings

in

the

area

deserve

repairing/to

be

repaired.由于嚴(yán)重的洪災(zāi)，在這個地區(qū)三分之二的大樓需要修理?？键c(diǎn)總結(jié)主動形式表示被動意義的情況1.

“系動詞look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，

seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，

keep＋形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。2.

表示主語的某種屬性特征或功能的不及物動詞，如

read，write，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，

shut等，用主動形式表示被動含義。3.

動詞want，need，require，deserve后接不定式的被動

形式或動名詞的主動形式，意義相同。

◆謂語動詞與語法填空在語法填空中，動詞的時態(tài)是必考內(nèi)容。其中，最?？嫉氖?/p>

一般過去時或者主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，以及

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時和一般將來時。被動語態(tài)是?？嫉膬?nèi)容，會涉及一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時的

被動語態(tài)。[典題試做]用所給動詞的正確形式填空。1.

Picking

up

her

“Lifetime

Achievement”

award，proud

Irene

(declare)

she

had

no

plans

to

retire

from

her

36－year-old

business.2.

I

love

coming

here

and

seeing

my

family

and

all

the

friends

I

(make)

over

the

years.declared

have

made

3.

On

the

last

day

of

our

week-long

stay，we

?

(invite)

to

attend

a

private

concert

on

a

beautiful

farm

on

the

North

Shore

under

the

stars，listening

to

musicians

and

meeting

interesting

locals.4.

Diets

have

changed

in

China—and

so

too

has

its

top

crop.Since

2011，the

country

(grow)

more

corn

than

rice.were

invited

has

grown

5.

I

still

remember

visiting

a

friend

who’d

lived

here

for

five

years

and

I

(shock)

when

I

learnt

she

hadn’t

cooked

once

in

all

that

time.6.

True

to

a

gorilla’s

unaggressive

nature，the

huge

animal

(mean)

me

no

real

harm.7.

Fast

food

(be)

full

of

fat

and

salt.8.

Steam

engines

(use)

to

pull

the

carriages

and

it

must

have

been

fairly

unpleasant

for

the

passengers，with

all

the

smoke

and

noise.was

shocked

meant

is

were

used

9.

But

at

the

moment，school

(come)

first.I

don’t

want

to

get

too

absorbed

in

modeling.10.

They

are

trying

to

make

sure

that

this

new

technology

?

(install)

by

2027.comes

will

have

been

installed

[應(yīng)對策略]1.

句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。判

斷時態(tài)首先要確定時間，然后根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來判斷應(yīng)

該運(yùn)用哪種時態(tài)。有時也可以根據(jù)空格后和該句中已經(jīng)存在

的謂語動詞的并列關(guān)系來確定時態(tài)。2.

句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關(guān)系，考慮根據(jù)時間和

動作存在的方式，確定相應(yīng)時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。注意只有及物

動詞才有被動語態(tài)。3.

在確定謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時，我們可從四個方面來進(jìn)

行判斷：(1)看句子中的時間狀語或時間狀語從句。(2)看上下文的謂語動詞的形式。(3)看是否是特殊的句型。如：①was/were

about

to

do…when…did…②It

is/has

been＋時間段＋since從句(一般過去時)③It/This/That

is

the

first

time

that…h(huán)ave/has

done…或

It/This/That

was

the

first

time

that…h(huán)ad

done…④It’s

(high

time)

that…did/should

do…⑤Hardly

had＋主語＋done…when…did…或No

sooner

had＋

主語＋done…than…did…這樣的句型還有很多，平時要注意積累。(4)看與主語存在主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系。若是被動，還需看

所給詞是否為及物動詞，是否考查主動表被動等。(5)注意主謂是否一致。◆書面表達(dá)中謂語動詞易錯點(diǎn)聚焦1.

中式英語比比皆是。(誤)I

very

like

listen

music

and

every

day

I

also

will

see

some

newspapers.(正)I

like

listening

to

music

very

much

and

every

day

I

read

some

newspapers

as

well.(習(xí)慣性動作用一般現(xiàn)在時)(誤)I

don’t

know

I

should

do

what.(正)I

don’t

know

what

I

should

do.2.

句子沒有謂語動詞或一個句子中出現(xiàn)多個謂語。(誤)The

windows

broken.(正)The

windows

broke.(正)The

windows

are

(were)

broken.(誤)Today，the

largest

number

of

people

speak

English

may

be

in

China.(正)Today，the

largest

number

of

people

who

speak

English

may

be

in

China.(正)Today，the

largest

number

of

people

speaking

English

may

be

in

China.3.

動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)及系動詞be隨意亂用。(誤)Recently，the

CCTV

and

some

TVs

began

to

take

some

measures.(正)Recently，the

CCTV

and

some

TVs

have

begun

to

take

some

measures.(誤)She

liked

it

very

much

and

reads

it

to

the

class.(正)She

liked

it

very

much

and

read

it

to

the

class.(誤)People

were

used

to

believe

that

the

earth

was

flat.(正)People

used

to

believe

that

the

earth

was

flat.(誤)Our

village

has

taken

place

great

changes.(誤)Great

changes

have

been

taken

place

in

our

village.(正)Great

changes

have

taken

place

in

our

village.

Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.

[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷]As

a

little

girl，I

(wish)

to

be

a

zookeeper

when

I

grew

up.wished

2.

[2023·浙江卷]In

the

Ming

Dynasty，the

center

was

the

Forbidden

City，surrounded

in

concentric(同心的)

circles

by

the

Inner

City

and

Outer

City.Citizens

of

higher

social

classes

(1)

(permit)

to

live

closer

to

the

center

of

the

circles.

The

large

siheyuan

of

these

high-ranking

officials

and

wealthy

businessmen

often

(2)

(feature)

beautifully

carved

and

painted

roof

beams

and

pillars(柱子).were

permitted

featured

3.

[2025·八省聯(lián)考]I

(leave)

with

a

huge

smile

on

my

face

and

happily

went

back

to

watching

the

sunset.4.

[2025·八省聯(lián)考]Today，

more

than

70

countries

?

(include)

the

Chinese

language

in

their

education

systems.5.

[2024·浙江一模]Each

child

was

told

if

they

waited

for

15

minutes

before

eating

the

treat，

they

would

(give)

a

second

treat.was

left

have

included

be

given

Ⅱ.語法填空My

best

friend

Kaiya

is

like

me.She

1.