高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(社會(huì)文化)試題(有答案和解析)及解析一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解社會(huì)文化類1．閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。FantasticFallFestivalsYouWon'tWanttoMiss

SeymourAppleFestival

AdmissiontotheSeymourAppleFestivalisfreeandsoistheentertainment!Morethan15,000peoplefromallovertheregioncomeouttotakepartintheactivities,rangingfromdrawings,vendorbooths,food,applecontests,bike-decoratingcontests,andmore.

MarionvilleAppleFestival

ThepopularMarionvilleAppleFestivalishometocountlessactivitiesandevents.Thecarnival,ponyrides,andgameswillkeepthekidsbusy,whileadultswillenjoywatchingthepie-eatingcontestandbrowsingdozensofcraftvendorbooths.

HumansvilleFallFestival

TheHumansvilleFallFestivalmaybehostedbyasmalltownbutthatdoesn'tmeanit'slackingbigfun.Perfectforallages,thisfallfestivaliscelebratingits70thyearandwillprovidethreefulldaysoffun.Thisyear'sfestivalwillfeaturelivemusicfromfantasticlocalmusicians,whichwilldefinitelymakeitdifferentfromtheonesinotheryears.You'llalsofindfuncarnivalrides,talentedartisanssellingtheirgoods,andanamazingparadetowrapuptheeventonSaturday.

SouthsideFallFestival

TheSouthsideFallFestivalisperfectforfamilycelebrations,withanalcohol-freeenvironmentandfreeadmission.Enjoyacolorfulparadeandfloatcontest,deliciousfoodvendors,livemusic,karaoke,andmore.

FallIntoArtsFestival

Makesuretobringthekidsalongforthisfestivalthatcelebratesallthingscreative.TheFallIntoArtsFestivalfeaturesahostofkid-friendlyactivitieslikealegobuild,sandart,bubblestations,chalkthesidewalk,ajumphouse,andmore.Parentswillhaveplentytodoaswell,withanexcellentvarietyofartists,festivalfood,aminifilmfestival,andmuchmore.（1）Whichfestivalsarefreeofcharge?A.

SouthsideFallFestivalandFallIntoArtsFestival.B.

SeymourAppleFestivalandSouthsideFallFestival.C.

HumansvilleFallFestivalandFallIntoArtsFestival.D.

SeymourAppleFestivalandMarionvilleAppleFestival.（2）WhatmakesHumansvilleFallFestivalspecialthisyear?A.

FunactivitiesonSaturday.B.

Thedurationofthefestival.C.

Theareaofthehostingtown.D.

Musicians'liveperformance.（3）FallIntoArtsFestivalisspeciallywelcomedby________.A.

movielovers

B.

modernartists

C.

visitorsofallages

D.

familieswithkids【答案】（1）B（2）D（3）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了幾個(gè)秋季的節(jié)日。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)SeymourAppleFestival部分中的“AdmissiontotheSeymourAppleFestivalisfreeandsoistheentertainment!”可知，西摩蘋果節(jié)的門票是免費(fèi)的，娛樂(lè)也是免費(fèi)的！和SouthsideFallFestival部分中的“TheSouthsideFallFestivalisperfectforfamilycelebrations,withanalcohol-freeenvironmentandfreeadmission.”可知，此節(jié)日也是免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)。故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)

HumansvilleFallFestival部分中的“Thisyear'sfestivalwillfeaturelivemusicfromfantasticlocalmusicians,whichwilldefinitelymakeitdifferentfromtheonesinotheryears.”可知，今年的音樂(lè)節(jié)將以當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)秀音樂(lè)家的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)音樂(lè)為特色，使它有別于往年。故選D。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)FallIntoArtsFestival部分中的“Makesuretobringthekidsalongforthisfestivalthatcelebratesallthingscreative.TheFallIntoArtsFestivalfeaturesahostofkid-friendlyactivitieslikealegobuild,sandart,bubblestations,chalkthesidewalk,ajumphouse,andmore.Parentswillhaveplentytodoaswell,withanexcellentvarietyofartists,festivalfood,aminifilmfestival,andmuchmore.”可知，秋季藝術(shù)節(jié)既有許多孩子喜愛(ài)的活動(dòng)，也有為父母準(zhǔn)備的活動(dòng)，故特別受到有孩子的家庭的歡迎。故選D?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題型的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，結(jié)合題目要求，從而選出正確答案。2．閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

It'snotunusualtoseeanunreasonablechildlyingonthegrounddrumminghisheels.Besidehimisadesperatemotheryellingatthetopofherlungs.Raisingawell-behavedkidisreallyahead-scratchingthing.

Ifyoutookalltheparentingstylesaroundtheworldandrankedthembytheirgentleness,theInuit(因紐特人)approachwouldcertainlyranknearthetop.Allthemomsmentiononegoldenrole:Don'tshoutoryellatsmallchildren.Inuit'sno-yellingpolicyistheircentralcomponenttoraisingcool-headedkids.Thecultureviewsscolding,orevenspeakingtochildreninallangryvoice,asinappropriate,althoughlittlekidsarepushingparents'buttons.

Playful"storytelling"isanothertricktosculptingkids'behavior.Butthisstorytellingdiffershugelyfromthosefairytalesfullofmorallessons.Parents"retell"whathappenedwhenaboythrewatantrum(發(fā)脾氣)bywayofwhatShakespearewouldunderstandalltoowell:puttingona"drama".Afterthechildhascalmeddown,theparentswillreviewwhathappenedwhenthechildmisbehaved,usuallystartingwithaquestion:"Canyoushowushowtothrowatantrum?"Thenthechildhastothinkwhatheshoulddo.Ifhetakesthebaitandperformstheaction,themomwillaskafollow-upquestionwithaplayfultone.Forexample:"Doesthatseemright?"or"Areyouababy?"Sheisgettingacrosstheideathat"bigboys"won'tthrowatantrum.

Kids'brainsarestilldevelopingthecircuitryneededforself-control.Whatyoudoinresponsetoyourchildren'semotionsshapestheirbrains.Sonexttime,seeingyourboymisbehave,tryusingtheInuit'sstorytellingapproach.Anddon'tforgettokeepcool.Afterall,boyswillbeboys.（1）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"pushingparents'buttons"underlinedinParagraph2?A.

Talkingwithparents.

B.

Playingwithparents'buttons.C.

Exposingparents'faults.

D.

Makingparentsannoyed.（2）WhatdoweknowaboutInuit's"storytelling"?A.

Itaimsatplayingatrickonkids.

B.

Itraiseskids'awarenessofmorality.C.

Itcomesafterachildmisbehaves.

D.

ItanalyzesShakespeare'sdramas.（3）What'stheauthor'sattitudetochildren'smisbehavior?A.

Cautious

B.

Tolerant

C.

Uncaring

D.

Skeptical（4）What'sthemainideaofthetext?A.

Inuit'sapproachtoparenting.

B.

Valuesofreadingliteraryworks.C.

Causesofchildren'smisbehavior.

D.

Parents'responsesto"storytelling".【答案】（1）D（2）C（3）B（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，因紐特人教育孩子的方式最溫柔，介紹了因紐特人教育孩子的黃金規(guī)則“不對(duì)小孩叫喊”以及他們塑造孩子行為的一種方式“講故事”，讓我們時(shí)刻記住孩子做錯(cuò)事的時(shí)候要保持冷靜。（1）考查詞義猜測(cè)。劃線詞組所在句子為讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，"although（即使）"前后句是相反關(guān)系。句意為：這種文化認(rèn)為訓(xùn)斥孩子，或者以生氣的口吻對(duì)孩子說(shuō)話都是不合適的，即使小孩子讓家長(zhǎng)生氣的時(shí)候也是這樣。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"Parents"retell"whathappenedwhenaboythrewatantrum(發(fā)脾氣)bywayof…"可知，家長(zhǎng)講述的是小男孩發(fā)脾氣時(shí)所發(fā)生的事情。也就是說(shuō)故事內(nèi)容就是小孩子做錯(cuò)的事情。故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Anddon'tforgettokeepcool.Afterall,boyswillbeboys.不要忘記保持冷靜。畢竟，孩子就是孩子。"可知，作者認(rèn)為小孩子犯錯(cuò)時(shí)，家長(zhǎng)要寬容孩子的錯(cuò)誤，不能對(duì)孩子要求太高。故選B。（4）考查主旨大意。文章主要通過(guò)講述因紐特人溫柔地教育孩子的方式，讓我們對(duì)如何教育孩子有所啟發(fā)。故選A?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和主旨大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。3．閱讀理解

TheBritishliveonasmallisland.Theyaresurroundedbythesea,soitisnotsurprisingthattheseahasalwaysplayedanimportantroleintheirlives.Afterthedevelopmentoflarge,ocean-goingsailingshipsinthefifteenthcentury,theseabecameevenmoreimportanttothecountry'sdevelopment.ShipssettingsailfromEnglanddeterminedtoextendBritain'sterritories,itswealthanditsknowledgeoftheworld.ShipsreturnedtoEnglandbringinggoods,peopleandnewideasfromforeignplaces.Bythenineteenthcentury,Britainhadthelargest,mostpowerfulnavyintheworld.

ThegreatsailingshipsweresomuchapartofBritishlifethattheyevenaffectedthelanguage.ManyEnglishexpressionsweusetodaywereoriginallynautical(航海的)terms,althoughmostpeoplenolongerrealizethis.Forexample,peoplecommonlydescribeanhonestandfairbusinessdealasbeing"aboveboard".Thisexpressionwasoriginallyusedinsailingshiptimeswhensecretive,dishonestship'sbusinesswouldbecarriedoutbelowdecks(belowtheboards)outofpublicview.Ontheotherhand,honestbusinesswasalwaysconductedondeck(abovetheboards),intheopenwhereeveryonecouldseewhatwasgoingon.

"Pipedown!",meaning"Bequiet!",isanothercommonexpressionthathasnauticalorigins.Theship'sboatswain(水手長(zhǎng))wouldblowawhistle,orpipe,attheendofthedaytoindicate(表明)tothesailorsitwastimetoquietendownandgotosleep.

MostnativeEnglishspeakershaveheardtheexpression"notenoughroomtoswingacat",butfewknowthatthe"cat"doesnotrefertoasmallfurryanimalwithfourlegsandatail.The"cat"isactuallyashortformof"catofninetails"—awhipwithnine,knotted(打結(jié)的)tails.Aboatswainneededalotofspaceinordertoswingthewhipproperlywhenlashing(鞭打)apoorsailorunderhiscontrol!（1）TheBritishhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheseabecause________.A.

theyoccupiedmorelandaroundtheworld

B.

theygotmorewealthfromtheseaC.

theyliveonanislandsurroundedbythesea

D.

theyhadthelargestnavyever（2）Ifsomeoneisopenandaboveboard,itmeansheis________.A.

secretive

B.

honest

C.

cheerful

D.

dishonest（3）WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.

Sailorsneedtogotosleepwhentheyhearawhistle.B.

Sailorswillbewhippediftheydobusinessbelowdecks.C.

Apoorsailormaybewhippedninetimesaday.D.

Thereisnospareroomtoraisecatsonships.（4）Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.

ThebusinessonBritishsailingships.B.

TheinfluenceofBritishsailors'languageonEnglish.C.

ThesailinghistoryofEngland.D.

ThesailingstoryofBritishsailors.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）A（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，英國(guó)作為一個(gè)島國(guó)，四周環(huán)海，海洋在英國(guó)人的生活中起著重要的作用。英國(guó)曾有著強(qiáng)大的海軍。一直以來(lái)，水手們經(jīng)常使用的一些航海術(shù)語(yǔ)豐富并影響著英語(yǔ)這門語(yǔ)言。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“Theyaresurroundedbythesea,soitisnotsurprisingthattheseahasalwaysplayedanimportantroleintheirlives.”可知，英國(guó)被海洋環(huán)繞，海對(duì)英國(guó)人的生活影響很大。故選C。（2）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第二段中的“…peoplecommonlydescribeanhonestandfairbusinessdealasbeing“aboveboard”可知，如果”一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)公正的人就會(huì)被認(rèn)為是'aboveboard'”。故選B。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theship'sboatswain(水手長(zhǎng))wouldblowawhistle,orpipe,attheendofthedaytoindicate(表明)tothesailorsitwastimetoquietendownandgotosleep.”可知船上的水手長(zhǎng)會(huì)在一天結(jié)束的時(shí)候吹口哨或吹笛子，向水手們表示應(yīng)該安靜下來(lái)睡覺(jué)了。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。第一段介紹英國(guó)是一個(gè)受到海洋影響的國(guó)家，四周環(huán)海，航海在人們的生活中起著重要的作用。以此引入主題即水手們?cè)诤叫袝r(shí)使用的一些航海術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)這門語(yǔ)言所產(chǎn)生的影響。故選B?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．閱讀理解Welcometothe2017UKFestivalAwards

TheUKFestivalAwards&Conferenceisanopportunitytorecognizethehardwork,visionandcreativityofthenation'sbelovedfestivalindustry.

Throughoutthedayoftheevent,theConferenceinvitesnumerousindustryinsiders(行家)todiscusstheissuesmostrelativetothesector,reviewingitsimmediatepastandportendingtothefuture.Theevening'sAwardspresentawiderangeofhonorsacrosscategoriesthataredecidedviaacombinationofpublicvotingandprofessionaljudgments.Sincelaunchingin2004ithasevolvedintoamajoreventatTheRoundhouseinLondon,givingtheindustryachancetocollectivelycelebrateandfondlyreflectupontheachievementsofthepastyear.

Withagourmetdinner,galaawardsceremonyandafter-showparty,itattractsover1,000ofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthebusiness.

Alongwithitssisterevents,theUKFestivalConferenceandtheEuropeanFestivalAwards,TheUKFestivalAwards&ConferenceisownedandproducedbyFestivalAwardsLtd,anindependentcompanyfoundedintheUK.

AwardsincludeBestMajor,Medium-SizedandSmallFestival,BestFamilyFestival,BestOverseasFestival,BestUseofNewTechnology,andofcourse–BestToilets.

Asthefestivalseasonisapproaching,wethoughtit'dbeagoodtimetoreleaseourfreeUKFestivalMarketReportfor2015/2016.Wegatheredthedatainourannualcensus(人口普查)

undertakeninthepreparationstageforlastyear'sUKFestivalAwards.ThelatestUKFestivalMarketReportcanbedownloadedbelow.

IncludedintheReportisabunchofrelatedinformationaboutfestivalgoers:wherethey'refrom,howtheyliketopurchasemusic,whattheyeat,theirattitudestowardsticketprices,howreceptivetheyaretodifferentformsofadvertising,whytheygotofestivalsinthefirstplace,wheretheysleep,andmuchmore.

Wehopeyoufindtheinformationuseful.（1）Whichphraseistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“portending”inparagraph2?A.

gettingdown

B.

addingup

C.

givingway

D.

lookingforward（2）Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.

AnannualcensusisconductedandreleasedintheFestivalB.

TheFestivalAwardsLtd,isresponsiblefornotlessthanthreeevents.C.

Thegalaawardsceremonyattractsonly1.000influentialbusinessmen.D.

Publicvotingplaysaleadingroleindecidingavarietyoffestivalhonors.（3）Wheremostprobablywillyouseethispassage?A.

Inamagazine.

B.

Inanewspaper.

C.

Onawebsite.

D.

InaTVprogram.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，介紹了the2017UKFestivalAwards。（1）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第二段中的“Throughoutthedayoftheevent,theConferenceinvitesnumerousindustryinsiders(行家)todiscusstheissuesmostrelativetothesector,reviewingitsimmediatepastandportendingtothefuture.”在活動(dòng)的當(dāng)天，會(huì)議邀請(qǐng)了許多業(yè)內(nèi)人士來(lái)討論與該行業(yè)相關(guān)的最重要的問(wèn)題，回顧其過(guò)去的過(guò)去，并展望未來(lái)。根據(jù)reviewingitsimmediatepast和tothefuture.可知?jiǎng)澗€詞的意思是“展望未來(lái)”，故選D。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段“Alongwithitssisterevents,theUKFestivalConferenceandtheEuropeanFestivalAwards,TheUKFestivalAwards&ConferenceisownedandproducedbyFestivalAwardsLtd,anindependentcompanyfoundedintheUK.”和第五段中的“AwardsincludeBestMajor,Medium-SizedandSmallFestival,BestFamilyFestival,BestOverseasFestival,BestUseofNewTechnology,andofcourse–BestToilets.”可知，TheFestivalAwardsLtd負(fù)責(zé)不少于三項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。故選B。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“ThelatestUKFestivalMarketReportcanbedownloadedbelow.”可知，這篇文章最有可能來(lái)自一個(gè)網(wǎng)址。故選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及詞義猜測(cè)和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，要求考生根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

Beginninglifeatcollegenaturallydevelopsbothexcitementandanxietyformanyreasons.Forsome,thisfeelingisquicklyovercomeastheyadapttoanewenvironment;forothersthechangetakeslongerandsometimesappearsashomesickness.

Ifyouarehomesick,youmightnoticeanincreasein:

Lowenergyormotivation.

Troublesleeping.

Increases/decreasesinappetite.

Havingdifficultywithschool.

Increaseduseofdrugsoralcohol.

Lackofinterestorinvolvementinnewsurroundings.

CAUSES

Thedistancefromhome—thefartheryougo,theworseitmaybe.

Unhappinesswhenthingsaredifferentfromyourexpectationsofstudentlife.

Youhavefinallyarrivedatcollegeafterworkingtowarditforsolong.

Aheavyworkload.

Studentswhoarehomesickoftenfeeltheyhavenocontrolovertheirenvironment.

WHATMIGHTHELP?

Keepingoodcontactwiththepeopleyouhaveleftbehind,butalsogiveyourselftimewithintheuniversitytobegintogetinvolvedhere.

Berealisticaboutwhattoexpectfromstudentlifeandfromyourself.Setupabalancebetweenworkandleisure.

Ifworkisprovingtoodifficult,youmayneedtoimproveyourstudyskillsoryourorganizationoftime.

Remembertogetenoughfoodandsleep!Theseaffectyouemotionallyaswellasphysically.

Makecontactsandfriendsthroughsharedactivitiessuchassportsorotherinterests.

Ifyoustopbeingabletodonormalsocialandacademicthings,seekprofessionalhelpeitherfromyouradvisorordeanorthecounselingservice.（1）Whatmightbeasignoffeelinghomesick?A.

Feelinglikequarrelingwithsomeoneelse.B.

Becominginterestedinstudythaneverbefore.C.

Findingfoodorfruitlessattractive.D.

Participatinginalmostallactivitiesincollege.（2）Newcollegestudentsmightbehomesickbecause

.A.

theyareneverfarawayfromtheirparentsB.

theyfeelupsetaboutsomethingunexpectedC.

theysuddenlydonothaveanythingtodoD.

theydonotliketheuniversitytheyarein（3）Whichofthefollowingmeasuresmightbehelpfulforhomesickstudentsaccordingtothetext?A.

Keepingtheiroldfriendsleftbehind.B.

Remindingthemselvestokeepbusyandforgetit.C.

Forcingthemselvestostayintheirdormsonweekends.D.

Goinginforsportswiththeirfriends.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）D【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了剛離開家上大學(xué)的學(xué)生面對(duì)新環(huán)境可能遇到的問(wèn)題和給他們提出的建議。（1）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由原文“Increases/decreasesinappetite.”可知，如果一個(gè)人想家，就有可能增加或減少食欲，所以C選項(xiàng)“感覺(jué)食物或水果失去吸引力”符合題意，而其他選項(xiàng)“想跟別人吵架”、“對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)比以前更感興趣”和“幾乎參加了大學(xué)所有的活動(dòng)”都不符合題意。所以答案選C。（2）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由原文“Unhappinesswhenthingsaredifferentfromyourexpectationsofstudentlife.”可知，當(dāng)事情不符合新入學(xué)的學(xué)生的期望時(shí)，他們就會(huì)不高興。所以B選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)不符合預(yù)期的事物感到厭煩”符合題意。所以答案選B。（3）推理判斷題。由原文“Keepingoodcontactwiththepeopleyouhaveleftbehind”可知，要跟留下的人保持聯(lián)系，所以A選項(xiàng)“要一直讓老朋友留下”是不正確的。由原文“Setupabalancebetweenworkandleisure.”可知，應(yīng)該在工作和休閑之前建立一個(gè)平衡，所以B選項(xiàng)“提醒他們自己保持忙碌并忘記想家”是不符合題意的。由原文“Makecontactsandfriendsthroughsharedactivitiessuchassportsorotherinterests.”可知，可以通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)或其他興趣來(lái)結(jié)識(shí)其他朋友，所以C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)迫自己周末待在宿舍”是不符合題意的，而D選項(xiàng)“跟朋友一起運(yùn)動(dòng)”是正確的。所以答案選D?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】推斷題型答題技巧。推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義，即某一問(wèn)題、某一觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行間，要求通過(guò)文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過(guò)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否，很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語(yǔ)氣及觀點(diǎn)。6．閱讀理解

Takealookatthefollowinglistofnumbers:4,8,5,3,7,9,6.Readthemloud.Nowlookawayandspend20secondsmemorizingtheminorderbeforesayingthemoutloudagain.IfyouspeakEnglish,youhaveabouta50%chanceofrememberingthoseperfectly.IfyouareChinese,though,you'realmostcertaintogetitrighteverytime.Whyisthat?Becausewemosteasilymemorizewhateverwecansayorreadwithinatwo-secondperiod.AndunlikeEnglish,theChineselanguageallowsthemtofitallthosesevennumbersintotwoseconds.

ThatexamplecomesfromStanislasDahaene'sbookTheNumberSense.AsDahaeneexplains:Chinesenumberwordsareremarkablybrief.Mostofthemcanbespokenoutinlessthanone-quarterofasecond(forinstance,4is“si”and7“qi”).TheirEnglishpronunciationsarelonger.ThememorygapbetweenEnglishandChineseapparentlyisentirelyduetothisdifferenceinlength.

Itturnsoutthatthereisalsoabigdifferenceinhownumber-namingsystemsinWesternandAsianlanguagesareconstructed.InEnglish,wesayfourteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteenandnineteen,soonemightexpectthatwewouldalsosayoneteen,twoteen,threeteen,andfiveteen.

Butwedon't.Weuseadifferentform:eleven,twelve,thirteenandfifteen.Fornumbersabove20,weputthe“decade”firstandtheunitnumbersecond(twenty-one,twenty-two),whilefortheteens,wedoittheotherwayaround(fourteen,seventeen,eighteen).ThenumbersysteminEnglishishighlyirregular.NotsoinChina,Japan,andKorea.Theyhavealogicalcountingsystem.Elevenisten-one.Twelveisten-two.Twenty-fouristwo-tens-fourandsoon.

ThatdifferencemeansthatAsianchildrenlearntocountmuchfasterthanAmericanchildren.Four-year-oldChinesechildrencancount,onaverage,to40.Americanchildrenatthatagecancountonlyto15.Bytheageoffive,inotherwords,AmericanchildrenarealreadyayearbehindtheirAsianfriendsinthemostfundamentalofmathskills.

TheregularityoftheirnumbersystemalsomeansthatAsianchildrencanperformbasicfunctions,suchasaddition,farmoreeasily.AskanEnglish-speakingseven-year-oldtoaddthirty-sevenplustwenty-twoinherhead,andshehastochangethewordstonumbers(37+22).Onlythencanshedothemath:2plus7is9and30and20is50,whichmakes59.AskanAsianchildtoaddthree-tens-sevenandtwo-tens-two,andthenthenecessaryequation(等式)isrightthere,inthesentence.Nonumbertranslationisnecessary:it'sfive-tens-nine.

Whenitcomestomath,inotherwords,Asianshaveabuilt-inadvantage.Foryears,studentsfromChina,SouthKorea,andJapan---outperformedtheirWesternclassmatesatmathematics,andthetypicalassumptionisthatithassomethingtodowithakindofAsiantalentformath.ThedifferencesbetweenthenumbersystemsintheEastandtheWestsuggestsomethingverydifferent---thatbeinggoodatmathmayalsoberootedinagroup'sculture.（1）Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.

TheAsiannumber-namingsystemhelpsgraspadvancedmathskillsbetter.B.

Westernculturefailtoprovidetheirchildrenwithadequatenumberknowledge.C.

ChildreninWesterncountrieshavetolearnbyheartthelearningthings.D.

Asianchildren'sadvantageinmathmaybesourcedfromtheirculture.（2）WhatmakesaChineseeasiertorememberalistofnumbersthananAmerican?A.

Theirunderstandingofnumbers.

B.

Theirmothertongue.C.

Theirmatheducation.

D.

TheirdifferentIQ.（3）Asianchildrencanreachanswersinbasicmathfunctionsmorequicklybecause____________.A.

theypronouncethenumbersinashorterperiodB.

theypracticemathfromanearlyageC.

theydon'thavetotranslatelanguageintonumbersfirstD.

Americanchildrencanonlycountto15attheageoffour【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C【解析】【分析】本文為介紹說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了東西方數(shù)字系統(tǒng)之間的差異對(duì)東西方人數(shù)學(xué)能力的影響，同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)非常不同的地方：善于數(shù)學(xué)也可能植根于一個(gè)群體的文化中。（1）主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文介紹了東西方數(shù)字系統(tǒng)之間的差異對(duì)東西方人數(shù)學(xué)能力的影響。同時(shí)根據(jù)第三段中的ThenumbersysteminEnglishishighlyirregular.NotsoinChina,Japan,andKorea.Theyhavealogicalcountingsystem.（英語(yǔ)中的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)是高度不規(guī)則的。在中國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)則不是這樣的。他們有一個(gè)邏輯計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)。）及第四段中的ThatdifferencemeansthatAsianchildrenlearntocountmuchfasterthanAmericanchildren.（這種差異意味著亞洲兒童比美國(guó)兒童學(xué)的要快得多。）可推知，本文主要探討了亞洲兒童在數(shù)學(xué)方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)可能來(lái)源于他們的文化的問(wèn)題。故選D。（2）推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的Becausewemosteasilymemorizewhateverwecansayorreadwithinatwo-secondperiod.AndunlikeEnglish,theChineselanguageallowsthemtofitallthosesevennumbersintotwoseconds.（因?yàn)槲覀冏钊菀子涀∥覀冊(cè)谝粌擅腌妰?nèi)能說(shuō)或讀的東西。與英語(yǔ)不同，漢語(yǔ)允許他們把這七個(gè)數(shù)字放在兩秒鐘之內(nèi)）可推知，比起美國(guó)人，中國(guó)人的母語(yǔ)讓中國(guó)人更容易記住一列數(shù)字。故選B。（3）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中對(duì)亞洲孩子與美國(guó)孩子在基本數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算方面的對(duì)比可知，亞洲兒童可以更快地在基本數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算中找到答案，是因?yàn)樗麄儾槐叵劝颜Z(yǔ)言翻譯成數(shù)字。故選C。7．閱讀理解

GOINGTOUNIVERSITYissupposedtobeamind-broadeningexperience.Thatstatementisprobablymadeincomparisontotrainingforworkstraightafterschool,whichmightnotbesoencouraging.Butisitactuallytrue?JessikaGolleoftheUniversityofTübingen,inGermany,thoughtshewouldtrytofindout.Herresult,however,isnotquitewhatmightbeexpected.AsshereportsinPsychologicalSciencethisweek,shefoundthatthosewhohavebeentouniversitydoindeedseemtoleavewithbroaderandmoreinquiringmindsthanthosewhohavespenttheirimmediatepost-schoolyearsinvocational(職業(yè)的)trainingforwork.However,itwasnotthecasethatuniversitybroadenedminds.Rather,workseemedtonarrowthem.

Dr.Gollecametothisconclusionaftersheandateamofcolleaguesstudiedtheearlycareersof2,095Germanyoungsters.Theteamusedtwostandardizedteststoassesstheirvolunteers.Onewasofpersonalitytraits,includingopenness,conscientiousness（認(rèn)真）andsoon.Theotherwasofattitudes,suchasrealistic,investigativeandenterprising.Theyadministeredbothteststwice—oncetowardstheendofeachvolunteer'stimeatschool,andthenagainsixyearslater.Oftheoriginalgroup,382wereontheintermediatetrack,fromwhichtherewasachoicebetweentheacademicandvocationalroutes,anditwasonthesethattheresearchersfocused.Universitybeckonedfor212ofthem.Theremaining170chosevocationaltrainingandajob.

Whenitcametothesecondroundoftests,Dr.Gollefoundthatthepersonalitiesofthosewhohadgonetouniversityhadnotchangedsignificantly.Thosewhohadundergonevocationaltrainingandthengotjobswerenotthatmuchchangedinpersonality,either—exceptinonecrucialrespect.Theyhadbecomemoreconscientious.

Thatsoundslikeagoodthing,certainlycomparedwiththecommonpublicimageofundergraduatesasabunchoflazybones.Butchangesinattitudethattheresearchersrecordedwereratherworrying.Intheuniversitygroup,again,noneweredetectable.Butthosewhohadchosenthevocationalrouteshowedmarkeddropsininterestintasksthatareinvestigativeandenterprisinginnature.Andthatmightrestricttheirchoiceofcareers.

Someinvestigativeandenterprisingjobs,suchasscientificresearch,are,indeedbeyondthedegreeless.Butmany,particularlyinGermany,withitstraditionofvocationaltraining,arenot.Theresearchersmention,forexample,computerprogrammersandfinance-sectorworkersascareersrequiringthesetraits.IfDr.Golleiscorrect,andchangesinattitudebroughtaboutbytheverytrainingGermanypridesitselfonarenarrowingpeople'schoices,thatisindeedamatterworthyofseriousconsideration.（1）Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplace"beckonedfor"inParagraph2?A.

Examined.

B.

Attracted.

C.

Organized.

D.

Recognized.（2）Whatcanwelearnfromtheresearch?A.

Thedegreelesshavenotchangedinpersonalities.B.

Goingtouniversityisamind-broadeningexperience.C.

Workingstraightafterschoolnarrowspeople'sminds.D.

Collegestudentspridethemselvesontheireducation.（3）Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,

.A.

collegestudentsenjoyaverygoodpublicimageB.

theundergraduateshavechangedsignificantlyinattitudeC.

thedegreelessaremuchbetteratdealingwithchallengingtasksD.

peopleshowlessinterestininvestigativejobsduetovocationaltraining（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefinding?A.

Concerned.

B.

Optimistic.

C.

Unclear.

D.

Sceptical.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）D（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，讀大學(xué)究竟能帶給我們什么？德國(guó)蒂賓根大學(xué)的JessikaGolle研究得到的結(jié)果和人們所期待的大有不同。（1）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第二段中的“Oftheoriginalgroup,382wereontheintermediatetrack,fromwhichtherewasachoicebetweentheacademicandvocationalroutes,anditwasonthesethattheresearchersfocused.Universitybeckonedfor212ofthem.Theremaining170chosevocationaltrainingandajob.”原始組中有382人就讀中等學(xué)校，這些人是研究人員重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的對(duì)象。其中212名被大學(xué)錄取，剩下的170人選擇職業(yè)培訓(xùn)或參加工作。根據(jù)下文“Theremaining170chosevocationaltrainingandajob.”從而可以猜測(cè)出beckonedfor為"召喚；吸引"之意。故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“However,itwasnotthecasethatuniversitybroadenedminds.Rather,workseemedtonarrowthem.”然而，大學(xué)其實(shí)并沒(méi)有開闊人們的眼界。相反，是工作使人們的思維變得狹窄了。故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Butthosewhohadchosenthevocationalrouteshowedmarkeddropsininterestintask