第一部分閱讀理解和閱讀七選五題型分析解題策略隨堂演練第7講體裁微解——說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文通常是通過(guò)舉例子、作比較、分類(lèi)別、析結(jié)果、列數(shù)字和作引用等手段，具體描述一項(xiàng)研究或者介紹一項(xiàng)新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，讓讀者了解信息，說(shuō)明文通常不包含作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。主要具有以下特點(diǎn)：題型分析選材實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品介紹、場(chǎng)館介紹、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象分析以及語(yǔ)言文化、人文地理、生物的生存狀況等。內(nèi)容用平實(shí)的語(yǔ)言客觀解說(shuō)事物、解釋現(xiàn)象、提供信息，即說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物，說(shuō)明一項(xiàng)研究。形式總分式(事物說(shuō)明文常用“總—分”式、“總—分—總”式結(jié)構(gòu))；遞進(jìn)式(事理說(shuō)明文由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分內(nèi)容沒(méi)有主次輕重之分)；對(duì)照式(通過(guò)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)照和比較說(shuō)明其異同)。語(yǔ)言主要考查考生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說(shuō)明文因其生僻詞匯多、句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對(duì)于其他體裁的文章來(lái)說(shuō)難度更大。命題主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)題。出題人經(jīng)常在長(zhǎng)難句上做文章。返回說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，題目往往涉及推理判斷題和主旨大意題。因此，閱讀這類(lèi)文章時(shí)，應(yīng)把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清作者所要說(shuō)明的事物；另外，考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)多積累閱讀詞匯，提高分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力。具體答題策略如下：解題策略策略指導(dǎo)技法解讀抓首尾段首段往往提出說(shuō)明文的主題，尤其是研究類(lèi)說(shuō)明文，研究結(jié)果就是主題；尾段往往重申強(qiáng)調(diào)主題。梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)整體敘述＋細(xì)節(jié)或過(guò)程說(shuō)明＋概括評(píng)述；現(xiàn)象＋原因＋后果/啟示/措施；研究發(fā)現(xiàn)/調(diào)查結(jié)果＋研究/調(diào)查過(guò)程。破解長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和所學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)破解結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句。(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·B)Likemostofus，Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad，roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed，thearugulawentbad.Evenworse，Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.感悟真題·體驗(yàn)技法Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry，“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain，”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater，fuel，andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact，Roytewrites，“iffoodwastewereacountry，itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand，let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim，it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries？Volunteerswillwash，cut，andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious，yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste，whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat，”Curtinsays.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象以及Washington，D.C.中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官Curtin為解決食物浪費(fèi)而采取的努力。24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.√推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可推知，作者想通過(guò)講述芝麻菜的故事來(lái)表明我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)意間浪費(fèi)食物。故選B。25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A.Moraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知，浪費(fèi)食物的一個(gè)后果就是會(huì)造成環(huán)境問(wèn)題。故選B。26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.”可知，Curtin的公司可以將不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故選D。27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Curtin所說(shuō)的話(huà)可知，Curtin建議人們不要買(mǎi)過(guò)多的食物，購(gòu)買(mǎi)自己所需要的量就好，故選A。返回隨堂演練A(2022·安徽江南十校一模聯(lián)考)Foodmadefromatmosphericcarboncouldfeedtheworldwhilehelpingtofightclimatechange，accordingtoSolarFoods，aFinnishcompanyfoundedin2017.“WecancollectCO2anywhere，”saiditsCEOPasiVainika，whosecompanyhasdevelopedaproteinpowdermadeusingCO2.“That’sastrategicshiftwhererawmaterialsareintheair.”Theproteinpowder，calledSolein，canbeturnedintomeatanddairysubstitutesoraddedtofoodsandshakes.SolarFoodsusesspecialunitstopullCO2fromtheatmosphere.Toturnitintoprotein，microbes(微生物)，similartothoseintheproductionofwineandyogurt，willbefedonittogrowandreproduce.Duringtheprocess，waterissplitintohydrogenandoxygen.Alongwithagrowthmediumcontainingnecessaryminerals，thethreegasesarepumpedintofeedthemicrobes.Harvestedanddried，thatremainingmixturebecomesSolein—ayellowpowdermadeupofsingle-cellprotein，withanutrientcompositionsimilartowheatflour.SolarFoodsclaimsthatSoleinremovesmostoftheemissionsassociatedwithmodernagriculture，whichisresponsibleforalmostone-thirdofallgreenhousegasemissions.“OnekilogramofSoleinsendsout0.2kilogramofCO2e(二氧化碳當(dāng)量).Incomparison，beefherdsproducearound100kilogramsandchicken10kilograms，”saidVainikka.“Wecanremovetheclimateimpactofmodernfoodsystemsontheplanet，whichtodayaccountforabout30percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.”Hefurtherstressedthatwhilethecompany’sfactoriesalsorequiresomelandusedforindustrialfarming，onlyaboutone-tenthofthelandisneededcomparedtophotosynthesis(光合作用).“Wecouldfreeupagriculturallandtogrowbackforests，”headded，“andthoseremovecarbonpermanentlyfromtheatmosphere.”P(pán)robablyoptimistsarenowcontentingthemselveswiththepleasantsceneofmassesoftreesabsorbingCO2ontheplanet.However，whilethatmaysoundgreat，Vainikkaputsitright，“ItcanhappenonlyifweproduceenoughSoleinfromCO2toreplacemeatanddairyatalargescale.”Andthatstillremainsalongwaytogo.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了一家芬蘭公司利用吸碳技術(shù)，將空氣中的二氧化碳轉(zhuǎn)化為可食用蛋白質(zhì)，這項(xiàng)做法減少了碳排放并解放了耕地，還可以進(jìn)一步緩解溫室效應(yīng)。1.WhatcanwesayaboutSolein?A.Itisintheair.B.Itcanbechangedintomeat.C.ItcantakeinCO2.D.Itisgoodfortheenvironment.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，Solein是利用收集的二氧化碳研制的一種蛋白質(zhì)粉，能夠被加工成肉、奶等的替代品，這有助于應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)環(huán)境的目的。所以該公司開(kāi)發(fā)的產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境有利。故選D。2.WhatareneededtoproduceSoleinaccordingtoparagraph2?A.Wineandwater.B.Waterandminerals.C.Microbesandyogurt.D.Wineandmicrobes.√細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二、三、四句可知，微生物(用于發(fā)酵)、水(分解成氫氣和氧氣)和含有礦物質(zhì)的生長(zhǎng)培養(yǎng)基都是必備物質(zhì)。故選B。3.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutSolein?A.Itspresentsituation.B.Itspossiblebenefits.C.Itsproductionprocess.D.Itspotentialdrawbacks.√推理判斷題。第三段第一句為主題句，研究人員再通過(guò)對(duì)比說(shuō)明，相同重量的蛋白質(zhì)，Solein比牛肉和雞肉產(chǎn)生更少的二氧化碳，因此會(huì)解放更多的耕地，用于退耕還林。故選B。4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AirProteinProduced，CO2ReducedB.CollectingAir，RemovingCO2C.ClimateChanging，DangerComingD.ProtectEarth，SaveOurselves√標(biāo)題歸納題。第一段概括介紹SolarFoods公司利用空氣中的二氧化碳生產(chǎn)蛋白質(zhì)粉Solein的基本信息；第二段介紹這一生產(chǎn)過(guò)程及所需物質(zhì)；第三段闡述該技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)及長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)意義；第四段主要介紹該技術(shù)的前景。綜上，A項(xiàng)概括了文章大意——從空氣中獲取二氧化碳生產(chǎn)蛋白質(zhì)Solein，減少二氧化碳。故選A。BCallingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess，accordingtoanewstudy.AFrenchsupermarketchainmadeinternationalheadlineswhenitbeganmarketingmisshapenproduceas“ugly”in2014.Sincethen，foodstoresaroundtheworldhavelaunchedcampaignstosell“imperfectproduce”.Somehavebeensuccessful，whileothershaven’t—butuntilnow，researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce，orwhatmarketingapproachwasmostlikelytowhettheirappetites.Theresearchersconductedsevenstudiesthattestedtheeffectsof“ugly”labelingbyhavingparticipantspurchaseproduceatafarmer’smarketandonline，andbyexaminingpeople’simpressionsaboutmisshapenfoods.Interestingly，theyfoundthatconsumersexpectedtheimperfectproducetobelesstastyandevenlessnutritiousthanmoretraditionallyattractivefoods.Butit’snotallbadnewsforunattractivefoods.Theresearchersalsofoundthatwhentheproduceislabeled“ugly”，consumerhesitancydisappears—andit’snotbecauseofhumorororiginality.Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance，whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏見(jiàn))andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.“We’repointingtothesourceoftherejection，”explainsJohnMeredith，theleadresearcher.“Itmakespeopleawareofthelimitednatureoftheirobjectiontotheunattractiveproduceandmakesitcleartoconsumersthattherearenootherproblemsintheproduceotherthanattractiveness.”Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”.Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount，itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers，asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.However，ifthepricereductionwastoosharp，participantsexpectedthe“ugly”foodstobeoflowquality.語(yǔ)篇解讀這是一篇說(shuō)明文。新的研究表明，將丑陋的蔬菜和水果標(biāo)上“丑陋”標(biāo)簽可以增加消費(fèi)者的購(gòu)買(mǎi)意愿。5.Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?A.Foodquality.B.Consumerdemand.C.Marketingapproach.D.Biasagainstappearance.√推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容及下文可知，稱(chēng)蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一種成功的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)方法，這項(xiàng)新的研究主要是關(guān)于營(yíng)銷(xiāo)方法的研究。故選C項(xiàng)。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“whettheirappetites”inparagraph2referto?A.Satisfytheirneedtoeatbetter.B.Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying.C.Encouragethemtorisktryingout.D.Raisetheirconcernsaboutnutrition.√詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫(huà)線(xiàn)短語(yǔ)上句“researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejecte