Unit1ScienceandScientistsReadingGreatscientistsanancientGreekmathematician&physicistArchimedes(287-212BC)1.Whichscientistdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat?Archimedes’principle阿基米德定律(浮力)Leverprinciple(杠桿原理)His

great

findings:Givemeaplacetostand,andIshallmovetheworld.——ArchimedesWhenputanobjectintowater,thewaterpushestheobjectup.Itrisesandpartlyfloats.Theforceofthewaterpushingitupisthesameastheweightoftheobject.2.Whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged?CharlesDarwin(1808-1882)Britishauthor

TheOriginofSpeciesexplains

how

plants

and

animals

havechanged

over

time

to

fit

in

with

a

changing

environment.3.Whoinventedthefirststeamengine?Heimprovedthefirststeampump(泵;抽水機(jī))andturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712.ThomasNewcomen(1663-1729),British4.Whousedpeas(豌豆)toshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassedfromparentstotheirchildren?GregorMendel孟德爾(1822-1884),Czech（捷克人）Hegrewpeaplantsanddevelopedideasonheredity(遺傳學(xué))andinherited(繼承,承傳)characteristics.5.Whodiscoveredradium?ShereceivedtwoNobelprizes,one(withPierreCurie)forphysics(1903)andoneforchemistry(1911).Sheistheonlyperson

tohavebeensohonored.MarieCurie(1867-1934)PolishandFrenchThediscoveryofradiummeantthatshebegananewscientificareaofresearch.6.Whoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyinlargecities?Hewasalreadyaninventorofotherelectricaldevices(phonograph,electriclightbulb)whenin1882hedesignedasystemforprovidingNewYorkwithelectricityfromacentralpowerstation.ThomasEdison(1847-1931)Americaninventorphonograph留聲機(jī)electriclightbulb電燈泡7.Whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople?Hisskillforshowinghumanskintonesmadehispaintingsseemtocomealive.Heusedtostudydeadpeopleinordertomakehispaintingsasaccurateaspossible.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)Italianartist8.Whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground?In1815hedevelopedasafetylampforminers.Previouslytherehadbeenmanyaccidentswhencandlesontheminers’helmetshadexplodedwhentheycameintocontactwithundergroundgasfromcoal.SirHumphryDavy(1778-1829),British

the

safe

lamp

for

miners9.Whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened?He

invented

the

first

seismograph

(地動(dòng)儀)

to

indicate

in

the

direction

of

an

earthquake.ZhangHeng(78-139)Chineseseismograph/?sa?zm?ɡrɑ?f/Hehasshownthatblackholesdonotonlyabsorbeverythingaroundthembut,fromtimetotime,throwoutmatteraswell.10.Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes?worked

in

astronomy

and

studied

black

holes

in

spaceStephenHawking(1942-2018)BritishscientistSheisthefirstChinesewomantowinaNobelPrize,forherworkinhelpingtocreateananti-malariamedicine.11.Whodiscoveredartemisinin(青蒿素)—anewdrugtherapyagainstmalaria(瘧疾)?TuYouyou(1930-)ChinesescientistBefore

readingDo

you

know

how

to

prove

a

new

idea

in

scientific

research?

How

many

stages

are

needed

to

set

out

a

new

scientific

idea?

DrawaconclusionThinkofamethodFindaproblemMakeaquestionCollectresultsAnalysetheresultsFindsupportingevidence①③④⑤⑥②⑦kReadandputthestagesinproperorder7

stagesofscientificresearch.

GreatscientistsUnit1ReadingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Watchastoryaboutthecholera.Keepthekitchenclean.Onlyeatfoodthat’sbeenthoroughlycookedandisstillhot.Drinkboiledwater.Washhandsfrequently.Keepawayfromflies.Choosefreshseafood.Disposerubbishproperly.Howtoprotectpeoplefrominfectiousdiseases?...While

readingReadandfinishthetasksasquicklyaspossible.1.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowJohnSnowfoundthecauseofthecholeraanddefeatedit.B.Thecauseofthecholerawaspollutedwater.C.Thesourceofalldrinkingwatershouldbeexamined.D.JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon.2.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeJohnSnow?A.Cleverandfriendly.B.Talentedandpopular.C.Determinedandhelpful.D.Creativeandenthusiastic.Choosethebestanswer.Task13.Whichofthefollowingplayedaveryimportantroleindefeatingcholera?A.Themap.B.Thehandle.C.Thebeer.D.Thewater.4.Whatdidn’tJohnSnowforeseeduringhisinvestigation?A.Somanypeoplediedofthediseaseintendays.B.Thewaterfromthepumpcausedthedisease.C.Beerhadpreventedpeoplebeingattacked.D.Somehousesnearthepumphadnodeaths.Many

deathshappened

here.No

death

happened

here.Thewaterfromthepumpwastoblame.PublichouseClue:freebeerfrompublichouseResult:ThewatercamefromtheriverwhichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.JohnSnow’sCholeraMapNumbertheeventsintheorderthattheyhappened.__JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories.__AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854.__JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap.__Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease.__JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere.__KingCholerawasdefeated.__Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswereneara

waterpump.__Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump.p3112345678Task21.Findaproblem2.Makeaquestion3.ThinkofamethodToproveanewscientificidea,sevenstagesareneeded.Writedownthestagesbesidethe7paragraphsofthepassage.4.Collectresults5.Analysetheresults－7.Drawaconclusion6.FindsupportingevidenceAfter

readinganalyzing,mindmap,summary,retellingHowdidJohn

Snowmakeit?Cholera

killed

millions

of

people

in

John

Snow’s

time.

With

great

effort

,John

Snow

found

out

its

cause

and

controlled

this

deadly

disease.

JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondoninthe19thcentury.Hewantedtofind________ofcholerainorderto______it.In1854whenthedisease_____Londonagain,itbegantogatherinformation.He_______onamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandhefoundthatmanypeoplewhohaddrunkthedirtywaterfrom_________died.Sohegotthatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.Healsofoundasupportingevidence:twopeoplewhohadmovedawayfromtheBroadStreetbutstilldrankthewateralso______.Hesuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersupply__________________andpeopleshouldnot___________pollutedwateranymore.Finally,“KingCholera”wasdefeated.

the

cause

marked

defeat

hit

the

pump

be

exposed

to

(should)

be

examined

diedFill

in

the

blanks

to

finish

the

summary

and

then

retell

it.ConclusionWhatspiritcanwelearnfromascientistlikeJohnSnow?creativestrictpatientdeterminedpositivehard-workingconfidentambitious...DiscussionCholerawasa19thcenturydisease.Arethereanydiseasessimilartocholeranowadays?Howdoyouprotectpeoplefrominfectiousdiseases?TalkaboutinfectiousdiseasesingroupsThreediseases,whicharesimilarnowadays,areSARS,AIDS,birdflu,etc.,fortheyareserious,haveanunknowncauseandneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem.SARSAIDSbirdfluDiseasesaresimilartocholeranowadays...Keepthekitchenclean.Onlyeatfoodthat’sbeenthoroughlycookedandisstillhot.Drinkboiledwater.Washhandsfrequently.Keepawayfromflies.Choosefreshseafood.Disposerubbishproperly.Howtoprotectpeoplefrominfectiousdiseases?...IfIsawfurtherthanothers,itisbecauseIwasstandingontheshouldersofgiants.—SirIsaacNewton如果說我所看的比其他人更遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn),那是因?yàn)檎驹诰奕思缟系木壒?。——牛頓Science

has

no

enemy

but

ignorant.

Now

you

are

standing

on

higher

shoulders

of

giants

than

Sir

Isaac

Newton,

so

try

to

make

full

use

of

the

findings

and

do

more

for

human

beings.Self-evaluation1.WhatisthemainideaofthepassageJohnSnowdefeats“KingCholera”?2.WhatspiritscanyoulearnfromJohnSnowasagreatscientist?3.Canyougivesomeadviceonhowtoprotectpeoplefrominfectiousdiseases?各個(gè)擊破Find

a

problemMake

a

questionThink

of

a

methodCollect

resultsAnalyse

the

resultsFind

supporting

evidenceDraw

a

conclusion_____________

spread

cholera.Polluted

waterPeople

who

had

moved

away

from

the

place

but

still

drank

the

water

also

__________________.died

of

the

diseaseJohn

Snow

showed

that

this

was

because

the

water

in

the

pump

____________.was

infectedHe

marked

on

a

map

______________

where

all

the

dead

people

had

lived.He

_________

the

source

of

the

water

the

cholera

victims

had

drunk.the

exact

placeslooked

intoAs

the

disease

spread

quickly

through

poor

neighbourhood,

he

began

to

_______________.gather

informationTheory

1:

Cholera

__________

in

the

air

and

floated

around

until

it

found

its

victims.Theory

2:

People

_________

cholera

into

their

bodies

with

meals.absorbedmultipliedCholera

was

a

deadly

disease

of

its

day,

but

neither

_____