?專題08閱讀理解之說明文考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)精講說明文體裁文章的閱讀技巧說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式用來說明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過揭示概念來說明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性，給人準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)知識(shí)或正確思想。一般可分為實(shí)體事物說明和抽象事物說明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品說明書、廣告、解說詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說明文。閱讀說明文體裁的文章時(shí)應(yīng)首先抓住下面的重要信息：A.

說明的對(duì)象B.

說明對(duì)象的特征C.

說明的方法（例證法；定義法；分類法；因果關(guān)系法；比較對(duì)照法；過程分析法）（1）例證法這是用具體例子來說明人或事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法,所用例子必須有代表性、典型性,能體現(xiàn)人或事物的本質(zhì)特征。這是用特殊來說明一般的方法。通常在主題句后,用Forexample

或

Forinstance

等短語引導(dǎo)出具體的例子。（2）定義法下定義就是給說明對(duì)象一個(gè)明確概念。這是科學(xué)而嚴(yán)密的說明方法。它既能揭示事物的本質(zhì)特征,勾勒其大概,描繪其輪廓,同時(shí)也能確定事物的范圍和界限。下定義是多方面的,可以給人、事物、思想等下定義。（3）分類法分類法是對(duì)同屬不同類或同類而不同種的人或事物,根據(jù)不同性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分門別類地說明的方法。分類是人類認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界的重要手段之一。分類必須遵守分類規(guī)則,使分類對(duì)象具有統(tǒng)一屬性,依據(jù)同一分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并使分類的子項(xiàng)相互排斥,不互相包蘊(yùn)。（4）因果關(guān)系法事物變化的原因和結(jié)果是緊密相關(guān)的。如果某個(gè)現(xiàn)象的存在必然引起另一個(gè)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,那么,這兩個(gè)現(xiàn)象之間就具有因果關(guān)系。因果關(guān)系包括由果推因(由結(jié)果去推測原因)和由因推果(由原因去推測結(jié)果)兩種情況。因果關(guān)系符合人們的日常思維邏輯,因而在寫作中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,常用because,as,since,so,nowthat,if...then,thereasonisthat...等表示因果關(guān)系。（5）比較對(duì)照法有意識(shí)地把兩種相反、相對(duì)的事物或同一事物相反、相對(duì)的兩個(gè)方面放在一起,用比較的方法加以描述或說明,指出其相同點(diǎn),這種寫法叫做比較;指出其不同點(diǎn),叫做對(duì)照。比較和對(duì)照各有不同的側(cè)重,但兩種方法經(jīng)常結(jié)合使用。（6）過程分析法過程分析法就是把事物發(fā)展過程分為若干步驟,然后逐一加以分析說明。這種寫法在說明文中使用得相當(dāng)廣泛。過程分析與敘事和因果關(guān)系等寫法有密切關(guān)系,但彼此又有明顯區(qū)別:敘事研究的對(duì)象是Whathappens;因果關(guān)系研究的對(duì)象是Whyithappens,而過程分析研究的對(duì)象是Howithappens。【典例剖析】Successisoftenconsideredtobetheoppositeoffailure.Toteenagers,itistheachievementofagoalorcompletionofsomethingtheyreallyneed,suchasgoodgradesandtheabilitytogetalongwellwiththeirclassmates.Someschoolsusedtoagreewithmostparentswhomeasured(判定)thesuccessoftheirchildrenaccordingtogrades,butnowtheypayspecialattentiontomoral(道德的)educationandcharacter-buildingtomakesureteenagersachievesuccessinbuildinghumanrelationships.Schoolsgivechancestostudentstodiscovertheirhiddenabilitysothattheycanenjoysomeformofsuccess.Forexample,thosegoodatspeakingskillsareadvisedtotakepartinspeechcompetitionswhilethoseinterestedinartsareexpectedtoperforminfrontoftheirclassmates.Teenagersalsogetthepleasureofsuccesswhentheyjointheirfavoriteclubs.Teenagersareoftentoldthatsuccessisnoteasytoachieveandthatsuccessliesinhardwork.Greateffortshavetobeputintoprojectwork.Doingthingsmuchlaterthanplannedshouldbeavoidedasthiswillleadtoamountainofworkwhichfinallymakesthemnervous.Anothergoodquality(品質(zhì))isasenseofresponsibilitywhichmakesthemrememberthatataskhastobecompleted.Stickingtomoralvaluesisthekeytosuccesstoo.Honestteenagerswillwinthetrustoffriendsleadingtogoodrelationships.Self-motivation(自我激勵(lì))isanotherqualitytobedeveloped,forself-motivatedteenagerswillhavethestrongwillanddrivetoperformataskandfinallygettoenjoyasenseofachievement.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph1referto(指代)?A.Theirclassmates. B.Someschools. C.Mostparents. D.Theirchildren.2.Whyarestudentsgivenchancestotakepartinactivities?A.Togetgoodgrades. B.Toimprovespeakingability.C.Toexpresstheirloveforarts. D.Togetthepleasureofsuccess.3.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?A.Projectworkmakesteenagersnervous.B.Goodqualitieswillleadtoahappylife.C.Teenagersareadvisedtocompletetasksintime.D.Takingresponsibilitywillmakeworkmucheasier.4.Whatisimportantformakingstudentsstrongminded?A.Honesty. B.Self-motivation. C.Communication. D.Friends’trust.5.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheValueofMoralEducation B.TheKeytoDiscoveringHiddenAbilityC.TheMeaningofSuccesstoTeenagers D.TheWaytoCommunicatewithOthers考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)反饋Passage1Sleepisaphysicalandmental（精神的）need.Weallneedtosleep,thoughthesleephoursaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Doctorsdonotknowwhyweneedsleep,buttheyallagreethatsleepisveryimportanttous.Withoutenoughsleep,thebodymaybeweak.One-thirdofadultshavesleeplessness.Thereareover80kindsofsleep-relateddisorders（失調(diào)）.However,otheradultsareluckyandhavenosleepingproblems.Theysleepassoonastheirheadshitthepillows.Doyousleepwell?Ifyouhavesleeplessness,hereareafewsuggestions.1.Makeatimetable,andsticktoit.Weneedtosleepatregulartimes.Ifyourbedtimeandwake-uptimechangefromdaytodayoronweekends,yoursleeprhythms（節(jié)奏）aren’tpredictedandthebodydoesn’tknowhowtoact.Soit’simportanttohavearegularwake-uptime,evenonweekends,vacationsorafteranightofpoorsleep.2.Don’tlieinbedawake.“Thebestsleeptipyoucangivesomebodyistogetup—don’tlieinbedawake,”sleepexpertGrandnersaid.“Whetherit’sthebeginningofthenightorthemiddleofthenight,ifyou’vebeenawakefor20or30minutes,getupandreset（重新調(diào)整）.Maybeyoujustneedfiveminutestogetsleepy,ormaybeanhour,butdon’tspendthattimeawakeinbed.”3.Changeyourthinkingaboutsleep.“Manypeopleregardsleepingasthefinalthingtheyhavetodofordailyactivities.TheywouldliketoworkorwatchTVverylateratherthansleepontime.Thatthinkingneedstobechanged.”Grandnersaid.“Don’tseeyoursleepasthetimeyouhaveleftinyourday,”headvised.“Seeyoursleepasthetimeyouneedinordertoprepareyourselfforanenergetic（精力充沛的）tomorrow.”“Itmaysoundlikeasmallchangeinthinking,butit’sanimportantone.”Grandneradded.1.Whatmayhappentothebodywithoutenoughsleep?A.Thebodymaybeweak. B.Thebodymaybeheavy.C.Thebodymaybeawake. D.Thebodymaybestrong.2.Thefirstsuggestioninthepassagetellsus_________.A.it’snotnecessarytosleepregularlyB.it’snotnecessarytowakeupregularlyC.weshouldalwayssleepandwakeupregularlyD.weshouldsleepandwakeupregularlyonweekdays3.Ifyou’vebeenawakefor20or30minutesatnight,thebestsleeptipis_________.A.closingyoureyesandlyingonthebed B.gettingupandresettingC.drinkingsomehottea D.usingasmartphoneandturningoffthelight4.WhichsuggestionisNOTmentionedinthepassage?A.Makeatimetable,andsticktoit. B.Don’tlieinbedawake.C.Listentobedtimestories. D.Changeyourthinkingaboutsleep.5.Thebesttitleofthepassagemaybe_________.A.SleepHoursAreDifferentfromPersontoPersonB.Sleep-relatedDisordersC.One-thirdofAdultsHaveSleeplessnessD.TheImportanceofEnoughSleepandSuggestionsPassage2WhydidChinesepeoplehavemorethanonenameinancienttimes?InancientChina,people’snameshadthreeparts,theirfamilyname,givennameandcourtesyname.TakefamouspoetLiBaiforexample.Hisfamilyname,whichcamefromhisfather’sname,wasLi.HisgivennamewasBai,andhiscourtesynamewasTaibai.Peopleusedtheirgivennameswhentheywereamongfamilymembers.Butinsociallife,theycalledeachotherbytheircourtesynamestoshowrespect.Thiswasmostlydoneamongpeopleofsimilarage.Ifyouweretalkingaboutyourself,orifyoureldersweretalkingaboutyou,thegivennamewouldbeusedinsteadofthecourtesyname.Menwouldgettheircourtesynameswhentheyturned20.Itwasasymbolofadulthood(成年禮).Womenwouldgettheircourtesynamesaftergettingmarried.One’scourtesynameoftenhadsomethingtodowithone’sgivenname.Forexample,thenameofMenciuswasMengKe.HiscourtesynamewasZiyu.BothKeandZiyumean“carriage(馬車)”.ZhugeLiang’sgivennamewasLiang,whichmeans“bright”.HiscourtesynamewasKongming,whichmeans“verybright”.6．Howmanypartsarethereinpeople’snamesinancientChina?A．3. B．4. C．5. D．6.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“courtesy”inParagraph2meaninChinese?A．名 B．姓氏 C．字 D．昵稱8．Whydidpeoplecalleachotherbytheircourtesynamesinsociallife?A．Toshowtheirlove. B．Toshowtheirgoodrelationship.C．Toshowtheirkindness. D．Toshowtheirrespect.9．Whatwouldbeusedifyoureldersweretalkingaboutyouaccordingtothepassage?A．Familyname. B．Nickname. C．Givenname. D．Courtesyname.10．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．ThefamouspoetLiBai. B．Threepartsofancientnames.C．Theancientnamesandthemodernnames. D．Thedevelopmentofnames.Passage3Canyouimagineacloudfloatinginthemiddleofyourroom?Doyouwanttoknowwhatitfeelsliketoflylikeabird?Here,wehavepickedoutfourinterestinginventionstosharewithyou.TalkingGlovesFourforeignstudentshavecreatedapairofgloves,andithelpspeopletocommunicatewithpeoplewhohavehearingandspeakingproblems.Theglovesareequippedwithsensors(傳感器).Theyrecognizesignlanguageandtranslateitintotextonasmartphone.Thenthesmartphonechangesthetexttospokenwords.Thusyoucanunderstandsignlanguageeasily.GoogleGlassesGoogleGlassesarelikeacomputerbuiltintoapairofglasses.ThentheglassesallowyoutosurftheInternetandmakecallswithoutevenliftingafinger.TheglassesalsohaveacameraandGPSmappingsystem.Userscantakeandsharephotos,checkmapsandsurftheInternetjustbylookingup,down,leftandright.IndoorCloudsThat’sarealworld.Anartist,Smildemanagedtocreateasmallbutperfectwhitecloudinthemiddleofaroomusingafogmachine.Butitrequiredcarefulplanning—thetemperature,humidity(濕度)andlightingallhadtobejustright.Thecloudonlylastedforashortwhile,though.WingsuitsThesuitrealizesyourdreamofflyinglikeabird.Well,notexactlyflying,butgliding(滑翔)throughtheair.Itincreasesthesurfaceareaofthehumanbody,whichmakesiteasierforpeopletofloatintheair.Flierswearingwingsuitscanglideonekilometerinabout30seconds.11．Whatdo“TalkingGloves”helppeopletounderstand?A．Spokenwords. B．Signlanguage. C．Writtenwords. D．Thetextonthesmartphone.12．Howcanusersof“GoogleGlasses”surftheInternet?A．Byspeakingtotheglasses. B．Bytappingthekeyboard.C．Byliftingafinger. D．Bymovingtheeyeballs.13．Howdidtheartistcreateawhitecloudintheroom?A．Withafogmachine. B．Withrighttemperature.C．Withafogmachineandcarefulplanning. D．Withafogmachineandrightlighting.14．Whichofthefollowingcanhelpyoufly?A．TalkingGloves. B．Wingsuits. C．GoogleGlasses. D．IndoorClouds.15．What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A．FourInterestingInventions B．FourFamousInventionsC．TheAdvantagesofFourInventions D．FourDreamsoftheFuturePassage4Teaandcoffeearetwoofthemostpopulardrinksintheworld.However,peopleusuallylikeonemorethantheother.Thesedrinksalsohaveverydifferentuses.TeadrinkingstartedinChinaover4,000yearsago.Teaismadefromleaves.Thesedays,somepeopledrinkteaforhealth,usingittohelpwithstress(壓力)orlosingweight.However,mostpeopleintea-drinkingcountriesthinkofteaasmorethanjustahealthydrink.Infact,teadrinkinginsomecountriesisapartoftheculture.InTurkey(土耳其),teaisalwaystherewhenpeoplemeet.Whetherinsomeone’shomeoracompany,teaisalwaysofferedasawayofwelcoming.IntheUK,homesandofficesusuallyhaveteatime.Teaandotherdishesareservedatteatimeintheafternoon.Itisawayofrelaxingwithfriendsorco-workers(同事).Coffeecamemuchlaterthantea,justover1,000yearsago.Coffeeismadefrombeans.Somethinginthecoffeebeansmakesapersonfeelactive.Mostpeopledonotdrinkcoffeetorelax.Instead,theydrinkcoffeetogetgoing.Manypeopledrinkcoffeeinthemorningtohelpthemwakeup.Otherswillalsodrinkcoffeeduringshortbreaksintheafternoontokeepgoingthroughtheworkingday.Somepeoplemayvisitcoffeeshopsjusttomeetandtalkwithfriends.However,manypeopleincoffeeshopsdrinkcoffeewhileworkingontheircomputers.Isteaorcoffeemorecommoninyourcountry?Betweenthetwo,whichdoyouliketodrinkmore?16．Wheredidteadrinkingstart?A．InJapan. B．InChina. C．InTurkey. D．IntheUK.17．WecanlearnfromParagraph2thatpeopleintheUK________.A．drinkteatogetfat B．offerteatosaygoodbyeC．thinkofteaasabaddrink D．haveteatorelaxthemselves18．Whatiscoffeemadefrom?A．Leaves. B．Sugar. C．Dishes. D．Beans.19．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoParagraph3?A．Coffeecamemuchearlierthantea.B．Manypeopledrinkcoffeetowakeup.C．Manypeopleworkontheircomputersincoffeeshops.D．Somepeoplemeetandtalkwithfriendsincoffeeshops.20．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．TheSmellsofTeaandCoffee B．ThePricesofTeaandCoffeeC．TheDifferentCulturesofTeaandCoffee D．TheDifferentWaysofMakingTeaandCoffeePassage5We’veallhadbadexperienceswithrestaurants,storesorhotels.Maybeyou’vebeentoarestaurantthatservedterriblefood.Perhapsyou’vebeentoastorethathadhighpricesandbadservice.Ormaybeyou’vebookedahotelandfoundoutlaterthattheroomwasnothingliketheadvertisement（廣告）.Thesedays,wehaveabetterchanceofstoppingtheseunpleasantsurprises.Wecandothisbyusingapps.Anappisacomputerprogramonasmartphone.Youcanuseappstodoalmostanything.Appcanhelpyouplaygames,getdirections,talktofriends,andsoon.Ifyouwanttofindinformationaboutastoreorahotel,youcanuseareviewapp.Reviewappshelpusevaluate（評(píng)價(jià)）serviceandproductsbeforewehandoverourmoney.Theideaisverysimple.Afteryougotoarestaurantorstayinahotel,youcanpostareviewwithoneofyourapps.Youcansayanythingyouwant.Ifyoulikeahotelthatyoustayedin,youcantellpeoplethatitwaswonderful.Ifyouthinkthatthefoodinacertainrestaurantwasbad,thenyoucantellpeoplenottoeatthere.Otherpeoplecanuse