云南2025自考[工程造價]英語（二）模擬題及答案一、選擇題（共20題，每題1分，計20分）1.Intheconstructionprojectcostcontrol,thebudgetisthebaselineforcomparison.A.estimate;standardB.forecast;referenceC.plan;benchmarkD.allocation;target2.Theprimecostinengineeringeconomicsreferstothedirectexpensesincurredintheproject.A.capital;indirectB.operational;fixedC.material;variableD.labor;administrative3.Whichofthefollowingisacriticalfactorinvalueengineering?A.DesigncomplexityB.ClienttasteC.ContractorreputationD.Regulatorycompliance4.TheEarnedValueManagement(EVM)systemprimarilymeasuresschedulevarianceandcostvariance.A.budgetvariance;qualityvarianceB.timevariance;resourcevarianceC.performancevariance;scopevarianceD.efficiencyvariance;costoverrun5.Abreak-evenanalysishelpsdeterminethepointwhererevenueequalscost.A.loss;expenseB.profit;investmentC.threshold;operationD.surplus;depreciation6.Inconstructionbidding,thelowestbiddoesnotalwaysguaranteecontractawardduetovalueengineering.A.economicfeasibilityB.technicalcomplianceC.legalrequirementsD.riskassessment7.Thecost-pluscontractisoftenusedincomplexprojectswhereriskallocationisuncertain.A.fixed;predictableB.variable;measurableC.flexible;unknownD.lump-sum;quantifiable8.TheTime-CostTrade-offanalysishelpsinoptimizingtheprojecttimelinebybalancingresourceandbudget.A.labor;materialB.equipment;laborC.time;costD.quality;efficiency9.TheParametricestimatingmethodishighlyaccurateforrepetitivetasksinconstruction.A.labor-intensiveprojectsB.specializedinstallationsC.one-timecustomdesignsD.infrastructuredevelopment10.Acostoverrunmayoccurduetoinflation,scopecreep,orpoorplanning.A.budgetallocationB.financialsurplusC.costoptimizationD.riskmitigation11.ThePMBOK(ProjectManagementBodyofKnowledge)isastandardizedframeworkforprojectdelivery.A.linear;sequentialB.iterative;incrementalC.agile;flexibleD.hybrid;adaptive12.Contingencyreservesaresetasideforunforeseenrisksinconstructionprojects.A.plannedexpensesB.unexpectedcostsC.fixedinvestmentsD.routinemaintenance13.TheABCanalysisininventorymanagementprioritizesitemsbasedonvalue.A.quantity;frequencyB.cost;demandC.weight;volumeD.size;durability14.Alump-sumcontractissuitableforwell-definedprojectswithminimalchanges.A.highcomplexityB.frequentrevisionsC.fixedscopeD.longduration15.Sunkcostsshouldnotinfluencecurrentdecisionsinprojectmanagement.A.investment;budgetB.opportunity;costC.operational;efficiencyD.historical;financial16.TheCPM(CriticalPathMethod)identifiesthelongestsequenceoftaskstodetermineprojectduration.A.criticalpathB.paralleltasksC.dummyactivityD.non-criticalpath17.Acost-benefitanalysisevaluatesfinancialreturnsagainstinvestment.A.time;riskB.scope;qualityC.economic;socialD.direct;indirect18.TheWBS(WorkBreakdownStructure)breaksdowntheprojectintomanageablecomponents.A.hierarchical;sequentialB.flat;parallelC.modular;iterativeD.linear;incremental19.Valueengineeringaimstoimprovefunctionalityatreducedcost.A.designefficiencyB.clientsatisfactionC.constructionqualityD.regulatorycompliance20.TheFIDIC(InternationalFederationofConsultingEngineers)contractsarewidelyusedininternationalprojects.A.domestic;short-termB.global;long-termC.regional;fixed-termD.local;temporary二、填空題（共10題，每題1分，計10分）1.Inconstructioncostestimation,theplanningphaseiscrucialforaccurateforecasting.2.The掙值管理(EVM)combinescostandscheduleperformancemetrics.3.Scopecreepoftenleadstocostoverrunsandscheduledelays.4.Parametricestimatingreliesonhistoricaldataandstatisticalmodels.5.Contingencyreservesaccountforunforeseenrisksinprojectmanagement.6.TheWBS(WorkBreakdownStructure)ensuresscopecontrolandresourceallocation.7.Valueengineeringoptimizesdesignefficiencywithoutcompromisingquality.8.Cost-pluscontractsaresuitableforhigh-riskprojectswithundefinedscope.9.TheCPM(CriticalPathMethod)helpsinidentifyingbottlenecksandoptimizingtimelines.10.FIDICcontractsemphasizebalancedriskallocationbetweencontractorsandclients.三、判斷題（共10題，每題1分，計10分）1.Fixed-pricecontractstransferallprojectriskstothecontractor.(×)2.Parametricestimatingislessaccuratethanbottom-upestimatingforcomplexprojects.(√)3.Sunkcostsshouldbeconsideredinlong-termdecision-making.(×)4.Scopecreepisapositiveoutcomeinprojectmanagement.(×)5.EVM(EarnedValueManagement)isprimarilyusedforcostcontrol.(√)6.FIDICcontractsareonlyapplicabletointernationalprojects.(×)7.Contingencyreservesaremandatoryforallconstructionprojects.(√)8.Valueengineeringeliminatesalldesigncostswithoutreducingfunctionality.(×)9.CPM(CriticalPathMethod)isidenticaltoPDM(PrecedenceDiagrammingMethod).(×)10.Cost-pluscontractsincentivizecontractorstominimizeprojectcosts.(×)四、簡答題（共3題，每題5分，計15分）1.Explainthekeydifferencesbetweenfixed-priceandcost-pluscontractsinconstructionprojects.-Fixed-pricecontracts:Thecontractorbearsfullrisk,andpaymentisbasedonagreed-uponrates.Suitableforwell-definedscopes.-Cost-pluscontracts:Thecontractorisreimbursedactualcostsplusafee,transferringriskstotheclient.Idealforhigh-riskorcomplexprojects.2.DescribethepurposeofaWorkBreakdownStructure(WBS)inprojectmanagement.-WBSdecomposestheprojectintomanageabletasks,ensuringscopeclarity,resourceallocation,andcostcontrol.Itpreventsscopecreepbydefiningdeliverablesanddependencies.3.WhataretheprimarycomponentsofEarnedValueManagement(EVM)?-PV(PlannedValue):Budgetedcostforworkscheduled.-EV(EarnedValue):Budgetedcostforworkcompleted.-AC(ActualCost):Actualcostofworkperformed.-Variance(CV&SV):DifferencebetweenEVandAC,orPVandEV.五、論述題（1題，15分）Discusstheroleofvalueengineeringinoptimizingconstructionprojectcosts.-Valueengineeringsystematicallyanalyzesdesigntoimprovefunctionalityatreducedcost.Itidentifiesnon-value-addingelements(e.g.,excessivematerialusage,redundantlabor)andreplacesthemwithcost-effectivealternativeswithoutcompromisingquality.-Benefits:-Costsavings(e.g.,5–15%reductioninprojectcosts).-Improvedefficiency(optimizedresourceallocation).-Regulatorycompliance(ensuringsafetyandstandards).-Challenges:Requirescross-functionalcollaboration(architects,engineers,contractors)andclientbuy-in.Successfulimplementationhingesonearlyinvolvementinthedesignphase.答案及解析一、選擇題答案1.C,2.C,3.A,4.C,5.B,6.B,7.C,8.C,9.A,10.B,11.D,12.B,13.B,14.C,15.B,16.A,17.C,18.A,19.A,20.B二、填空題答案1.estimation;forecasting2.cost;schedule3.creep;overruns;delays4.data;models5.risks6.control;allocation7.efficiency;quality8.risk;undefined9.bottlenecks;timelines10.allocation;contractors三、判斷題答案1.×,2.√,3.×,4.×,5.√,6.×,7.√,8.×,9.×,10.×四、簡答題解析1.Fixedvs.Cost-PlusContracts:-Fixed-price:Contractorbearsrisk;paymentispredefined.-Cost-plus:Clientcoversactualcosts+fee;contractorbearsminimalrisk.2.WBSPurpose:-Decomposesprojectintotasks,ensuresscopeclarity,andresourcea