八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詳解及測(cè)試題親愛(ài)的同學(xué)們，八年級(jí)是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)承上啟下的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握程度直接影響到你們后續(xù)的聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫能力。本篇將對(duì)八年級(jí)階段核心語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)進(jìn)行梳理與詳解，并輔以針對(duì)性測(cè)試，希望能幫助大家夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，穩(wěn)步提升。一、詞法基礎(chǔ)1.1名詞(Nouns)名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的詞。*分類：*專有名詞：表示特定的人、地方或事物，首字母需大寫，如Tom,Beijing,theGreatWall。*普通名詞：表示一類人或事物的總稱?？蛇M(jìn)一步分為可數(shù)名詞（CountableNouns）和不可數(shù)名詞（UncountableNouns）。*數(shù)：*可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)則需重點(diǎn)掌握，如直接加-s(books),以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾加-es(boxes,watches),以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加-es(families),以及一些不規(guī)則變化(men,children,mice)。*不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示數(shù)量時(shí)需借助量詞，如acupofwater,twopiecesofbread。*格：*名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系。單數(shù)名詞后加’s(Tom’sbook)，以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加’(theteachers’office)，不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s(children’stoys)。示例：*Mymotherboughttwobooksyesterday.(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))*Thereissomemilkintheglass.(不可數(shù)名詞)*ThisisLily'spencil.(名詞所有格)1.2代詞(Pronouns)代詞用來(lái)代替名詞或名詞詞組，避免重復(fù)。*人稱代詞：主格(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they)和賓格(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them)。主格作主語(yǔ)，賓格作賓語(yǔ)。*物主代詞：形容詞性物主代詞(my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their)后接名詞；名詞性物主代詞(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs)相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”。*反身代詞：(myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves)表示“某人自己”，常作賓語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。*指示代詞：(this,that,these,those)用于指代近處或遠(yuǎn)處的人或事物。*疑問(wèn)代詞：(who,whom,whose,what,which)用于引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句。示例：*Sheisastudent.HerfavoritesubjectisEnglish.Thebookishers.(人稱代詞主格，形容詞性物主代詞，名詞性物主代詞)*HeoftenteacheshimselfEnglish.(反身代詞)*Whatisthis?(疑問(wèn)代詞，指示代詞)1.3形容詞(Adjectives)與副詞(Adverbs)*形容詞：用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。通常放在名詞前，系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)。*比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)：規(guī)則變化(tall-taller-tallest;happy-happier-happiest)和不規(guī)則變化(good/well-better-best;bad/badly-worse-worst)。*副詞：用以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或全句，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度等。*許多副詞由形容詞加-ly構(gòu)成(quick-quickly)。*部分副詞有特殊形式(fast-fast;hard-hard)。*副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化規(guī)則與形容詞類似。示例：*Sheisahappygirl.Shesingshappily.(形容詞，副詞)*Thisstoryismoreinterestingthanthatone.It’sthemostinterestingstoryI’veeverheard.(形容詞比較級(jí)，最高級(jí))*Herunsfasterthanme.Herunsthefastestinhisclass.(副詞比較級(jí)，最高級(jí))1.4動(dòng)詞(Verbs)動(dòng)詞是句子的核心，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can,may,must,should,would,will,need等，表示能力、許可、推測(cè)、義務(wù)等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。*實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：表示具體動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可分為及物動(dòng)詞(后需接賓語(yǔ))和不及物動(dòng)詞(后不接賓語(yǔ))。示例：*Theflowerssmellsweet.(系動(dòng)詞)*Youmustfinishyourhomeworkontime.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)*Shereadsbookseveryday.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞)*Thesunrisesintheeast.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，不及物動(dòng)詞)1.5介詞(Prepositions)介詞用于名詞或代詞前，表示該詞與句中其他成分的關(guān)系。常用介詞如in,on,at,under,behind,beside,between,from,to,for,with,about,by等。*時(shí)間介詞：at(具體時(shí)刻),in(年、月、季節(jié)、上午/下午/晚上),on(具體日期、星期幾)。*地點(diǎn)介詞：in(大地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)部),on(表面),at(小地點(diǎn)、門口等)。示例：*Wehaveclassateighto'clockinthemorningonMonday.(時(shí)間介詞)*Thecatisunderthetable.(地點(diǎn)介詞)*Igotoschoolbybike.(方式介詞)二、時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)2.1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(SimplePresentTense)*構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形(第三人稱單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后加-s/-es)。*用法：*表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。*表示客觀事實(shí)或真理。*標(biāo)志詞：often,usually,always,sometimes,everyday/week/month/year,never,seldom等。示例：*Igotoschooleveryday.*Helikesplayingfootball.*Theearthgoesaroundthesun.2.2一般過(guò)去時(shí)(SimplePastTense)*構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。*用法：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。*標(biāo)志詞：yesterday,lastweek/month/year,...ago,justnow,in2020(過(guò)去的時(shí)間)等。*動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式：規(guī)則變化(加-ed)和不規(guī)則變化(需記憶，如go-went,eat-ate)。示例：*Iwenttotheparkyesterday.*ShewatchedTVlastnight.*Theywerehappytoseeus.2.3一般將來(lái)時(shí)(SimpleFutureTense)*構(gòu)成：*will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形(shall用于第一人稱，現(xiàn)多與will通用)。*begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形(表示計(jì)劃、打算或有跡象要發(fā)生的事)。*用法：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。*標(biāo)志詞：tomorrow,nextweek/month/year,soon,inthefuture,thisafternoon/evening等。示例：*Iwill/shallgotoBeijingnextsummer.*Sheisgoingtobuyanewdress.*Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow.2.4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(PresentContinuousTense)*構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(V-ing)。*用法：表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。*標(biāo)志詞：now,look,listen,atthemoment等。示例：*Look!Theyareplayingbasketball.*Iamreadingabooknow.*SheisstudyingEnglishthesedays.2.5過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(PastContinuousTense)*構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+was/were+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(V-ing)。*用法：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用，或與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。示例：*Iwasdoingmyhomeworkateightlastnight.*Whenhecamein,shewasreadinganewspaper.2.6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(PresentPerfectTense)*構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(V-ed)。*用法：*表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。*表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與for,since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。*標(biāo)志詞：already,yet,just,ever,never,sofar,uptonow,for+時(shí)間段,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句。示例：*Ihavefinishedmyhomework.NowIcanwatchTV.(影響/結(jié)果)*Hehaslivedhereforfiveyears/since2018.(持續(xù)動(dòng)作)*HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?三、句法入門3.1句子的基本成分句子一般由主語(yǔ)(Subject)、謂語(yǔ)(Predicate)、賓語(yǔ)(Object)、表語(yǔ)(Predicative)、定語(yǔ)(Attribute)、狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial)等成分構(gòu)成。*主語(yǔ)：句子所要說(shuō)明的人或事物，通常由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞組充當(dāng)。*謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，通常由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。*賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，通常位于及物動(dòng)詞后，由名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。*表語(yǔ)：位于系動(dòng)詞后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或狀態(tài)，通常由形容詞、名詞、代詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。示例：*She(主語(yǔ))reads(謂語(yǔ))books(賓語(yǔ))everyday.*This(主語(yǔ))is(系動(dòng)詞)aredapple(表語(yǔ)).*Thetallboy(主語(yǔ)，其中tall是定語(yǔ))runsfast(謂語(yǔ)，其中fast是狀語(yǔ)).3.2基本句型*主謂(S+V)*主謂賓(S+V+O)*主系表(S+LinkingV+P)*主謂雙賓(S+V+IO+DO)(間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ))*主謂賓賓補(bǔ)(S+V+O+OC)(賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))示例：*Birdssing.(主謂)*Heboughtapen.(主謂賓)*Theyarestudents.(主系表)*Mymothergavemeagift.(主謂雙賓)*WecallhimTom.(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))3.3陳述句(DeclarativeSentences)、疑問(wèn)句(InterrogativeSentences)、祈使句(ImperativeSentences)、感嘆句(ExclamatorySentences)*陳述句：陳述事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)，句末用句號(hào)。分為肯定句和否定句。*疑問(wèn)句：提出問(wèn)題，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。分為一般疑問(wèn)句(用yes/no回答)、特殊疑問(wèn)句(用疑問(wèn)詞what,who,how等引導(dǎo))、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。*祈使句：表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議等，通常省略主語(yǔ)you，動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭。*感嘆句：表示強(qiáng)烈的感情，如喜悅、憤怒、驚訝等。常用How或What引導(dǎo)，句末用感嘆號(hào)。How修飾形容詞或副詞，What修飾名詞。示例：*Heisateacher.(陳述句，肯定)*Heisnotateacher.(陳述句，否定)*Isheateacher?(一般疑問(wèn)句)*Whatdoeshedo?(特殊疑問(wèn)句)*Openthedoor,please.(祈使句)*Howbeautifulthefloweris!/Whatabeautifulflower(itis)!(感嘆句)四、八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法測(cè)試題I.單項(xiàng)選擇(共15小題，每小題1分)從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1.Myfatherusuallyreadsnewspapers______themorning.A.onB.inC.atD.for2.—WhereisLucy?—She______intheclassroom.Isawhertherejustnow.A.mustbeB.canbeC.can’tbeD.mustn’tbe3.He______toBeijingthreetimes.A.goesB.wentC.hasgoneD.hasbeen4.Listen!Someone______inthenextroom.A.singB.singsC.issingingD.sang5.Thisstoryis______thanthatone.Ilikeitbetter.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.mostinterestingD.themostinteresting6.Mybrotheroften______footballwithhisfriendsafterschool.A.playB.playsC.playedD.isplaying7.—______Iborrowyourdictionary?—Sure,hereyouare.A.MustB.ShouldC.MayD.Need8.We______dinnerwhenthephonerang.A.haveB.hadC.arehavingD.werehaving9.There______afootballmatchonTVthisevening.Let’swatchit.A.isgoingtobeB.wasC.willhaveD.are10.Sheisagoodstudent.She______lateforschool.A.alwaysisB.isalwaysC.neverisD.isnever11.Couldyoupleasetellme______thenearestpostofficeis?A.whatB.howC.whereD.when12.Ihavetwosisters.______ofthemareteachers.A.BothB.AllC.EitherD.Neither13.Hedidn’tgotoschoolyesterday______hewasill.A.soB.becauseC.butD.and14.______beautifulparkitis!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.HowaA.nottospendB.tonotspendC.don’tspendD.notspendII.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空(共10小題，每小題1分)16.Thisismybook.______(you)isonthedesk.17.Myfatherusuallygoestoworkbybike,butsometimeshe______(drive)hiscar.18.Look!Thechildren______(play)happilyinthepark.19.I______(see)himinthestreetyesterdayafternoon.20.Hehasbeeninthiscitysincehe______(be)born.21.Thankyoufor_