EnglishforUnmannedaerialvehicle無(wú)人機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)malicious[m??l???s]deliberate[d??l?b?r?t]vulnerability[?v?ln?r?'b?l?t?]reproduce[?ri:pr??dju:s]encrypt[?n?kr?pt]nonetheless[?n?ne??les]hinder[?h?nd?(r)]legislator[?led??sle?t?(r)]clampdown[kl?mpdaun]priorto[?prai?tu:]WordsReview惡意的，有敵意的;蓄意的;深思熟慮的;故意的;蓄意的;慎重的;脆弱性;弱點(diǎn)，攻擊;易傷性;復(fù)制，重現(xiàn)，再版;把…加密（或編碼），將…譯成密碼;雖然如此，但是;阻礙，妨礙;成為阻礙;立法者;立法委員;取締，施加壓力;在…之前;eligible[?el?d??bl]penalty[?pen?lti]imprisonment[?m'pr?znm?nt]aeronautical[?e?r?'n?:t?kl]waiver[?we?v?(r)]grant [grɑ:nt]pyrotechnic[?pa?r?'tekn?k]Off-the-shelfatnochargeWordsReview合適的;在（法律上或道德上）合格的;刑罰;懲罰;關(guān)押，監(jiān)禁;航空（學(xué)）的;放棄;棄權(quán);棄權(quán)聲明書(shū);授予;承認(rèn);同意;準(zhǔn)許;煙火的，令人眼光的，出色的;現(xiàn)成的免費(fèi)四旋翼無(wú)人機(jī)介紹Unit

3:Quadcopter——TheIntroductionofQuadcopterLongitudinally[?l?nd??'tju:d?n?l?]laterally['l?t?r?l?]identical[a??dent?kl]propellers[pr?'pel?z]torque[t?:k]blade[ble?d]rotorhub[?r??t?h?b]prototype['pr??t?ta?p]proliferation[pr??l?f??re??n]maneuverability[m??nu:v?r?'b?l?t?]NewWords縱向地;旁邊地;同一的;完全同樣的螺旋槳，推進(jìn)器扭轉(zhuǎn)力;轉(zhuǎn)（力）矩槳葉;刀片旋翼轂;原型，雛形增生;增殖可操作性，機(jī)動(dòng)性;durable[?dj??r?bl]advantageous[??dv?n?te?d??s]kinetic[k??net?k]small-scale[?sm?:l?ske?l]fit...with...[fitwie]momentum[m??ment?m]negatively['neɡ?t?vl?]impact[??mp?kt]significantly[s?g?n?f?k?ntli]amateur[??m?t?(r)]NewWords持久的;耐用的，耐久的;長(zhǎng)期的有利的;優(yōu)越;運(yùn)動(dòng)的，[物]動(dòng)力（學(xué)）的，運(yùn)動(dòng)的;小規(guī)模的;小型的;小比例尺的給…裝配…;勢(shì)頭;動(dòng)力;[物]動(dòng)量;否定地;消極地;取消地;產(chǎn)生影響;沖撞，沖擊;意味深長(zhǎng)地;值得注目地;業(yè)余愛(ài)好者;外行，生手;A

quadcopter,

alsocalleda

quadrotorhelicopter

or

quadrotor,

isa

multirotor

helicopter

thatisliftedandpropelledbyfour

rotors.Quadcoptersareclassifiedas

rotorcraft,asopposedto

fixed-wingaircraft,becausetheirlift

isgeneratedbyasetof

rotors

(verticallyoriented

propellers).四旋翼飛機(jī)，也被稱為四旋翼直升機(jī)或四旋翼飛行器，是由四個(gè)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)并提供升力的多旋翼直升機(jī)。四軸飛行器被歸類為旋翼機(jī)，與之相對(duì)的是固定翼飛機(jī)，因?yàn)樗麄兊纳κ怯梢唤M轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生（垂直方向的螺旋槳）.Part1----Introduction

Quadcoptersgenerallyusetwopairsofidenticalfixedpitchedpropellers;two

clockwise

(CW)andtwo

counter-clockwise(CCW).Theseuseindependentvariationofthespeedofeachrotortoachievecontrol.Bychangingthespeedofeachrotor,itispossibletospecificallygenerateadesiredtotal

thrust;tolocateforthe

centreofthrust

bothlaterallyandlongitudinally;andtocreateadesiredtotal

torque,orturningforce.

四軸飛行器一般使用兩對(duì)相同的固定螺距螺旋槳；兩順時(shí)針和兩逆時(shí)針。這些通過(guò)獨(dú)立控制每一電機(jī)速度的變化來(lái)控制飛機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。通過(guò)改變每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子的轉(zhuǎn)速可以專門(mén)生成所期望的總推力；定位橫向和縱向推力的中心；并創(chuàng)建所需的總扭矩或轉(zhuǎn)向力。Part1----Introduction

Quadcoptersdifferfromconventionalhelicopterswhichuserotorswhichareabletovarythepitchoftheirbladesdynamicallyastheymovearoundtherotorhub.Intheearlydaysofflight,quadcopters(thenreferredtoeitheras'quadrotors'or'helicopters')wereseenaspossiblesolutionstosomeofthepersistentproblemsinverticalflight;torque-inducedcontrolissues(aswellasefficiencyissuesoriginatingfromthe

tailrotor,whichgeneratesnousefullift)canbeeliminatedbycounter-rotationandtherelativelyshortbladesaremucheasiertoconstruct.Part1----Introduction四旋翼飛機(jī)不同于傳統(tǒng)的直升機(jī)，直升機(jī)采用的轉(zhuǎn)子在他們隨著槳轂自由移動(dòng)時(shí)，能夠動(dòng)態(tài)地改變其葉片的槳距。在飛行初期，quadcopters被視為垂直飛行中一些持久性問(wèn)題的可能解決方案；扭矩引起的控制問(wèn)題（以及產(chǎn)生于尾槳的效率問(wèn)題，尾槳不產(chǎn)生升力）可由反向旋轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行消除，并且相對(duì)較短的葉片更容易制造出來(lái)。

Anumberofmanneddesignsappearedinthe1920sand1930s.Thesevehicleswereamongthefirstsuccessfulheavier-than-air

verticaltakeoffandlanding(VTOL)

vehicles.However,earlyprototypessufferedfrompoorperformance,

andlatterprototypesrequiredtoomuchpilotworkload,duetopoorstabilityaugmentation

andlimitedcontrolauthority.在上世紀(jì)二三十年代出現(xiàn)了一批載人設(shè)計(jì)。最先成功的重于空氣的垂直起降飛機(jī)中就有這樣的設(shè)計(jì)。然而，早期的原型機(jī)表現(xiàn)不佳，后來(lái)的原型機(jī)由于穩(wěn)定增強(qiáng)性差和有限的控制權(quán)，則需要飛行員承受太多的工作負(fù)荷。Part1----Introduction

Inthelate2000s,advancesinelectronicsallowedtheproductionofcheaplightweightflightcontrollers,accelerometers

(IMU),

globalpositioningsystem

andcameras.Thisresultedinarapidproliferationofsmall,cheapconsumerquadcoptersalongwithothermultirotordesigns.Quadcopterdesignsalsobecamepopularin

unmannedaerialvehicle

(UAVordrone)research.Withtheirsmallsizeandmaneuverability,thesequadcopterscanbeflownindoorsaswellasoutdoors.Part1----Introduction在21世紀(jì)00年代后期，電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使得廉價(jià)的輕量級(jí)飛行控制器、加速度計(jì)、全球定位系統(tǒng)和相機(jī)得以生產(chǎn)。這導(dǎo)致了小型化便宜的消費(fèi)級(jí)四旋翼無(wú)人機(jī)連同其他類型多旋翼飛機(jī)得到快速發(fā)展。四旋翼飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)在無(wú)人飛行航空器研究領(lǐng)域也開(kāi)始變得流行起來(lái)。由于他們的小尺寸和可操作性，這些無(wú)人機(jī)可以在室內(nèi)及室外飛行。

Atasmallsize,quadcoptersarecheaperandmoredurablethanconventionalhelicoptersduetotheirmechanicalsimplicity.

Theirsmallerbladesarealsoadvantageousbecausetheypossesslesskineticenergy,reducingtheirabilitytocausedamage.Forsmall-scalequadcopters,thismakesthevehiclessaferforcloseinteraction.Itisalsopossibletofitquadcopterswithguardsthatenclosetherotors,furtherreducingthepotentialfordamage.

However,assizeincreases,fixedpropellerquadcoptersdevelopdisadvantagesoverconventionalhelicopters.Part1----Introduction由于其機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，四旋翼飛機(jī)在小尺寸下比常規(guī)直升機(jī)便宜又耐用。較小的葉片也有利，因?yàn)樗麄儞碛懈俚膭?dòng)能，降低了其造成損害的能力。小型化的四旋翼飛機(jī)使得與它們的親密互動(dòng)更安全。也可能給四旋翼飛機(jī)裝上防護(hù)裝置來(lái)關(guān)閉旋翼，進(jìn)一步減少潛在的損害。然而，隨著尺寸的增大，固定螺旋槳的四旋翼飛機(jī)相較于傳統(tǒng)直升機(jī)的劣勢(shì)越來(lái)越多。

Increasingbladesizeincreasestheirmomentum.Thismeansthatchangesinbladespeedtakelonger,whichnegativelyimpactscontrol.Atthesametime,increasingbladesizeimprovesefficiencyasittakeslessenergytogeneratethrustbymovingalargemassofairataslowspeedthanbymovingasmallmassofairathighspeed.T