TranslationAnalysisfromthePerspectiveofSystemic-FunctionalGrammar—TakeIHaveaDreamasanExamplePAGE系統(tǒng)功能語法視角下的翻譯分析—以《我有一個夢想》為例英文題目:TranslationAnalysisfromthePerspectiveofSystemic-FunctionalGrammar—TakeIHaveaDreamasanExample

AbstractTranslationisthebridgeofculturalcommunicationandthetieofideologicalexchange.Theinputandoutputofdifferentculturescannotbeseparatedfromthemediumoftranslation.Linguistics,asanimportantsubject,isessentialtotheresearchonlanguageandculture.Thispaperisdividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartistheoverallintroductionofthepaper，includingtheresearchbackgroundanditssignificance.Thesecondpartistheliteraturereview.Itmainlyintroducesthedevelopmentofsystemic-functionalgrammaranditscoherenceandcohesiontheoryofdiscoursefunction.Thethirdpartisthemainpart,whichmainlyanalyzestheconcreteexpressionofcohesionandcoherenceincombinationwiththetranslatedtext.Specifictextparagraphsareextractedfromthetexttobetterexplainandunderstandthetheoryofcohesionandtoappreciatethetranslatedtext.Thelastpartconcludesthewholepaper.Thepurposeofthispaperistocombinetranslationandlinguistics,fromtheperspectiveofsystemic-functionalgrammar,toapplythetheoryofcoherenceandcohesionindiscoursefunction，takingthefamousspeech"Ihaveadream"asamodeltoanalyzethelinguisticknowledgeembodiedinitsChinesetranslation.Thispaperattemptstoillustratetheimportantroleofthistheoryindiscourseanalysisandtoenrichtheuseoftheresearchachievementsindiscourselinguistics.Keywords:translation;textualfunction;coherence;cohesion摘要翻譯是文化溝通的橋梁，是思想交流的紐帶。不同文化之間的輸入與輸出離不開翻譯這一介質(zhì)。語言學(xué)作為一門重要學(xué)科，對于研究語言文化必不可少。而系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)是世界兩大重要語言學(xué)派之一，在語言學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程中舉足輕重。本文主要分為四個部分。第一部分為論文的總體介紹，包括研究背景和意義。第二部分為文獻(xiàn)綜述，主要介紹系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及其語篇功能中的連貫與銜接理論。第三部分為正文部分，主要是結(jié)合翻譯文本分析其銜接與連貫的具體表現(xiàn)。通過抽取文本中的具體文段來更好解釋與理解銜接與連貫理論以及欣賞翻譯文本。最后一部分總結(jié)整篇論文。本文旨在將翻譯學(xué)與語言學(xué)相結(jié)合，從系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)的角度出發(fā)，運用語篇功能中的連貫與銜接理論，以著名演講《我有一個夢想》為范本，分析其中文翻譯所體現(xiàn)的語言學(xué)知識，試圖說明該理論對語篇分析中的重要作用和重大意義，并豐富語篇語言學(xué)研究成果的運用。關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯；語篇功能；銜接；連貫ContentsAbstractI摘要……………………………..II1.Introduction11.1Researchbackground11.2SignificanceofthisStudy21.3TheStructureoftheStudy………………………….22.LiteratureReview32.1Systemic-FunctionalGrammar32.2CoherenceandCohesionTheory33.AnalysisonText53.1CohesionAnalysis….53.1.1GrammaticalCohesion53.1.1.1Substitution……………………53.1.1.2Reference………………………..63.1.1.3Conjunction……………………73.1.1.4Ellipsis……………………………93.1.2LexicalCohesion103.1.2.1Repetition…………………….103.1.2.2Synonym/Antonym……………………..113.1.2.3Hyponymy/Part-WholeRelation………………..123.1.2.4.Collocation…………………..123.2CoherenceAnalysis….134.Conclusion….14References….16Acknowledgements….171.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundWithalonghistoryandasolidtheoreticalfoundation,linguisticsisafundamentalsubjectinthestudyoflanguageandculturaldevelopment.Combininglinguisticswithtranslationstudiesfromtheperspectiveofsystemic-functionalgrammarisaninterestingoption.Systemic-functionalgrammarconsistsofthreemeta-functions,includingconceptualfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.Thispaperwillusethecohesionandcoherencetheoryofdiscoursefunctiontoanalyzespecifictranslationsamples.OratorystudyisanancientandnewsciencewithitshistoricaloriginsdatingbacktoancientGreeceandRome.Bothathomeandabroad,thestudyoforatoryhasastrongbasisandavarietyofperspectives,includinglinguistics,rhetoric,psychology,sociologyandsoon.IhaveadreamisthefamousspeechdeliveredbyMartinLutherKingattheLincolnmemorialinWashingtononAugust28,1963.Inthisspeech,Kingmadeanimpassionedappealtoblackpeopletofightfortheirtruefreedom,democracyandhumanrights.Inthe1960s,therewasnodoubtthattheblackpeopleintheAmericanwereinadeepplight,sufferingfromnohumanrightsanddiscrimination.MartinLutherKingledtheblackpeopletocarryoutthenon-violentresistancemovement,whichtoagreatextentcontributedtothepassoftheCivilRightsActintheUnitedStatescongress,formallyendingthediscriminatedstatusofAfricanAmericansfromthelaw,thuspromotingtheliberationofblackpeople.Thisspeechisofgreatresearchvaluebothintermsofspeechskillsandtopic.Therefore,forChinesescholarswhowanttostudythespeech,thequalityofthetranslationversionisparticularlyimportant.ThispaperaimstoapplyHalliday'sandHasan'scohesionandcoherencetheorytotheanalysisofXuLizhong'stranslationofIhaveadreamfromtheperspectiveoftextualanalysis,andtoworkoutitstranslationstructureandthemefromtheperspectiveofvocabularyandgrammar.1.2SignificanceofthisStudyThestudyoflanguagecoversmanyaspects,includinglinguistics,translation,rhetoric,andlexicology.Eachofthemhasitstheoreticalbasisandresearchscope,buteachresearchfielddoesnotexistindependently.Linguisticsandtranslationstudyaretwomajorbranchesoflanguageresearch,soitisofgreatsignificancetocombinethem.Thestudyoflinguisticsfocusesonlanguage,whiletranslationstudiesfocusesonthemutualtransformationbetweenlanguages,whichcomplementeachother.Theuseoflinguistictheoriesintranslationisarelativelynewandmeaningfulapproach.Ihaveadream,deliveredbyMartinLutherKingattheLincolnmemorialinWashingtononAugust28,1963.ThespeechhadaprofoundimpactontheblackliberationmovementintheUnitedStates,anditsinfluencespreadtothewholeworld.InChina,thetextbookofgradeoneofthepeople'seducationeditionisevenselectedintothetext.Therefore,mostoftherelevantresearchesthatcanbefoundinChinafocusonteachingandspeechskills,andrarelyinvolvelinguistics.1.3TheStructureoftheStudyThispapercombinestranslationstudiesandlinguistics,andusesthecohesionandcoherencetheoryofsystemic-functionalgrammartostudytheChinesetranslationversionofIhaveadreamandexploretherelevanttheoriesembodiedinit.Thispaperisdividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartistheoverallintroductionofthepaper.Thesecondpartistheliteraturereview.Itmainlyintroducesthedevelopmentofsystemic-functionalgrammaranditscoherenceandcohesiontheoryofdiscoursefunction.Thethirdpartisthemainpart,whichmainlystudiestheconcreteexpressionofcohesionandcoherenceincombinationwiththetranslatedtext,includinggrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Grammaticalcohesioncanbefurthersplitintoreference,ellipsis,substitutionandconjunction,whilelexicalcohesioncanbeclassifiedasrepetition,synonymy/antonymy,hyponym/meronymandcollocation.Tobetterexplainandunderstandthetheoryofcohesionandcoherenceandtoappreciatethetranslatedtext,specifictextparagraphsareextractedfromthetext.Thelastpartconcludesthewholepaper.2.LiteratureReview2.1Systemic-FunctionalGrammarSystemic-functionalgrammarisaconceptputforwardbyFirthofLondonSchoolin1960s.Firth'sstudentHallidaydevelopedandinheritedFirth'sresearchtheory,andthenestablishedtheNewFirthSchool.Thetheoreticalframeworkofsystemic-functionalgrammarwasputforwardbyHallidayin1961.Intheprocessofcontinuousresearch,thetheoreticalframeworkwasdevelopedintosystemic-grammar,andafunctionalpartwasaddedtoitsgrammarin1968.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarincludessystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.Theyaretwoinseparablepartsforanintegralframeworkoflinguistictheory.Systemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelations.Functionalgrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction.Thefunctionalpartcanbedividedintoconceptual,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.Conceptualfunctionmainlyreferstovoice,characterandotheraspects.Interpersonalfunctionreferstotheroleplayedbycharactersintheprocessofcommunication,aswellasthetone,expression,intonationandotheraspectsoflanguageexpression.Textualfunctionreferstotheoverallstructureoflanguageandthecohesionoflanguageexpression.2.2CoherenceandCohesionTheoryIn1976,BritishlinguistsHallidayandHassanfirstproposedtheconceptofcohesion.IntheirbookCohesioninEnglish,theyproposedthatthecoherencestandardisbasedoncohesionandtext.Later,HallidayandHassanrealizedthelimitationsoftheirtheoryandproposedthatdiscoursecoherencecouldberealizedbymeansofstructureornon-structure.Structuralmeansrefertothemeansofinformationorganization,suchassubject-predicatestructureandinformationstructure.Non-structuralmeansrefertogrammaticalandlexicalcohesivedevices,whichcanestablishinterdependenttexts.Subsequently,ChineselinguistsfurtherexpandedorupdatedthetheoryofcohesiononthebasisofHallidayandHassan’stheory.HuZhuanglin,asoneofthepioneersinthestudyofdiscoursecoherence,highlightedthat"cohesionisachievedthroughtherelationshipbetweenthesuperficialformoflanguageanditsmaturity,butcoherencereferstothecohesionbetweencommunicativebehaviors".Heputforwardtheconceptofmulti-levelcohesiontheoryandexpandedthescopeofcohesion.ZhangDeluandLiuRushanalsoputforwardacomprehensivetheoreticalframeworkfromsomenovelperspectives.Theybelievethatsituationalcontextalsohasacohesivefunction.Therefore,cohesionistheequivalentofatexttoexpresstheconnectionbetweenthesentencesortoexpresstheconnectionbetweenthebackgroundandthetext.Thedefinitionofcohesionandcoherencetheoryhasmanyversions,whichismainlyduetothedifferentresearchmethodsandguidingtheoriesadoptedbydifferentresearchers.Manyscholarsbelievethatcohesionandcoherencehavetheirrespectiveroles.Cohesionismainlyrealizedbytheformofvocabularyandgrammar.Andcoherenceisrealizedbytherelationshipbetweensentences.AccordingtoHalliday(1962),coherence，asthesemanticfeatureofdiscourse,theinterpretationofitisbasedontheinterpretationofeachsentenceandtherelationshipbetweenthatsentenceandtheothersentences.Andcohesionisaconcretetypeofcoherence.Onthisbasis,theyaretwoconceptsthataredifferentbutrelated.Cohesionisanimportantmeantorealizecoherence,butitisnottheonlyone.IntheirbookcohesioninEnglish,HallidayandHassanbelievethatdiscoursecoherencereferstothefactthatsomesentencesorparagraphsthatconstituteadiscourseallbelongtothesamecontext.Inotherwords,thediscourseisdevelopedaccordingtothesamediscoursescope,modeandtone.Theconceptofcohesionissupplementedbytheconceptofregistertoeffectivelydetermineacohesiveandcoherenttext.Atextitselfisacoherentparagraphintwoaspects:oneiscoherentinsituationalcontextandtheotherisconsistentinregister.Asfarasthetextitselfiscoherent,itisalsocohesive.Cohesionisthegrammaticalandlexicallinkingwithinatextorsentencethatholdsatexttogetherandgivesitmeanings,whichisrelatedtothebroaderconceptofcoherence.Hallidaydividescohesionintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Grammaticalcohesioncanbefurthersplitintoreference,ellipsis,substitutionandconjunction,whilelexicalcohesioncanbeclassifiedasrepetition,synonym/antonym,hyponym/meronymandcollocation.3.Analysisontext3.1CohesionAnalysisCohesioncanbedividedintogrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesioninaccordancetoHalliday&Hassan.Grammaticalcohesionisakindofsurfacemarkingofsemanticlinksbetweenclausesandsentencesinwrittentextsandutterancesanditisclassifiedintofourcategories:reference,substitution,ellipsisandconjunction.3.1.1GrammaticalcohesionCohesionoccurswhenthemeaningofoneelementinatextdependsontheinterpretationofanother.Theuseofgrammarindiscoursecanreflectthefunctionoflinkingsentencesintotext.Thefollowingexamplesareillustratedfromfouraspects:substitution,reference,conjunctionandellipsis.3.1.1.1SubstitutionSubstitutionreferstothereplacementofoneitembyanother,usually,forthepurposeofreducingredundancy.Itisarelationbetweenpro-formandantecedentandthepro-formcanbeunderstoodtohave“replaced”arepeatedoccurrenceoftheantecedent.Therearethreetypesofsubstitution,nominal,verbalandclausal,whichfunctionasanoun,averb,aclauserespectively.Examples:Andthosewhohopethat…ifthenationreturnstobusinessasusual.有人希望，黑人只要撒撒氣就會滿足；如果國家安之若素，毫無反應(yīng)，這些人必會大失所望的。Explanation:Inthissentence,“這些人”isthesubstitutewordof“有人希望，黑人只要撒撒氣就會滿足”.Substitutewordscanliterallyreplacethephraseorvocabularythatprecedesthem.Thetranslatordividesthecomplexsentenceintotwosentences.Thenhetranslatestheattributiveclauseseparately,andthenuse“這些人”toreplacetheprecedingattributiveclausewhichisconciseandcanaccuratelyexpressthemeaningofthesentence.Thesubstitutionhereservesbothtoavoidrepetitionandtoemphasize.Toemphasizethatblackpeoplewillnotgiveuptheirrighttofreedom,andthedisregardofthestateandthepeoplewillonlyleadtoastrongerresponsefromblackpeople.Therefore,thenationcanbeurgedtotakeactionandputrealizingfreedomofblackpeopleontheagenda.3.1.1.2ReferenceReferenceisameanwhichallowsthereceivertofindparticipants,entities,events,etc.inatext.OneofthemostcommonpatternsofestablishingchainsofreferenceinEnglishistomentionaparticipantexplicitlyinthefirstinstance,bythenameortitle,andthenuseapronountoreferbacktothesameparticipantintheimmediatecontext.Therearethreetypesofreference:personal,demonstrativeandcomparative.Personalreferenceisgenerallyachievedbypersonalpronounsandpossessivepronouns.Indicativereferenceisrealizedbymeansofnominaldemonstrativewords,demonstrativeadverbsanddefinitearticles.Comparativereferenceisachievedthroughsomecomparativevocabulary.Examples:Table1-1PersonalReferences我們我他他們你們她Frequency43179731(1)Andaswewalk,wemustmakethepledgethatweshallalwaysmarchahead.當(dāng)我們行動時，我們必須保證向前進(jìn)。我們不能倒退。(2)Andsowe'vecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.今天我們在這里集會，就是要把這種駭人聽聞的情況公之于眾。(3)Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightofbadcaptivity.它的到來猶如歡樂的黎明，結(jié)束了束縛黑人的漫長之夜。Explanation:(1)isthepersonalreference.InIhaveadream,personalreferenceappearmanytimes.Aswecanseefromthetable,“我們”appears43timesintheChinesetranslation,whichisthemostfrequentlyusedpersonalpronoun.“我們”isawordthatencompassesyouandmeandbringsthespeakerclosertotheaudience.Italsomeansthattheleadersareonthesamesideasthepeople,whoaresufferingthesamedisastersandunequaltreatment.Theymustfightfortheirrightsandequality.Leadersandpeoplehavethesamedreamofequalityandfreedom.Therefore,“我們”canstrikeachordwiththeaudienceandachievethepurposeofspeech.(2)isthedemonstrativereference.Thetranslatortranslated"a"into“這種”whichcanplaytheroleofemphasis.Itreflectstheplightoftheblackpeopleandtheirdeterminationtohavefreedom.Fromtheviewofspeechskills,thistranslationstrengthensthemomentumofspeechandmakesitmorepersuasive.Fromtheperspectiveoflanguageskills,thistranslationhighlightsthedifficultyoftheblackpeople'ssituation,thusprovingtheneedforequalityandfreedom.(3)isthecomparativereference.“歡樂的黎明”iscontrastedwith“漫長之夜”,highlightingboththeplightoftheNegroandtheimportanceoftheEmancipationProclamationinchangingtheirfate.3.1.1.3ConjunctionConjunctionisawaytomanifestvariouslogicalrelationsinatextthroughconjunctionwords.Conjunctionsareusuallyachievedbyconjunctions,certainadverbsorphrases.Themarkofthelinkingdeviceisavarietyoflinkingwords.Conjunctionwordsarethediscourseplanningmechanismandanimportantfactorindiscourseconstruction.Halliday&Hasandivideconjunctionintofourtypes:additive,adversative,causalandtemporal.Examples:Table1-2conjunction但是如果因為已經(jīng)并且frequency33221(1)Onehundredyearslater…anexileinhisownland.一百年后的今天，黑人仍然萎縮在美國社會的角落里，并且，意識到自己是故土家園中的流亡者。(2)Themarvelousnewmilitancy…h(huán)avecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestiny.現(xiàn)在黑人社會充滿著了不起的新的戰(zhàn)斗精神，但是我們卻不能因此而不信任所有的白人。因為我們的許多白人兄弟已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到，他們的命運與我們的命運是緊密相連的，他們今天參加游行集會就是明證。(3)Withthisfaith,wewillbeableto…knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.有了這個信念，我們將能一起工作，一起祈禱，一起斗爭，一起坐牢，一起維護自由；因為我們知道，終有一天，我們是會自由的。(4)Butwerefusetobelievethat…inthegreatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation.但是我們不相信正義的銀行已經(jīng)破產(chǎn)，我們不相信，在這個國家巨大的機會之庫里已沒有足夠的儲備。Explanation:Fromtheabovetable,wecouldfindthatthetranslatorisgoodatusingdifferentconjunctionstoexpressdifferentfeelings.“并且”in(1)isadditiveconjunction.Thisconjunctionjuxtaposesthetwosentences,bothreflectingtherealityofthelowstatusofNegrointheUnitedStatesandemphasizingthatNegrothemselvesareawareoftheirpredicament,thuspavethewayforthefollowingarticletoinspireNegrotofightfortheirfreedom.Thejuxtapositionheremakesthewholesentencemorelogicalandhierarchical,andmakesthespeaker'smeaningtobeexpressedstepbysteptoachievethefinalgoalofspeech.“但是”in(2)isadversativeconjunction.Intheprecedingsentence,thetranslatoraffirmsthecurrententhusiasmoftheblackpeopleforfreedomandequality,andinthefollowingsentencethetranslatoremphasizestheneedforarationalattitudetowardwhitepeople.Becausenotallwhitepeopleareagainstblackpeople.Thisconjunctionisusedheretoemphasizethesecondhalfofthesentenceandtoinstructtheaudiencethattheyshouldfacethequestionofblackpeoplerationally,whichisenoughtoreflectthespeaker'sreasonandfair.“因為”in(3)iscausalconjunction.Inthefirsthalfofthesentence,thetranslatorconstantlystrengthenstheaudience'ssenseoffaithwithparallelsentencepatterns,andthenputsforwardagoodprospectforthefuturewithaconjunctionofreasons,soastostrengthentheaudience'sdetermination.Inthisway,wecanpromoteblackpeople'sunity,andinspirethemworkforabetterfuture.“已經(jīng)”in(4)istemporalconjunction.Itshowsthatblackpeoplestillhavehopeforequalityandfreedom,andtheystillbelievethattheUnitedStateswillprovidethemwithshelters,andtheywillbegiventherightsandopportunitiesthattheydeserve.Eveninapredicament,theystillhopeforthegoodandthebrightfuture,whichisalsoreflectedintheirsimplenature.3.1.1.4EllipsisEllipsisreferstotheomissionofpartofthecontentinthetext,whichcanonlybefoundbythecontext.Itcanalsobedefinedassubstitutionbyzero.Ellipsisisalsoacohesivedevice,ensuringthatthespeakerfocusesonaspecifictopicandthesamebackgroundinformationrelatedtothetopic.Theellipsisindiscoursecanusuallybefoundinthecontext.Therefore,onesentenceprovidesabasisfortheunderstandingofanothersentence,formingaconnectionbetweenthem.So,indiscourseanalysis,theroleofellipsisasalinkbetweensentencescannotbeignored.Itisthesameassubstitutionandalsoincludesthreetypes,whicharenounellipsis,verbellipsisandclauseellipsis.Example:Andthiswillbetheday--thiswillbethedaywhenallofGod'schildrenwillbeabletosingwithnewmeaning：在自由到來的那一天，上帝的所有兒女們將以新的含義高唱這支歌：Explanation:Thespeakerrepeats"thiswillbetheday"toexpresshishopethatthedayoffreedomwouldcome,andhealsohopesthattheaudiencewouldbehopefulandnotgiveuptheirfightforequalrights.Thetranslatorappropriatelyremovestherepeatedsentencetomakethespeechsmootherandmoreappealing.Onthebasisoftheoriginaltext,thetranslatortranslated“thiswillbetheday”as“在自由到來的這一天”,whichfurtherclarifiedtheappealoftheblackpeopleandpointedoutthekeynoteofthespeech.3.1.2LexicalCohesionComparedwithgrammaticalcohesion,lexicalcohesionoccursmorefrequentlyandplaysaleadingroleintheconstructionofdiscoursecoherenceandintegrity.Therearefourtypesoflexicalcohesion:repetition,collocation,andsynonym/antonymandhyponymy/part-wholerelation.Acohesivechainthroughthewholetextbyvocabularychoiceisbridgedandsetsupthetextualcontinuity.3.1.2.1RepetitionRepetitionisthesimplerepeatingofaword,withinasentenceorapoeticalline,withnoparticularplacementofthewords,inordertosecureemphasis.Example:Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegrois…Onehundredyearslater,theNegro...Onehundredyearslater,theNegrois…然而一百年后的今天，我們必須正視黑人還沒有得到自由這一悲慘的事實。一百年后的今天……；一百年后的今天……；一百年后的今天，黑人……Explanation:Inthisparagraph,thephrase“一百年后的今天”and“黑人”appearfourtimeseach.Thisusageemphasizesthethemeofthetextanddeepenstheimpressionofthereaderorlistener.Itclearlydescribesthemiserablelivesoftheblackpeopleandtheirstrongdesireforfreedomandhumanrights.3.1.2.2Synonym/AntonymTherecurrenceofsynonymsreferstotherelationshipbetweenpeople,things,behaviors,states,propertiesandotherdifferentwordswiththesameorsimilarsemantics.Andtheuseofitcanavoidmonotonous,boring,lackofaestheticfeeling,soastoenrichthesemanticcontentofthearticleandenhancetheexpressionofthearticle.Whenantonymsappearinthesamesentenceorinthesamediscourse,theirbasicfunctionistomaketwodifferentlanguagecomponentsformobviouscontrastinmeaning.Todescribeacertainthingorphenomenonfrombothpositiveandnegativeaspects,soastomakethesentenceordiscourseconnectedupanddown.Atthesametime,enhancetheabilityoflanguageexpression,sothatthelistenersorreadersgetacomprehensiveandvividimpression.Examples:(1)…gobacktotheslumsandghettosofournortherncities.回到我們北方城市中的貧民區(qū)和少數(shù)民族居住區(qū)去。(2)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物質(zhì)充裕的海洋中一個窮困的孤島上。Explanation:“Slum”and“ghetto”in(1)bothmeantheplaceinacitywherethepoorpeoplelive.Insteadofcombiningthetwowordsintoone,thetranslatortranslatedtheminto“貧民區(qū)”and“少數(shù)民族居住區(qū)”accordingtotheoriginalmeaningandincombinationwithChineseculture.Byusingsynonyms,thewordingofthearticleisnosingleandcanenhancethespeaker'stone.“物質(zhì)充裕的”and“窮困的”in(2)isapairofantonyms.Bydescribingthepovertyofblackpeopleandtheprosperityofothers,theauthormakesasharpcontrast,whichreflectstheinjusticeofAmericansocietytoblackpeople.Thiscomparisoncanarousetheaudience'semotions,betterachievetheeffectofspeech,andantonymscanalsotiesentencestogether.3.1.2.3Hyponymy/Part-WholeRelationLexicalcohesioncanalsobereflectedbytherelationshipbetweenupperandlowermeaningsamongwords,thatis,themeaningexpressedbyonecomponentbelongstothemeaningscopecontainedbytheothercomponent.Inotherwords,"AequalsoneofB".Thissemanticrelationshipcanbeusedtomakesomewordsappeartogetherorreplaceeachotherandachievecoherenceinthedeepstructureofthetext.Example:ButthereissomethingthatImustsaytomypeople,whostandonthewarmthresholdwhichleadsintothepalaceofjustice：但是對于等候在正義之宮門口的心急如焚的人們，有些話我是必須說的。Explanation:Thetranslatortranslatestheoriginalcompleteparagraphintotwopartstoformitastotal-subtotal.Beginbyexpressinganunderstandingoftheurgencyofchangingtheblackpeople’splight,whilestressingthatthereisstillsomethingtoshare.Thelatterparttellspeopleondifferentaspectsthatwhenfightingforequalityandfreedom,itismostimportanttoremaincalmandtouselegalmeansratherthanviolence.3.1.2.4CollocationManywordstendtoappearinthesamecontext,whichwillhavediscoursecohesion,whichiscalledcollocationcohesion,orlexicalco-occurrence.Inadiscoursearoundatopic,wordsrelatedtothattopictendtobeusedtogetherandinthesamecontext.Undertheconstraintsoftextualsemantics,thesewordsfollowtheprincipleofco-occurrence,andhavethecohesionoflinkingsentencesintotextsandthefunctionofachievingtextualcoherence.Example:Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted…"andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealedandallfleshshallseeittogether."我夢想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降，坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，滿照人間。Explanation:Inthisparagraphoftranslation,thetranslator'stranslationisbothconciseandvivid.Themetaphorusedinthistextistoshowhowdifficultitisforblackpeopletoachievefreedom,andtoexpressthespeaker'svisionofabetterfuture.Thetranslatorkeepstheoriginalmetaphoranduseswordssuchas“幽谷”“高山”“坎坷曲折之路”tomakethewholecontextcomplete.Whenlistenershearoneofthem,theyassociatetheotherwordsmentionedbytheauthor.Therefore,theuseofthesecollocationwordsplaysacertainroleindiscoursecoherence.3.2CoherenceAnalysisIntheirbookcohesioninEnglish,HallidayandHassanbelievethatdiscoursecoherencereferstothefactthatsomesentencesorparagraphsthatconstituteadiscourseallbelongtothesamecontext.Inotherwords,thediscourseisdevelopedaccordingtothesamediscoursescope,modeandtone.Therefore,theanalysisofIhaveadreamfromperspectiveofcoherencefocusonsituationalcontextandculturalcontext.Thewholespeechof"Ihaveadream"isanimpassionedwaytoconveytheblackpeople'sstrongdesireforfreedomandequality.Fromtheperspectiveofsituationalcontext,inordertoachievethedesiredeffectofthespeech,theoriginaltextusesrepeatedtechniquestoexpressfeelingsformanytimes,thusarousingtheresonanceoftheaudience.Thetranslatornotonlyrespectstheoriginaltext,butalsogivesabetterperformanceinthetranslationofsomesentences.Forexample,thetranslatortranslated"onehundredyearslater"into"一百年后的今天",addingtheword"今天"totheor