信息技術(shù)專業(yè)英語（路慶云）全套可編輯PPT幻燈片課件第一章信息技術(shù)專業(yè)英語EnglishforInformationTechnologyChapter1.HistoryandDevelopmentPassageA.ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnology

1.Leadin2.PassageA (Text,WordsandPhrases,Notes,ChineseVersion)3.Exercises (Exercise1,Exercise2,Exercise3,

Exercise4,Exercise5,Exercise6)PassageB.AShortHistoryoftheComputer

1.GuidedReading2.PassageB (Text,WordsandPhrases,Notes,ChineseVersion)Leadin

Inscription:

Aninscriptioniswritingcarvedintosomethingthatismadeofstoneormetal.Movable

type:

Movabletypeisasystemofprintingandtypography,whichusesmovablecomponentstoreproducetheelementsofadocument(usuallyindividuallettersorpunctuation).

Postagestamp:

Apostagestampisasmallpieceofpaperthatispurchasedanddisplayedonaletterasevidenceofpaymentofpostage.Thefirststamp,thepennyblack,becameavailableforpurchaseonMay1,1840.Telegraph:

Telegraphistheapparatusorprocessforlongdistancetransmissionoftextualmessagewithoutthephysicalexchangeofanobjectbearingthemessage.

Telephone:

Atelephoneisthetelecommunicationsdevicethatpermitstwoormoreuserstoconductaconversationwhentheyaretoofaraparttobehearddirectly.Cellphone:

Acellphone(alsoknownasacellularphone,mobilephone,handphone,orsimplyaphone)isadevicethatcanmakeandreceivecallsoveraradiolinkwhilemovingaroundawidegeographicarea.Smartphone:

Asmartphoneisamobilephonewithanadvancedmobileoperatingsystemthatcombinesfeaturesofapersonalcomputeroperatingsystemwithotherfeaturesusefulformobileorhand-helduse.ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyThehistory

ofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewaythatpeoplehavelearnedtomanipulatecommunicationtechnology.Fromletterstophonecallstoemail,basiccommunicationmethodshaveconsistentlyprogressedtothecomplexsystemswehavetoday.Ashumanscontinuetobecomemoredependentontechnologicalcommunication,suchimprovementswillbemadecontinuously.Nowadays,communicationtechnologyhasessentiallymadeinteractioninstantaneous,inexpensiveandconcise.

ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyEarlyFormsTheearliestformsofnonverbalcommunicationsarebelievedtobetheinscriptionsdepicteduponandfoundamongcavewallsthroughouttheworld.WithintheChauvetCaveinsouthernFrancein1994,forexample,archeologistsfounddrawingsthatdateback30,000to37,000yearsagoaccordingtotheMetropolitanMuseumofArt.Althoughveryprimitivecomparedtotoday’sstandards,suchwallwritingsareconsideredthefirsttechnologicaladvanceincommunications.

ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyPrintingBreakthroughAfterGermangoldsmithJohannesGutenberginventedmechanicalmovabletypein1454,printingcommunicationbecamemuchcheaperandquickertomassproduction.Gutenberg’sinventionallowednewspapersandothersortsofliteraturetobecomereadilyavailabletothepublic.Suchcommunicationsbegantricklingdowntoallclassesofsociety,allowingvariouskindsofinformationtobemoreeasilyexchangedthroughwriting.

ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyGlobalCommunicationEvenafterthemodernizedprintingpresswasdeveloped,peoplewhomovedtonewareasofAmericaandtherestoftheworldwerefacedwiththeproblemofglobalcommunication.Lettersbeingcarriedbetweentravelingfriendswastheearliestformoflongdistancecommunication.Asfarbackastheearly1800s,lettersweredeliveredbymessengers.By1837,aBritishschoolteachernamedRowlandHillcameupwiththeideaofpostagestamps,andthisgavebirthtothepostalsystem.Nowadays,youngergenerationstendtobelessfamiliarwiththeactofwritingaletter.However,manybusinessesandprivatecitizensstilluseitasamoreformalmeansofcommunication.ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyTelecommunications

AfterthetelegraphwasinventedbySamuelMorsein1838,otherscontinuedtoexperimentwithelectromagnetsandtheirpotentialintelecommunicationdevices.AlexanderGrahamBell’sinventionofthetelephonein1876revolutionizedglobalcommunication.ThefirstphoneconversationexchangewassetupinConnecticutin1878;sixyearslaterlongdistancecommunicationwasestablishedbetweenBostonandNewYork.Overthenextcentury,thetelecommunicationsystemswouldevolveintotranscontinentallines,datalinesandthemoderncellphone.ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyTheWirelessAgeIn1983,asstatedbyBestBuyMobile,MartinCooperwascreditedwithdevelopingthefirstcommercialcellphone.AccordingtoTime,thesmartphone—firstintroducedbyPhilipsin1997—wasthefirsttelephonicdevicetoutilizeemailandInternetaccess.Cellphoneshavecontinuedtoevolveintosmallerandmorepowerfuldevices;someareessentiallysmallcomputers.iOSandAndroidnowprovideuserswithamyriadofPersonalInformationManagementtools.ThecombinationofInternetaccess,texting,email,mapsandevenmobilebankingarepracticallyconsideredthenormasphonescontinuetoevolve.

ABriefHistoryofCommunicationTechnologyHumansarenaturallyverysocialbeingsandthewaywecommunicateisavitalaspectofourlives.Althoughcommunicatingoverlongdistancesissomethingthatpeopleoncestruggledwith,thankstorecentadvancesintechnology,itismucheasierforustoday.Whereweoncereliedonsmokesignalsandevencarrierpigeons,wehavemanymoreoptionsnow.Withnewtechnologyweareabletocommunicateacrosstheglobeandevenintospace.1.entwine[?n'twa?n]v.（使）纏繞；（使）盤繞2.manipulate[m?'n?pjule?t]v.操作；使用；擺布3.

technological[?tekn?'l?d??kl]adj.技術(shù)的；科技的；工藝的4.instantaneous[??nst?n'te?ni?s]adj.瞬間的；即刻的5.concise[k?n'sa?s]adj.簡潔的；簡明的6.communications[k?mju:n?'ke??(?)nz]n.（尤指依靠電或無線電波的）通信系統(tǒng)；通信7.nonverbal[?n?n'v?:bl]adj.非言語的8.inscription[?n'skr?p?n]n.刻印文字；銘文；碑文；題詞9.depict[d?'p?kt]v.描繪；描畫10.archeologist[?ɑ:ki'?l?d??st]n.考古學(xué)家11.primitive['pr?m?t?v]adj.落后的；原始的；簡單的；粗糙的n.原始人；早期的藝術(shù)家（作品）12.mechanical[m?'k?n?kl]adj.機(jī)械（學(xué)）的；呆板的13.trickle['tr?kl]v.滴；淌；細(xì)流n.滴；涓流；細(xì)流14.exchange[?ks't?e?nd?]v.交換；兌換

n.交換；交易（所）；兌換（率）15.messenger['mes?nd??(r)]n.通信員；信使16.postage['p??st?d?]n.郵費(fèi)；郵資17.comeupwith

提出；想出；追趕上18.givebirthto

生育；引起；產(chǎn)生19.telecommunications[?telik??mju:n?'ke??nz]

n.電信；電信技術(shù)20.telegraph['tel?grɑ:f]

n.電報(bào)（指通信系統(tǒng)）；電報(bào)機(jī)

v.給…發(fā)電報(bào)；用電報(bào)發(fā)送（信息）21.experiment[?k'sper?m?nt]v.做實(shí)驗(yàn)；嘗試

n.實(shí)驗(yàn)；試驗(yàn)；嘗試22.electromagnet[?'lektr??m?gn?t]

n.電磁體；電磁鐵23.revolutionize[?rev?'lu:??na?z]

v.使發(fā)生巨大變革；給…帶來革命性劇變24.transcontinental[?tr?nz?k?nt?'nentl]

adj.橫貫大陸的；（美語中通常指）橫穿美國的25.wireless['wa??l?s]

adj.無線的；用無線電波傳送的

n.無線電；無線電收發(fā)系統(tǒng)

26.telephonic[?tel?'f?n?k]

adj.電話的；用電話傳送的27.amyriadof

無數(shù)的；各式各樣的28.norm[n?:m]

n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；行為準(zhǔn)則；規(guī)范；常規(guī)

BestBuy

BestBuyCo.,Inc.isanAmericanmultinationalconsumerelectronicscorporationheadquarteredinRichfield,Minnesota,aMinneapolissuburb.ItoperatesintheUnitedStates,Mexico,CanadaandChina.ThecompanywasfoundedbyRichardM.SchulzeandGarySmoliakin1966asanaudiospecialtystore.In1983,itwasrenamedandrebrandedwithmoreemphasisplacedonconsumerelectronics.

百思買

美國的百思買集團(tuán)是一家跨國家用電器和電子產(chǎn)品零售集團(tuán)，它的總部坐落于明尼蘇達(dá)州明尼阿波利斯市郊區(qū)的里奇菲爾德。百思買的零售業(yè)分布于美國、墨西哥、加拿大和中國。公司最初是作為一家音像專營店于1966年由RichardM.Schulze和GarySmoliak創(chuàng)立的。1983年更名為百思買，并將業(yè)務(wù)重心轉(zhuǎn)為家用電器和電子產(chǎn)品。

2.iOSiOS(originallyiPhoneOS)isamobileoperatingsystemcreatedanddevelopedbyAppleInc.anddistributedexclusivelyforApplehardware.Itistheoperatingsystemthatpresentlypowersmanyofthecompany’smobiledevices,includingtheiPhone,iPad,andiPodtouch.iOS（最初為iPhoneOS）是一款由蘋果公司研制開發(fā)的可移動(dòng)操作系統(tǒng)，并且為蘋果硬件獨(dú)家分銷。這款操作系統(tǒng)正在為公司許多移動(dòng)設(shè)備提供動(dòng)力，包括蘋果手機(jī)、蘋果平板電腦和iPodtouch（蘋果公司推出的一種大容量MP3播放器）。

3.AndroidAndroidisamobileoperatingsystem(OS)basedontheLinuxkernelandcurrentlydevelopedbyGoogle.Withauserinterfacebasedondirectmanipulation,Androidisdesignedprimarilyfortouchscreenmobiledevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers,withspecializeduserinterfacesfortelevisions(AndroidTV),cars(AndroidAuto),andwristwatches(AndroidWear).

安卓是基于Linux內(nèi)核工作原理的一種手機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)，目前由谷歌研究開發(fā)。安卓系統(tǒng)直觀操作的用戶界面主要用于智能手機(jī)和平板電腦等觸屏移動(dòng)設(shè)備，其專業(yè)用戶界面用于電視機(jī)（安卓電視機(jī)）、汽車（安卓汽車系統(tǒng)）以及手表（安卓手表）。通信技術(shù)簡史

伴隨著人類文明的進(jìn)步，通信技術(shù)也在不斷發(fā)展。從寫信到打電話，再到發(fā)電子郵件，簡單的通信方式已逐漸發(fā)展成為我們今天所擁有的復(fù)雜體系。由于人們對(duì)通信技術(shù)的依賴越來越強(qiáng)，通信技術(shù)本身也將不斷完善?，F(xiàn)如今，通信技術(shù)已從本質(zhì)上使溝通變?yōu)橐患查g完成、費(fèi)用低廉且過程簡潔的事情。通信技術(shù)簡史早期形式遍布世界各地的洞穴壁上雕刻的圖形文字被認(rèn)為是非言語交流的最初形式。例如，據(jù)紐約大都會(huì)藝術(shù)博物館所說，考古學(xué)家于1994年在法國南部的肖維巖洞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的圖樣距今已有30000至37000年之久。盡管與現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比十分落后，但這樣的壁刻仍被認(rèn)為是通信領(lǐng)域中最早的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。通信技術(shù)簡史印刷突破1454年，德國金匠約翰內(nèi)斯·古登堡發(fā)明了機(jī)械活字印刷術(shù)，此后，大批量生產(chǎn)使印刷傳播變得非常便宜且快速。古登堡這一發(fā)明使人們可以輕而易舉地接觸到報(bào)紙和其他種類的文學(xué)作品。這樣的通信開始向社會(huì)各階層滲透，用文字進(jìn)行各種各樣的信息交流變得更加容易。通信技術(shù)簡史全球通信即便在現(xiàn)代印刷術(shù)被發(fā)明之后，前往美國新地區(qū)以及世界其他地方的人們?nèi)砸鎸?duì)全球通信這一問題。友人之間的書信往來是遠(yuǎn)程通信的最初形式。早在19世紀(jì)初期，書信由信使進(jìn)行傳遞。1837年，英國教師羅蘭·希爾提出郵票這一概念，從而產(chǎn)生了郵政系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)如今，年輕人對(duì)寫信這種通信方式感到越來越陌生了。然而，許多商人和民眾仍把寫信作為一種更加正規(guī)的交流方式。通信技術(shù)簡史電信1838年，塞繆爾·莫爾斯發(fā)明了電報(bào)。此后，人們繼續(xù)探究電磁體及其在電信設(shè)備中的運(yùn)用。1876年，亞歷山大·格雷厄姆·貝爾發(fā)明了電話，使全球通信發(fā)生巨大變革。1878年，美國在康涅狄格開通了世界上第一部電話總機(jī)（也稱交換機(jī)）；六年后，波士頓和紐約之間可以進(jìn)行長途通信。在接下來的一個(gè)世紀(jì)，電信系統(tǒng)逐步開發(fā)出跨國線路、數(shù)據(jù)線路以及現(xiàn)在的手機(jī)。通信技術(shù)簡史無線時(shí)代據(jù)百思買移動(dòng)所說，世界上第一臺(tái)商業(yè)手機(jī)是由馬丁·庫珀在1983年開發(fā)出來的?！稌r(shí)代》周刊上寫道，1997年由飛利浦最先推出的智能手機(jī)是第一臺(tái)能夠發(fā)電子郵件并且可以連接因特網(wǎng)的電話設(shè)備。手機(jī)的外形越來越小巧，功能卻愈發(fā)強(qiáng)大，部分手機(jī)實(shí)質(zhì)上就是小型計(jì)算機(jī)?，F(xiàn)在，iOS（蘋果操作系統(tǒng)）和安卓為客戶提供了許多個(gè)人信息管理工具。集網(wǎng)絡(luò)、信息、電子郵件、地圖，甚至移動(dòng)銀行于一身可以說是手機(jī)繼續(xù)發(fā)展完善的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。通信技術(shù)簡史

人類具有社交天性，通信已成為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪胁豢苫蛉钡囊徊糠?。曾一度給我們帶來很大困擾的遠(yuǎn)程通信，現(xiàn)如今變得簡單得多，而這一切都要?dú)w功于新科技進(jìn)步。現(xiàn)在，我們有了更多的選擇，不會(huì)再依賴煙霧信號(hào)甚至飛鴿傳書。擁有新科技，我們可以全球通信，甚至進(jìn)入太空。

Humansarenotdependentontechnologicalcommunicationasmuchastheywerebefore.()2)Lettersweretheearliestformofnonverbalcommunications.()3)ArcheologistsfoundinscriptionsdepicteduponthewallswithintheChauvetCavein1994.()1.ArethefollowingstatementsTrueorFalseaccordingtothepassage?WriteT/Faccordingly.FFT

4)MechanicalmovabletypewasinventedbyJohannesGutenberg,aGermanblacksmithin1454.()5)RowlandHill’sideaofpostagestampsmadepostalsystemcomeintobeing.()6)Youngpeoplenowadayslikewritingalettersinceitisamoreformalmeansofcommunication.()FT

F

7)Theinventionofthetelegraphwastheinspirationforfurtheradvancesincommunicationtechnology.()8)AccordingtoTime,MartinCooperwascreditedwithdevelopingthefirstcommercialcellphone.()9)Cellphonesareessentiallysmallcomputers.()10)Communicatingoverlongdistancesissomethingthatpeoplearestrugglingwith.()T

FFF

2.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordsorexpressionsgivenbelow,changingtheformifnecessary.concisenonverbalcomeupwithexchangenormwirelessmechanicaltricklerevolutionizegivebirthtoThediscoveryofthenewdrug________________thetreatmentofmanydiseases.2)Ihopeyoucan____________abetterplanthanthis.3)__________communicationforclassroomteachingalsoarousestheinterestofscholars.comeupwithNonverbalhasrevolutionizedconcisenonverbalcomeupwithexchangenormwirelessmechanicaltricklerevolutionizegivebirthto4)Thecompanyundertakes__________workonalltypesofcars.5)Everyoneshouldabidebyoursocial__________.6)Thefemalesmigratenortheverysummerto____________theiroffspring.7)Therehavebeennumerous__________ofviewsbetweenthetwogovernments.mechanicalnormsgivebirthtoexchangesconcisenonverbalcomeupwithexchangenormwirelessmechanicaltricklerevolutionizegivebirthto8)Blood__________slowlydownhischeek.9)Whateveryouarewriting,makesureyouareclear,__________andaccurate.10)Therearealotof__________linksinaradio.trickledconcisewireless

3.Completethefollowingwordsaccordingtothemeaningsgivenbelow.Thefirstletterofeachwordwillgiveyousomehints.1)e_______________asystemofsendingwrittenmessageselectronicallyfromonecomputertoanother2)t__________asystemofsendingmessagesoverlongdistances,eitherbymeansofelectricityorbyradiosignalsmailelegraph3)c________________thesystemsandprocessesthatareusedtobroadcastinformation,especiallybymeansofelectricityorradiowaves4)t_________________thetechnologyofsendingsignalsandmessagesoverlongdistancesusingelectronicequipment5)d_________________anobjectthathasbeeninventedforaparticularpurposeommunicationselecommunicationsevice6)e____________amagnetthatconsistsofapieceofironorsteelsurroundedbyacoil7)t____________theelectricalsystemofcommunicationthatyouusetotalkdirectlytosomeoneelseinadifferentplace8)w___________asystembywhichmessagesaresentoveradistancebyradiosignalslectromagnetelephoneireless9)m__________apersonwhotakesamessagetosomeone,ortakesmessagesregularlyastheirjob10)e__________ascientifictestwhichisdoneinordertodiscoverwhathappenstosomethinginparticularconditionsessengerxperiment

4.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese.communicationtechnology__________________2)technologicaladvance__________________3)movabletype__________________4)globalcommunication__________________5)printingpress__________________通信技術(shù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步活字印刷（術(shù)）全球通信印刷機(jī)/術(shù)

6)comeupwith________________________7)givebirthto________________________8)telecommunicationdevices________________________9)transcontinentallines________________________10)amyriadof________________________追趕上；提出；想出

生育；引起；產(chǎn)生

電信設(shè)備跨國線路無數(shù)的；各式各樣的

5.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectchoices.His_________calculatingenginesweretheantecedentsofthemoderncomputer.a)mechanism b)mechanic c)mechanicsd)mechanical2)Themethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwere_________bytoday’sstandards.a)primary b)private c)primitive d)principal

d

c3)Wehavegotafairlyunfavorable_________rateatthemoment.a)exchange b)change c)interchange d)trade4)Thirtyyearsago,scientists_________thetheorythatprotonsandneutronsarecomposedofthreesmallerparticles.a)caughtupwith b)cameupwith c)madeupwithd)tookupwith

a

b5)Pleasesendachequefor$18.66plus$2for_________andpacking.a)post b)postal c)poster d)postage6)Theyhaveinstalled_________apparatusonboard.a)wired b)wireless c)wire d)wiring7)Ithasbeenauthorizedbyanotherlegal_________ofahigherrank.a)norm b)normal c)normalize d)normalization

d

b

a8)Inthelate1850sthespeedof_________changequickened.a)technique b)technology c)technological d)technically9)Thecompanyhas_________deniedithadknowinglybrokenarmsembargoes.a)consistently b)commonly c)consciously d)considerably10)Heisknownforhispoliticalsavvyandstrong_________skills.a)manage b)managing c)managed d)management

c

a

d6.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1)法國科學(xué)家在18世紀(jì)末開發(fā)出一個(gè)用光來傳送信號(hào)的通信系統(tǒng)。

(use…to,transmit)

Frenchscientistsdevelopedacommunicationsystemthatusedlighttotransmitsignalsinthelate18thcentury.2)利用電報(bào)的原理，美國發(fā)明家亞歷山大·貝爾將話語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娦盘?hào)。(principle,transform…into)

Usingtheprinciplebehindthetelegraph,AmericaninventorAlexanderBelltransformedspeechintoanelectricalsignal.3)因特網(wǎng)的前身創(chuàng)建于1989年，它使科學(xué)家能夠通過電腦來分享彼此的文件。

(precursor,share…with)

TheprecursortotheInternetwascreatedin1989,anditallowedscientiststosharedocumentswitheachotherthroughtheircomputers.4)現(xiàn)如今，收音機(jī)用來傳遞新聞和娛樂節(jié)目，它在很多產(chǎn)業(yè)中仍被用作一種通信設(shè)備。

(entertainment,beusedas…)

Todaytheradioisusedtodelivernewsandentertainment,anditisstillusedasacommunicationdeviceinmanyindustries.5)電視機(jī)繼續(xù)統(tǒng)治著世界各地的客廳，我們也可以根據(jù)尺寸、型號(hào)甚至頻道來對(duì)它進(jìn)行選擇，可選范圍比以前多多了。

(intermsof…)

Televisionscontinuetorulemanylivingroomsacrosstheworldandwehavefarmoretochoosefromintermsofsizes,modelsandevenchannels.6)是一個(gè)叫作ARPANET的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)電子郵件的發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。

(contributeto…)

ItwasacomputernetworkcalledARPANETthatlargelycontributedtothedevelopmentofemail.

GuidedReadingFirstgenerationcomputerswerebuiltwithvacuumtubes,andtheywerehugeandcomplex.Thefirstlarge-scaleelectroniccomputerwasENIACbuiltin1946.

Secondgenerationcomputerswerebuiltwithtransistors.Theinventionoftransistorwasoneofthemostimportantdevelopmentsleadingtothepersonalcomputerrevolution.

Thirdgenerationcomputerswerebuiltwithintegratedcircuitswhichdrasticallyincreasedthespeedandefficiencyofcomputers.

Fourthgenerationcomputersarecharacterizedbymoreandmoretransistorsbeingcontainedonasiliconchip.Thetrendcontinuestoday.Now,herecomesthequestion:Whatdoyouthinkcomputerswillbelikeinthefuture?Readthefollowingpassageandthinkaboutit.

AShortHistoryoftheComputer

Computershavebeenaroundalotlongerthanmanypeoplemightimagine.Theword“computer”haschangedmeaningoverdecades.Regardless,everycomputersupportssomeformofinput,processing,andoutput.Weinputinformation;thecomputerprocessesitaccordingtoitsbasiclogicortheprogramcurrentlyrunning,andoutputstheresults.Thisiswhatcomputingisallabout,inanutshell.

AShortHistoryoftheComputer

Moderncomputersdothiselectronically,whichenablesthemtoperformavastlygreaternumberofcalculationsorcomputationsinlesstime.Despitethefactthatwecurrentlyusecomputerstoprocessimages,sound,textandothernon-numericalformsofdata,allofitdependsonnothingmorethanbasicnumericalcalculations.Graphics,soundetc.aremerelyabstractionsofthenumbersbeingcrunchedwithinthemachine;indigitalcomputersthesearetheonesandzeros,representingelectricalonandoffstates,andendlesscombinationsofthose.

Inotherwordseveryimage,everysound,andeverywordhaveacorrespondingbinarycode.

AShortHistoryoftheComputer

Whileabacusmayhavetechnicallybeenthefirstcomputer,theelectroniccomputerthatwethinkofinmoderntimesdevelopedthroughoutthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.

AShortHistoryoftheComputerTheFirstGeneration:TheVacuumTubeAgeFirstelectroniccomputersusedvacuumtubes,andtheywerehugeandcomplex.ThefirstelectroniccomputerwastheENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer)builtin1946.Itwasdigital,althoughitdidn’toperatewithbinarycode,andwasreprogrammabletosolveacompleterangeofcomputingproblems.Itwasprogrammedusingplugboardsandswitches,supportinginputfromanIBMcardreader,andoutputtoanIBMcardpunch.Ittookup167squaremeters,weighed27tons,andconsuming150kilowattsofpower.Itusedthousandsofvacuumtubes,crystaldiodes,relays,resistors,andcapacitors.

AShortHistoryoftheComputerTheSecondGeneration:TheTransistorAgeThesecondgenerationofcomputerscameaboutthankstotheinventionofthetransistor,whichthenstartedreplacingvacuumtubesincomputerdesign.Transistorcomputersconsumedfarlesspower,producedfarlessheat,andweremuchsmallercomparedtothefirstgeneration,albeitstillbigbytoday’sstandards.ThefirsttransistorcomputerwascreatedattheUniversityofManchesterin1953.ThemostpopularoftransistorcomputerswasIBM1401.IBMalsocreatedthefirstdiskdrivein1956,theIBM350RAMAC.

AShortHistoryoftheComputerTheThirdGeneration:TheIntegratedCircuitAgeTheinventionoftheintegratedcircuits(ICs),alsoknownasmicrochips,pavedthewayforcomputersasweknowthemtoday.Makingcircuitsoutofsinglepiecesofsilicon,whichisasemiconductor,allowedthemtobemuchsmallerandmorepracticaltoproduce.Thisalsostartedtheongoingprocessofintegratinganeverlargernumberoftransistorsontoasinglemicrochip.Duringthe1960smicrochipsstartedmakingtheirwayintocomputers,buttheprocesswasgradual,andthesecondgenerationofcomputersstillheldon.

AShortHistoryoftheComputerTheFourthGeneration:TheLargeScaleandVeryLargeScaleIntegratedCircuitAgeFirstmicrochips-basedcentralprocessingunitsconsistedofmultiplemicrochipsfordifferentCPUcomponents.Thedriveforevergreaterintegrationandminiaturizationledtowardssingle-chipCPUs.AtfirsttherewasLargeScaleIntegration(LSI),withhundredsoftransistorsperchip,thencameVeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),withtensofthousandsoftransistors.Thetrendcontinuestoday.

AShortHistoryoftheComputerEachgenerationofcomputersischaracterizedbymajortechnologicaldevelopmentthatfundamentallychangedthewaycomputersoperate,resultinginincreasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliabledevices.Witheachnewgeneration,thecircuitryhasgottensmallerandmoreadvancedthanthepreviousgenerationbeforeit.1.inanutshell簡言之；總而言之例句：

Unemploymentisrising,pricesareincreasing;inanutshell,theeconomyisintrouble.2.numericaladj.數(shù)字的；用數(shù)字表示的例句：

Yourjobistogroupthembyletterandputthemin

numerical

order.3.abacusn.算盤4.vacuumtube真空電子管5.reprogrammableadj.可改編程序的6.plugboardn.線路連接板；插線板7.dioden.二極管8.relayn.繼電器；接力賽；傳遞v.轉(zhuǎn)播；傳送；傳輸（電視或收音機(jī)信號(hào)）例句：

Britain’sprospectsofbeatingtheUnitedStatesinthe

relay

lookedpoor.Thismetaltowerisusedto

relay

televisionsignalstodistantvillages.9.resistorn.電阻器10.capacitorn.電容（器）11.transistorn.晶體管12.diskdrive

磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器13.integratedcircuit

集成電路14.microchip

n.微型集成電路片；芯片；微鏡片15.pavethewayfor

為…鋪平道路；為…創(chuàng)造條件例句：

Themushroomdevelopmentoftechnologywillpavethewayforimprovingoureconomy.16.siliconn.硅（元素）17.semiconductorn.半導(dǎo)體18.

miniaturizationn.小型化；微型化；縮型技術(shù)例句：

Amajorstepformedin

miniaturization

camewiththeintegratedcircuit.19.resultin導(dǎo)致；以…為結(jié)局；致使例句：

Thefloodresultedinaconsiderablereductioninproduction.20.circuitryn.電路；線路

1.IBMInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation(commonlyreferredtoasIBM)isanAmericanmultinationaltechnologyandconsultingcorporation,withheadquartersinArmonk,NewYork.IBMmanufacturesandmarketscomputerhardware,middlewareandsoftware,andoffersinfrastructure,hostingandconsultingservicesinareasrangingfrommainframecomputerstonanotechnology.

1.IBM國際商業(yè)機(jī)器公司（通常稱為IBM）是美國一家全球性的技術(shù)和咨詢公司，總部位于紐約州阿蒙克。IBM生產(chǎn)，營銷計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、中間設(shè)備以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟件。IBM可以提供基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)、主機(jī)服務(wù)和咨詢服務(wù)，業(yè)務(wù)范圍涉及從大型計(jì)算機(jī)至納米技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。

2.IBM1401

TheIBM1401wasavariablewordlengthdecimalcomputerthatwasannouncedbyIBMonOctober5,1959.ThefirstmemberofthehighlysuccessfulIBM1400series,itwasaimedatreplacingelectromechanicalunitrecordequipmentforprocessingdatastoredonpunchedcards.Over12,000unitswereproducedandmanywereleasedorresoldinlessdevelopedcountriesaftertheywerereplacedwithnewertechnology.The1401waswithdrawnonFebruary8,1971.

2.IBM1401

1959年10月5日，IBM發(fā)布了1401，它是一臺(tái)可變字長十進(jìn)制計(jì)算機(jī)。作為IBM成功推出的1400系列中的首位成員，1401目的是在處理卡片存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)過程中替代機(jī)電裝置記錄設(shè)備。12000多臺(tái)機(jī)器被生產(chǎn)出來，有新機(jī)型出現(xiàn)后，大多數(shù)1401被租賃或轉(zhuǎn)售給不發(fā)達(dá)國家。1971年2月8日，1401停產(chǎn)。

3.RAMACTheRAMAC(RandomAccessMethodofAccountingandControl)wasannouncedin1956.Itincludedthefirstrotatingmagneticdiskdriveformassdatastorage.Itwasthefirststoragedevicetoprovidedirectaccessinlessthanasecondto5millioncharacters.Thiscapacityandtheshortaccesstimecapabilityitprovidedmarkedthebeginningofarevolutionincomputing.

3.RAMAC

RAMAC（計(jì)算與控制的隨機(jī)存取法/硬磁盤存儲(chǔ)器）于1956年發(fā)布。它包含了第一臺(tái)能進(jìn)行海量數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)的旋轉(zhuǎn)式磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器。它是第一臺(tái)可以在一秒鐘內(nèi)直接訪問五百萬個(gè)字母的存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。它的存儲(chǔ)量及其提供的短時(shí)訪問能力標(biāo)志著一場計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)作革命的開端。

計(jì)算機(jī)存在的時(shí)間要遠(yuǎn)比人們想象的久遠(yuǎn)?！坝?jì)算機(jī)”的詞義在幾十年間不斷發(fā)生變化。不管怎樣，每一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)都會(huì)支持某種形式的輸入、處理和輸出。我們輸入信息，計(jì)算機(jī)根據(jù)其基本邏輯或正在運(yùn)行的程序處理信息并輸出結(jié)果。簡言之，這就是計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)行過程。

計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡史

現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)通過電子手段完成這件事情，這使其能夠在更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成更加龐大的計(jì)算。盡管我們現(xiàn)在使用計(jì)算機(jī)處理圖像、聲音、文本和其他形式的非數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)，但所有這些都要依靠基本的數(shù)值計(jì)算。圖像、聲音等只不過是機(jī)器中運(yùn)行數(shù)字的抽象概念；在電子計(jì)算機(jī)中，這些就是1和0，代表一種電子雙穩(wěn)態(tài)，以及無數(shù)的組合體。換言之，每一個(gè)圖像，每一種聲音和每一個(gè)單詞都有一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的二進(jìn)制代碼。盡管算盤在技術(shù)層面上有可能是最早的計(jì)算機(jī)雛形，但我們現(xiàn)在理解的電子計(jì)算機(jī)則是在20世紀(jì)后半葉發(fā)展起來的。計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡史

第一代：真空電子管時(shí)代第一代電子計(jì)算機(jī)使用真空電子管，它們體型龐大且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)是1946年建造的ENIAC。雖然不是通過二進(jìn)制碼來操控，但它是數(shù)字形式的，并且可以通過重新編程的方式來解決各種各樣的計(jì)算問題。ENIAC通過線路連接板和轉(zhuǎn)換器編程，信息輸入和輸出要分別依靠IBM的讀卡機(jī)和卡片穿孔機(jī)。這臺(tái)機(jī)器占地167平方米，重27噸，功率150千瓦。該機(jī)使用了成千上萬的真空電子管、晶體二極管、繼電器、電阻和電容。計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡史

第二代：晶體管時(shí)代第二代計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)要?dú)w功于晶體管的發(fā)明，它在后續(xù)的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中開始取代真空電子管。比起第一代計(jì)算機(jī)，晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)耗費(fèi)的能量和產(chǎn)生的熱量都少了很多，且體積小了許多，雖然和現(xiàn)在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比起來仍然很大。1953年，第一臺(tái)晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)誕生于曼徹斯特大學(xué)。最著名的晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)非IBM1401莫屬。IBM還在1956年創(chuàng)造了第一臺(tái)磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器，即IBM305RAMAC。計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡史

第三代：集成電路時(shí)代

集成電路（也稱作微型芯片）的發(fā)明為現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)鋪平了道路。用單晶硅片制成電路，也就是半導(dǎo)體，使得計(jì)算機(jī)體積更小，生產(chǎn)起來更加便利。這也開啟了把大量晶體管集中在一枚微型芯片上的進(jìn)程。20世紀(jì)60年代，集成電路開始向計(jì)算機(jī)邁進(jìn)，但過程平緩，二代計(jì)算機(jī)仍在使用。計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡史

第四代：大規(guī)模和超大規(guī)模集成電路時(shí)代最初的集成電路中央處理器需要為其零部件配備多枚微型芯片。在迫切需要整合和縮形的動(dòng)力驅(qū)使下，單芯片中央處