第一章緒論1.1前言隨著時(shí)代和社會(huì)的飛速發(fā)展，人們對(duì)能源的需求也隨之不斷增加，大自然中的有限的能源已經(jīng)無(wú)法緩解人們生活物質(zhì)需求的壓力，因此能源危機(jī)成為了當(dāng)今時(shí)代的一個(gè)難題。二十一世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人工合成有機(jī)物技術(shù)得到了飛速發(fā)展，得以滿足人們的物質(zhì)需求，但這對(duì)環(huán)境造成了嚴(yán)重的污染，而且許多人工合成的有機(jī)物難以進(jìn)行降解，通常還帶有一點(diǎn)的生物毒性，因此環(huán)境污染成為了當(dāng)今時(shí)代的另一個(gè)難題。近年來(lái)，光催化技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展，為應(yīng)對(duì)能源危機(jī)和處理環(huán)境污染提供了新的方案。1972年，學(xué)者Fujishima和Honda發(fā)現(xiàn)了二氧化鈦光催化裂解水制氫的現(xiàn)象，光催化技術(shù)慢慢進(jìn)入人們視野ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>古文泉</Author><Year>2024</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712519914">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>古文泉</author><author>張麗英</author><author>曾連連</author><author>曾祥銳</author><author>丁蘇陽(yáng)</author><author>王天烽</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>龍門縣發(fā)展和改革局;廣東翁源經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū);蘭州理工大學(xué)石油化工學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>光催化耦合原位芬頓體系的研究進(jìn)展</title><secondary-title>化學(xué)與生物工程</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>化學(xué)與生物工程</full-title></periodical><pages>1-6</pages><volume>41</volume><number>03</number><keywords><keyword>光催化</keyword><keyword>芬頓</keyword><keyword>原位</keyword><keyword>H2O2</keyword><keyword>降解</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2024</year></dates><isbn>1672-5425</isbn><call-num>42-1710/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"古文泉,2024#6"1]。優(yōu)異的光催化劑包括半導(dǎo)體材料，其中金屬氧化物或硫化物較為普遍，如TiO2、ZnO、Ta2O5、ZrO2、CdS等。其中TiO2無(wú)特殊氣味、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性好，耐酸堿性強(qiáng)，來(lái)源豐富等都是其成為理想光催化劑的優(yōu)勢(shì)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>尹光斌</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1713017029">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>尹光斌</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局專利局專利審查協(xié)作江蘇中心;</auth-address><titles><title>TiO2紫外光催化處理空氣專利技術(shù)分析</title><secondary-title>科技視界</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>科技視界</full-title></periodical><pages>91-92</pages><number>24</number><keywords><keyword>TiO2</keyword><keyword>紫外光催化</keyword><keyword>空氣凈化</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2095-2457</isbn><call-num>31-2065/N</call-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.19694/ki.issn2095-2457.2015.24.056</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"尹光斌,2015#34"2]，也因此其在半導(dǎo)體光催化領(lǐng)域得到了更廣泛的研究。1.2光催化研究背景1.2.1光催化原理光催化降解有機(jī)物質(zhì)對(duì)自然界的物質(zhì)循環(huán)提供了有效補(bǔ)充。利用葉綠素作為光催化劑，能將二氧化碳和水有效轉(zhuǎn)化為有機(jī)物質(zhì)，是自然界最初發(fā)生在光合菌和植物上的光催化現(xiàn)象。然而，與之相反的是，光催化降解反應(yīng)能將環(huán)境中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)在光的作用下分解轉(zhuǎn)化為二氧化碳和水。為了有效的解決環(huán)境污染這個(gè)如今人們遇到的重大生存問(wèn)題，研究著力于突破光催化降解有機(jī)物實(shí)際運(yùn)用的壁壘。光催化降解有機(jī)物質(zhì)主要是通過(guò)氧化還原反應(yīng)對(duì)有機(jī)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行氧化降解，其機(jī)理主要是催化劑在光照條件下吸收光能，發(fā)生電子躍遷，然后生成電子-空穴對(duì)，直接氧化還原吸附于表面的有機(jī)物質(zhì)，或者氧化表面吸附的氫氧根(OH-)，生成強(qiáng)氧化性氫氧自由基(OH·)，使有機(jī)物質(zhì)發(fā)生氧化降解ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>莫秋燕</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712518552">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>莫秋燕</author><author>曾凡菊</author><author>張頌</author><author>吳家隱</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>凱里學(xué)院大數(shù)據(jù)工程學(xué)院;凱里學(xué)院理學(xué)院;廣東郵電職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>TiO2光催化原理及其應(yīng)用綜述</title><secondary-title>科學(xué)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>科學(xué)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新</full-title></periodical><pages>79-80</pages><number>30</number><keywords><keyword>TiO2</keyword><keyword>光催化劑</keyword><keyword>應(yīng)用</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2096-4390</isbn><call-num>23-1600/N</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"莫秋燕,2018#5"3]。圖1光催化原理圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Castellote</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>53</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1714185724">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="BookSection">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Castellote,Marta</author><author>Bengtsson,Nicklas</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Ohama,Yoshihiko</author><author>VanGemert,Dionys</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>PrinciplesofTiO2Photocatalysis</title><secondary-title>ApplicationsofTitaniumDioxidePhotocatalysistoConstructionMaterials:State-of-the-ArtReportoftheRILEMTechnicalCommittee194-TDP</secondary-title></titles><pages>5-10</pages><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011//</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Dordrecht</pub-location><publisher>SpringerNetherlands</publisher><isbn>978-94-007-1297-3</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/978-94-007-1297-3_2</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/978-94-007-1297-3_2</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Castellote,2011#53"4]1.2.2光催化材料全世界工業(yè)飛速發(fā)展，相應(yīng)的廢棄副產(chǎn)品的生成數(shù)量也急劇增加，這已經(jīng)引起了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，得到了人們的廣泛關(guān)注。為了解決這一問(wèn)題，全球各地的學(xué)者開(kāi)展了各式各樣的研究來(lái)找尋方法，比如光誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程，并且已經(jīng)探索其在生活中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。去除工業(yè)廢物的一種重要技術(shù)是使用光能（電磁輻射）和對(duì)這種能量敏感的顆粒來(lái)礦化廢物，這有助于將其從溶液中去除。隨著科學(xué)創(chuàng)新，工業(yè)發(fā)展和環(huán)境變化等因素，光催化在化工領(lǐng)域、環(huán)境保護(hù)、醫(yī)療保健、建筑材料、新能源等各種領(lǐng)域起到了其獨(dú)特的作用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>蔣歷</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>4</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>4</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712491293">4</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>蔣歷</author><author>彭富昌</author><author>李然</author><author>魏妍</author><author>鄧樸超</author><author>陳梁</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>攀枝花學(xué)院釩鈦學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>納米TiO2的制備及在光催化領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展</title><secondary-title>化工生產(chǎn)與技術(shù)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>化工生產(chǎn)與技術(shù)</full-title></periodical><pages>28-32+51</pages><volume>26</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>納米TiO2</keyword><keyword>制備</keyword><keyword>光催化</keyword><keyword>應(yīng)用進(jìn)展</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1006-6829</isbn><call-num>33-1188/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"蔣歷,2020#4"5]。為使光吸收、電荷的分離和轉(zhuǎn)移達(dá)到有效的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如今人們已研究了大量的光催化材料，包括傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體和興起的光電子材料，金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體，如TiO2、ZnOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>趙鵬</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1713017188">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>趙鵬</author><author>張晉騰</author><author>林艷紅</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>吉林大學(xué)化學(xué)學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>Mg-ZnO復(fù)合物的紫外光催化效率及協(xié)同作用研究</title><secondary-title>高等學(xué)校化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>高等學(xué)?；瘜W(xué)學(xué)報(bào)</full-title></periodical><pages>538-547</pages><volume>41</volume><number>03</number><keywords><keyword>鎂摻雜氧化鋅</keyword><keyword>光催化</keyword><keyword>協(xié)同作用</keyword><keyword>光生電荷行為</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>0251-0790</isbn><call-num>22-1131/O6</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"趙鵬,2020#35"6]、Ta2O5ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cherevan</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712521552">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cherevan,Alexey</author><author>Gebhardt,Paul</author><author>Kunzmann,Andreas</author><author>Costa,RubénD.</author><author>Eder,Dominik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>BewareofDoping:Ta2O5NanotubePhotocatalystUsingCNTsasHardTemplates</title><secondary-title>ACSAppliedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSAppliedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1259-1267</pages><volume>1</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/03/26</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/acsaem.8b00006</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsaem.8b00006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Cherevan,2018#8"7]和ZrO2ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Qin</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712521687">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Qin,Yumei</author><author>Ding,Zhaoyang</author><author>Guo,Wenwei</author><author>Guo,Xiaolu</author><author>Hou,Cheng</author><author>Jiang,Bang-Ping</author><author>Liu,Chun-Guang</author><author>Shen,Xing-Can</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AFullSolarLightSpectrumResponsiveB@ZrO2–OVPhotocatalyst:ASynergisticStrategyforVisible-to-NIRPhotonHarvesting</title><secondary-title>ACSSustainableChemistry&Engineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSSustainableChemistry&Engineering</full-title></periodical><pages>13039-13047</pages><volume>8</volume><number>34</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/08/31</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04380</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04380</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Qin,2020#9"8]具有較寬的帶隙，能在紫外光照下進(jìn)行光催化反應(yīng)，且絕大部分化學(xué)性能穩(wěn)定，合成工藝簡(jiǎn)單。禁帶寬度較窄的半導(dǎo)體能夠吸收可見(jiàn)光，如一些金屬硫化物，其中CdS的帶隙為2.4eV，在可見(jiàn)光下就具有很高的光催化反應(yīng)活性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chai</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712521066">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chai,Zhigang</author><author>Zeng,Ting-Ting</author><author>Li,Qi</author><author>Lu,Liang-Qiu</author><author>Xiao,Wen-Jing</author><author>Xu,Dongsheng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EfficientVisibleLight-DrivenSplittingofAlcoholsintoHydrogenandCorrespondingCarbonylCompoundsoveraNi-ModifiedCdSPhotocatalyst</title><secondary-title>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</full-title></periodical><pages>10128-10131</pages><volume>138</volume><number>32</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016/08/17</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>0002-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jacs.6b06860</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jacs.6b06860</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Chai,2016#7"9][5]。復(fù)合光催化劑材料多是復(fù)合材料，如貴金屬在半導(dǎo)體上的負(fù)載以及碳基（如g-C3N4）負(fù)載的復(fù)合材料等。典型的金屬在半導(dǎo)體上的負(fù)載如AuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>多佳</Author><Year>2023</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1713017415">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>多佳</author><author>姚國(guó)棟</author><author>王英霽</author><author>曾旭</author><author>金濱濱</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>中國(guó)科學(xué)院新疆生態(tài)與地理研究所新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)環(huán)境污染與生態(tài)修復(fù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;同濟(jì)大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院污染控制與資源化研究國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;中國(guó)科學(xué)院新疆理化技術(shù)研究所;上海交通大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>改性Au-TiO2光降解廢水中諾氟沙星的影響</title><secondary-title>化工進(jìn)展</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>化工進(jìn)展</full-title></periodical><pages>624-630</pages><volume>42</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>Au-TiO2</keyword><keyword>可見(jiàn)光催化</keyword><keyword>降解</keyword><keyword>諾氟沙星</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2023</year></dates><isbn>1000-6613</isbn><call-num>11-1954/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1704</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"多佳,2023#36"10]或者PtADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>朱秋蓮</Author><Year>2024</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1713017484">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>朱秋蓮</author><author>王秉好</author><author>盧晗鋒</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,環(huán)境污染控制創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì);</auth-address><titles><title>TiO2@PT光催化劑的構(gòu)建及其光催化降解甲苯性能</title><secondary-title>中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)</full-title></periodical><pages>65-71</pages><volume>44</volume><number>01</number><keywords><keyword>光催化技術(shù)</keyword><keyword>甲苯降解</keyword><keyword>二氧化鈦</keyword><keyword>有機(jī)聚合物</keyword><keyword>復(fù)合材料</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2024</year></dates><isbn>1000-6923</isbn><call-num>11-2201/X</call-num><urls><related-urls><url>/kcms/detail/11.2201.X.20230911.1730.html</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.19674/ki.issn1000-6923.20230822.002</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"朱秋蓮,2024#37"11]在TiO2。g-C3N4因具良好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、耐高溫性以及良好的光催化性能，Ag3PO4與g-C3N4組合制備出高效g-C3N4/Ag3PO4復(fù)合光催化劑，以提高g-C3N4基光催化材料的光催化降解能力ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李斯琪</Author><Year>2024</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712522196">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李斯琪</author><author>余峰</author><author>袁家樂(lè)</author><author>鐘韻童</author><author>郭文顯</author><author>陳密</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>東莞城市學(xué)院,城建與環(huán)境學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>g-C3N4/Ag3PO4復(fù)合光催化劑的制備及其降解鹽酸四環(huán)素的研究</title><secondary-title>廣東化工</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>廣東化工</full-title></periodical><pages>9-12+16</pages><volume>51</volume><number>04</number><keywords><keyword>光催化</keyword><keyword>石墨相氮化碳</keyword><keyword>磷酸銀</keyword><keyword>鹽酸四環(huán)素</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2024</year></dates><isbn>1007-1865</isbn><call-num>44-1238/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"李斯琪,2024#10"12]。圖2光子作用于半導(dǎo)體引發(fā)的光催化過(guò)程示意圖ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Macwan</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1714184577">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Macwan,D.P.</author><author>Dave,PragneshN.</author><author>Chaturvedi,Shalini</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewonnano-TiO2sol–geltypesynthesesanditsapplications</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsScience</full-title></periodical><pages>3669-3686</pages><volume>46</volume><number>11</number><section>3669</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>0022-2461 1573-4803</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10853-011-5378-y</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Macwan,2011#49"13]有效的半導(dǎo)體光催化劑的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是電荷對(duì)的氧化還原電勢(shì)，光電子的還原能力取決于導(dǎo)帶底部的能級(jí)，而光生空穴的氧化能力取決于價(jià)帶頂部的能級(jí)。合適的帶隙能量是理想的半導(dǎo)體應(yīng)擁有的特性，此外其還應(yīng)便于生產(chǎn)和使用，成本效益高，光穩(wěn)定性好，對(duì)人類和環(huán)境無(wú)害。部分光催化劑具有局限性：CdS在水中的穩(wěn)定較差，容易發(fā)生光腐蝕，而且其毒性不能忽視；ZnO本身穩(wěn)定性不足，常常和水發(fā)生作用，在其表面生成Zn（OH）2，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間下ZnO的含量減少，催化活性降低；SnO2為了完成水裂解反應(yīng)需要施加外部電壓。二氧化鈦（TiO2）被認(rèn)為是理想的半導(dǎo)體材料，它穩(wěn)定性高，制作成本低和對(duì)人類和環(huán)境友好。1.3TiO2光催化劑1.3.1TiO2概述TiO2接近于理想的光催化劑材料且滿足光催化性能的基準(zhǔn)。TiO2價(jià)格便宜，在溶液中光穩(wěn)定，無(wú)毒，它的空穴具有強(qiáng)氧化性和氧化還原選擇性。由于這些特性，一些新的多相光催化反應(yīng)已被報(bào)道在光照的TiO2光催化劑的界面，并且以TiO2為基礎(chǔ)的光催化劑已經(jīng)在環(huán)境凈化應(yīng)用方面進(jìn)行了詳盡地研究。唯一的缺點(diǎn)是它不吸收可見(jiàn)光，為了克服這一問(wèn)題，人們展開(kāi)了包括染料敏化，摻雜，耦合和封端的TiO2的幾種方法廣泛的研究。為了利用好光催化，研制高活性的半導(dǎo)體光催化劑是關(guān)鍵。TiO2的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)鈦原子和兩個(gè)氧原子組成，其中存在Ti-O共價(jià)鍵和Ti-O離子鍵ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mao</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712524298">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mao,Xinchun</author><author>Wang,Zhiqiang</author><author>Lang,Xiufeng</author><author>Hao,Qunqing</author><author>Wen,Bo</author><author>Dai,Dongxu</author><author>Zhou,Chuanyao</author><author>Liu,Li-Min</author><author>Yang,Xueming</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EffectofSurfaceStructureonthePhotoreactivityofTiO2</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>6121-6127</pages><volume>119</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015/03/19</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1932-7447</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b00503</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b00503</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Mao,2015#14"14]。TiO2在自然界中有三種不同的多晶型：銳鈦礦，金紅石和板鈦礦ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Albuquerque</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712523817">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Albuquerque,AndersonR.</author><author>Garzim,MarcosL.</author><author>Santos,IêdaM.G.dos</author><author>Longo,Valeria</author><author>Longo,Elson</author><author>Sambrano,JulioR.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>DFTStudywithInclusionoftheGrimmePotentialonAnataseTiO2:Structure,Electronic,andVibrationalAnalyses</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>11731-11735</pages><volume>116</volume><number>47</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/11/29</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1089-5639</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jp308318j</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp308318j</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Albuquerque,2012#13"15]。其中，金紅石型的穩(wěn)定性最高，銳鈦礦型在室溫下較穩(wěn)定，板鈦礦型極不穩(wěn)定。納米TiO2的晶粒尺寸通常小于100nm，作為一種電子型半導(dǎo)體材料具有表面效應(yīng)與量子效應(yīng)，在光催化技術(shù)領(lǐng)域具有重要的應(yīng)用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>侯杰</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712524692">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>侯杰</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>四川文化藝術(shù)學(xué)院;</auth-address><titles><title>納米TiO2光催化材料的制備及其在棉織物中的應(yīng)用</title><secondary-title>印染助劑</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>印染助劑</full-title></periodical><pages>29-32</pages><volume>36</volume><number>05</number><keywords><keyword>納米TiO2</keyword><keyword>棉織物</keyword><keyword>溶膠-凝膠</keyword><keyword>光催化材料</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1004-0439</isbn><call-num>32-1262/TQ</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"侯杰,2019#16"16]。TiO2作為一種很好的原型半導(dǎo)體光催化劑，可以用來(lái)研究光催化過(guò)程中的基本步驟和電荷-能量傳遞過(guò)程，這對(duì)于新的光催化過(guò)程的表征和新型光催化劑的開(kāi)發(fā)是非常有益的ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Guo</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712531582">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guo,Q.</author><author>Zhou,C.</author><author>Ma,Z.</author><author>Yang,X.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>StateKeyLaboratoryofMolecularReactionDynamics,DalianInstituteofChemicalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,457ZhongshanRoad,Dalian,Liaoning,116023,China. DepartmentofChemistry,SouthernUniversityofScienceandTechnology,1088XueyuanAvenue,Shenzhen,518055,China.</auth-address><titles><title>FundamentalsofTiO(2)Photocatalysis:Concepts,Mechanisms,andChallenges</title><secondary-title>AdvMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvMater</full-title></periodical><pages>e1901997</pages><volume>31</volume><number>50</number><edition>20190818</edition><keywords><keyword>TiO2photocatalysis</keyword><keyword>chargecarriers</keyword><keyword>nonadiabaticprocesses</keyword><keyword>reactionmechanisms</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1521-4095(Electronic) 0935-9648(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>31423680</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/31423680</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adma.201901997</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>PubMed-not-MEDLINE</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Guo,2019#24"17]。圖2不同晶型TiO2的結(jié)構(gòu)圖。a.金紅石、b.銳鈦礦、c.板鈦礦不同形貌的TiO2在比表面積、吸收光的能力、傳輸光生載流子的能力以及表面反應(yīng)活性等方面都有較大的差異ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>郭彪</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712525045">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>郭彪</author><author>趙晨燦</author><author>劉芯辛</author><author>趙震</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院;沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué)能源與環(huán)境催化研究所;中國(guó)石油大學(xué)重質(zhì)油國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;</auth-address><titles><title>不同形貌的TiO2光催化制氫性能研究進(jìn)展</title><secondary-title>沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)</full-title></periodical><pages>117-124</pages><volume>39</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>光催化</keyword><keyword>制氫</keyword><keyword>TiO2</keyword><keyword>形貌</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>1673-5862</isbn><call-num>21-1534/N</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"郭彪,2021#17"18]。不同尺寸的催化劑對(duì)其催化活性有不同的影響，尺寸越小，電荷在其中的遷移距離就越短，遷移過(guò)程需要的時(shí)間就會(huì)越少，電子-空穴復(fù)合率降低，光催化活性越高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>欒世梁</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712527483">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>欒世梁</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>孫再成,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>超細(xì)TiO2顆粒及復(fù)合光催化劑的制備以及對(duì)有機(jī)物降解性能研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>負(fù)載TiO2納米棒</keyword><keyword>吸附</keyword><keyword>可見(jiàn)光響應(yīng)</keyword><keyword>羅丹明B降解</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>北京工業(yè)大學(xué)</publisher><work-type>碩士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"欒世梁,2019#18"19]。納米尺寸的TiO2比表面積較大，故對(duì)于有機(jī)物的吸附性很好。納米線形式的納米結(jié)構(gòu)TiO2引起了廣泛的關(guān)注，因?yàn)槠湓诓煌瑧?yīng)用中的前景，例如濕度傳感器、光致變色和光催化電池、光學(xué)器件，和場(chǎng)效應(yīng)晶體管。各種研究已經(jīng)確定，TiO2作為納米顆粒形式的光催化劑比散裝粉末更有效。隨著驅(qū)動(dòng)力的增加，電荷轉(zhuǎn)移速率常數(shù)增加，光催化的決速步驟是電荷轉(zhuǎn)移，故尺寸量子化的半導(dǎo)體材料能有效提高系統(tǒng)的光催化效率。光吸收會(huì)隨著顆粒尺寸的減小而藍(lán)移，故尺寸量子化的半導(dǎo)體材料其光生電子和空穴的氧化還原電位會(huì)增加。綜上所述，量子化半導(dǎo)體材料相較宏觀晶體半導(dǎo)體材料具有更優(yōu)的光活性。通常使用“干”化學(xué)和“濕”化學(xué)兩種方法來(lái)生產(chǎn)TiO2納米線ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Migas</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>20</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712528498">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Migas,D.B.</author><author>Shaposhnikov,V.L.</author><author>Borisenko,V.E.</author><author>ArnaudD’Avitaya,F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EffectsofMorphologyonStability,Electronic,andOpticalPropertiesofRutileTiO2Nanowires</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>21013-21019</pages><volume>114</volume><number>49</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>2010/12/16</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>AmericanChemicalSociety</publisher><isbn>1932-7447</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1021/jp106117y</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp106117y</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Migas,2010#20"20]。經(jīng)典半導(dǎo)體光催化劑二氧化鈦因其化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定、環(huán)境友好和耐光腐蝕等特點(diǎn)，因其具有獨(dú)特的層狀結(jié)構(gòu)、大比例暴露活性位等優(yōu)勢(shì)而被廣泛應(yīng)用于光催化領(lǐng)域ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>高文龍</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vwepw5ptzzx5eqe5vf7p5zajvst2pesfsr52"timestamp="1712529166">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>高文龍</author><author>陳雪冰</author><author>張靜</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>遼寧石油化工大學(xué)化學(xué)化工與環(huán)境學(xué)部;</auth-address><titles><title>二維納米片金紅石TiO2的可控合成及光催化性能</title><secondary-title>石油化工高等學(xué)校學(xué)報(bào)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>石油化工高等學(xué)校學(xué)報(bào)</full-title></periodical><pages>22-26</pages><volume>32</volume><number>06</number><keywords><keyword>二維納米片</keyword><k