數(shù)字化資源（雙語）Chapter11ProjectmanagementTerminologyandConcepts1、ParetoAnalysis帕累托原則 TheParetoAnalysisoriginatedin1897,proposedbytheItalianeconomistVilfredoPareto.Hediscoveredthe"80/20rule"whilestudyingthedistributionofwealthinsociety,where80%ofthewealthwasheldby20%ofthepopulation.Thisprinciplerevealsthatthereisoftenanimbalancebetweeninputsandoutputs,effortandreward,andcauseandeffect.ThecoreapplicationoftheParetoPrincipleistousestatisticalmethodstoidentifythekey20%.TheParetochartisanefficienttoolforapplyingtheParetoPrinciple.AParetochart,alsoknownasaParetodiagramorbarchart,isagraphicalmethodthatcategorizescollecteddatabyspecificcategoriestoidentifythemostsignificantcauses,conditions,orunknowns.2、FishDiagram魚骨圖TheFishDiagram(alsoknownastheIshikawaDiagramorCause-and-EffectDiagram)wasintroducedbytheJapanesequalitymanagementexpertKaoruIshikawa.Itwasinitiallyusedinqualitymanagementasamethodtodiscoverthe"rootcause"ofproblems.Thenatureofaproblemisusuallyinfluencedbyvariousfactors.Theproblemcharacteristicoroutcomeisdefinedasthe"effect,"representedbythefishhead,whileallthefactorsthatcontributetothisresultaredefinedasthe"causes,"whichareconnectedtothefishheadthatformsthe"effect."Typically,thesefactorsareidentifiedthroughbrainstormingandorganizedintoaclear,hierarchical,andwell-structureddiagramthathighlightsthesignificantfactors,resemblingafishbone,hencethenameFishboneDiagram.Itisamethodthathelpstouncovertheunderlyingessencebehindaphenomenon,whichiswhyitisalsocalledtheCause-and-EffectDiagram.3、5M1E人機(jī)料法環(huán)測Thetypicalfactorsthatformthefishbonediagramareexpandedfromsixmajorelements:Man,Machine,Material,Method,Management/Measurement,andEnvironment.BecausethefirstlettersoftheseelementsinEnglishareMandE,thisisoftenabbreviatedas5M1E.Man/Manpower:Theoperator'sunderstandingofthetask,skilllevel,physicalcondition,etc.Machine:Theaccuracyandmaintenanceconditionofmachines,equipment,andtools.Material:Thecomposition,physicalproperties,andchemicalpropertiesofmaterials.Method:Thisincludestheprocessingtechnology,toolingselection,andoperatingprocedures.Measurement/Management:Whetherthemethodsusedduringmeasurementarestandardandcorrect;additionally,someapplicationsfocusonmanagementaspects,suchasthestandardizationandrationalityofmanagementsystems,etc.Environment:Theworkingenvironment'stemperature,humidity,lighting,andcleanlinessconditions.4、GanttChart甘特圖TheGanttChartisatoolfordescribingthetimeprogressofaproject.Itisrepresentedasabarchartusedtodisplaytheprogressofaproject,itsschedule,andtherelationshipofdifferentsystemdevelopmentsovertime.ItwasintroducedbyHenryLaurenceGanttin1910.InaGanttChart,thehorizontalaxisisthetimeline,whiletheverticalaxisrepresentsthevarioussubdividedtasksoftheproject.Inprojectmanagement,theGanttChartshowsthestartandendofeachtask,projectphases(milestones),orthedependenciesbetweentasks.TheGanttChartprovidesavisualoverviewoftheprogressofvarioussub-taskswithintheproject.5、PERTChart計(jì)劃評審關(guān)系圖ThePERTChart(ProgramEvaluationReviewTechniqueChart)isaprojectmanagementtoolusedtoschedule,organize,andcoordinatetaskswithinaproject.Itisagraphicalrepresentationthatoutlinesthesequenceoftasks,theirdependencies,andthetimerequiredtocompleteeachtask.ThePERTCharthelpsinidentifyingthecriticalpath—thelongestsequenceoftasksthatdeterminestheminimumprojectduration.ItwasdevelopedbytheU.S.Navyinthe1950sformanagingthePolarissubmarinemissileprogramandhassincebeenwidelyusedinvariousindustriesforprojectmanagement.6、CriticalPath關(guān)鍵路徑TheCriticalPathisatermusedinprojectmanagementtodescribethelongestsequenceoftasksthatmustbecompletedontimefortheentireprojecttobefinishedbyitsdeadline.Itrepresentsthechainofdependenttaskswhereanydelayinonetaskwillcauseadelayintheentireproject.Thecriticalpathdeterminestheshortestpossibleprojectduration,andtasksonthispatharecriticaltotheproject’stimelycompletion.Identifyingthecriticalpathallowsprojectmanagerstoprioritizeresourcesandmonitorprogresscloselytoavoiddelays.ProjectProgressManagement(項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程管理) Acoreaspectofengineeringeconomicsthatinvolvesplanning,executing,monitoring,andcontrollingthevariousstagesofaproject'slifecycle.Itsprimarygoalistoensuretheprojectiscompletedontime,withinbudget,andmeetsqualityexpectations.CriticaltoQuality(CTQ,關(guān)鍵質(zhì)量要素):Keyattributesthataremostimportanttothecustomer.TheseareidentifiedduringtheDefinephaseandserveasbenchmarksforevaluatingprocessimprovements.DesignofExperiments(DOE,實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)):AstatisticalmethodusedduringtheImprovephasetosystematicallytestvarioussolutionsanddeterminetheoptimalsettingsforprocessimprovements.10、DMAICDMAIC(Define,Measure,Analyze,Improve,Control)isadata-drivenprocessimprovementandmanagementsystemcommonlyusedinSixSigmamethodologies.Itconsistsoffivephases:Define:Identifytheproblemorprocessthatneedsimprovement,defineprojectgoals,andcustomer(internalandexternal)requirements.Measure:Collectdataonthecurrentprocesstoestablishbaselines,quantifytheproblem,andmeasurekeyaspectsofthecurrentprocess.Analyze:Examinethedatatoidentifyther