BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextANobelWinner’sSpecialTopicofGrapheneUnitSixProperNames

KonstantinNovoselovisaRusso-Britishphysicist,mostnotablyknownforhisworksongraphenetogetherwithSirAndreGeim,whichearnedthemtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2010.NovoseloviscurrentlyamemberofthemesoscopicphysicsresearchgroupattheUniversityofManchesterasaRoyalSocietyUniversityResearchFellow.NovoselovisalsoarecipientofanERCStartingGrantfromtheEuropeanResearchCouncil.BackgroundInformation

SirAndreKonstantinGeimisaRussian-bornBritish-DutchphysicistworkingattheUniversityofManchester.Geimwasawardedthe2010NobelPrizeinPhysicsjointlywithKonstantinNovoselovforhisworkongraphene.HeistheLangworthyProfessoranddirectoroftheManchesterCentreforMesoscienceandNanotechnologyattheUniversityofManchester.

Geckotapeisanewmaterialstillatthedevelopmentstage.Directionaladhesionreferstotheabilityofanadhesivematerialtogripaloadinonedirectionandtoreleaseitsgripwhenthedirectionisreversed.Asanexampleofbiomimicry,itissocalledbecauseitisbasedontheabilityofthegeckotoadheretosurfaces–regardlessofasurface'sorientation–duetomillionsofmicroscopichairs,calledsetae,onthegecko'stoes.

Grapheneisanallotropeofcarbon,whosestructureisone-atom-thickplanarsheetsofsp2-bondedcarbonatomsthataredenselypackedinahoneycombcrystallattice.Graphenepossessesoutstandingcharacteristicssuchashavingalargespecificsurfacearea,excellentconductivity,andstrongmechanicalstrength.Ithasbeenusedtoprepareanewgenerationofelectrodesforelectrochemicalstudies.

Sentence:…thescientistwhoseworkranksat#1bytotalcitesisDr.KostyaNovoselov,with33paperscitedatotalof2,895times.(Para.1)

Analysis:whoseworkranksat#1bytotalcites為scientist的定語從句，交代科學(xué)家的身份。

with33paperscitedatotalof2,895times介詞短語補充說明科學(xué)家取得的成就。citedatotal…times過去分詞短語介紹論文使用情況，表達出被動語態(tài)含義。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:ThestyleofGeim‘slab(whichIamkeepingandsupportinguptonow)isthatwedevotetenpercentofourtimetoso-called“Fridayevening”experiments.（Para.4)Analysis:whichIamkeepingandsupportinguptonow為Geim’slab的定語從句，補充介紹實驗室的情況。thatwedevotetenpercentofourtimetoso-called“Fridayevening”experiments為表語從句，是style的定義。devote…to…意為致力于…LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Ijustdoallkindsofcrazythingsthatprobablywillnotpanoutatall,butiftheydo,itwouldbereallysurprising.(Para.4)Analysis:thatprobablywillnotpanoutatall…reallysurprising為crazythings的定語從句，說明事件會導(dǎo)致何種結(jié)果。其中if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，表示假設(shè)。do指代panout，表示事有所成。willnotpanout與do呈反義關(guān)系，用but銜接。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Therearemanymorethatwereunsuccessfulandneverwentanywhere(thoughIstillhadagoodtimethinkingaboutanddoingthoseexperiments,soIlovethemnolessthanthesuccessfulones).(Para.4)Analysis:thatwereunsuccessfulandneverwentanywhere為manymore的定語從句，說明事情的屬性。though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，交代即使實驗進展不如預(yù)期的背景。nolessthan意為不亞于，多達。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Thenwehadwhatyoucouldcallastreamofcoincidencesthatbasicallybroughtussomeveryremarkableresultsquitequickly—withinaweekorso.(Para.4)Analysis:whatyoucouldcallastreamofcoincidencesthatbasicallybroughtus…orso為賓語從句，說明擁有的具體事物。其中thatbasicallybroughtus…orso是coincidences的定語從句，說明coincidences導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Graphene,whichisamonolayerofcarbonatoms,isreallyhardtosee—youcanonlyseeitonaveryspecialsubstrate.(Para.6)Analysis:whichisamonolayerofcarbonatoms為非限定性定語從句修飾對象為graphene，解釋其構(gòu)造。系表結(jié)構(gòu)behard和副詞only強調(diào)研究困難。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Istilldonotunderstandhowthatworkedout,butthesubstratewehadwasexactlytheonerequired.(Para.6)Analysis:howthatworkedout為賓語從句，為understand的具體內(nèi)容。wehad作substrate的定語從句，限定物件屬性。Required為代詞one的后置定語，強調(diào)被動含義。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Itwasonlyafewmonthslaterthatweunderstoodhowluckywehadbeen.(Para.6)Analysis:強調(diào)句型，表示科學(xué)家后知后覺。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:IdonotknowwhyweuseNittotape;probablybecausethewholeprocessissosimpleandcheapwewantedtofancyitupalittleandusethisbluetapeinstead.(Para.7)Analysis:whyweuseNittotape為賓語從句，為know的具體事物。Because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，解釋使用日產(chǎn)膠帶的理由。wewantedtofancy…instead為結(jié)果狀語從句，副詞instead意為替代，相反地。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:TheNaturepapersdevelopedtheidea,demonstrating…for…sothequantumHalleffectcouldbereadilyobserved.(Para.8)Analysis:demonstratingthatthequasi-particlesinthismaterialhaveveryweirdproperties現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語，補充說明研究的進展?fàn)顩r。其中thatthequasipaticles…properties為賓語從句，為demonstrate的演示內(nèi)容。thatthequalityofthesamplesobtainedisveryhigh是賓語從句，是showed的內(nèi)容。So引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Sowehadtodigoutanenormousamountofliteraturetryingtounderstandwhatisgoingon.(Para.9)Analysis:tryingtounderstandwhatisgoingon現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語，描述科研過程中大量參閱文獻的情況。whatisgoingon是賓語從句，為understand的具體內(nèi)容。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Thereisalsoever-increasinginterestfromindustry,whichhelpstodevelopthefieldevenfurther.(Para.14)Analysis:which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，研究熱度的上升有助于科研進一步發(fā)展。LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:WhatIwouldliketoconveytothegeneralpublicisthatscienceshouldbefun...(Para.17)Analysis:whatIwouldliketoconveytothegeneralpublic為主語從句，thatscienceshouldbefun作表語從句，是科學(xué)家對科研工作作出定義。LongorDifficultSentences1.citev.引用，引證；[法]傳訊；[軍事]傳（或通）令嘉獎TheycitedAlex'srefusaltoreturntothemaritalhome他們引證了亞歷克斯拒絕回到婚后的家中一事。2.

levitationn.升空，漂浮Weareparticularlyinterestedinphenomenasuchastelepathyandlevitation. 我們對心靈感應(yīng)及空中漂浮這樣的現(xiàn)象特別有興趣。Newwords&phrases

3.initially

adv.首先，最初Forecasterssaythegalesmaynotbeasbadastheyinitiallypredicted.

預(yù)報員說大風(fēng)也許不像他們起初預(yù)報的那么猛烈。4.

coincidencen.巧合，一致，并存ThepremisesofChabertandSonsweresituatedbytheriverand,bycoincidence,nottoofarawayfromwhereEricTalbothadmethisdeath. 查伯特父子公司的經(jīng)營場所位于河邊，碰巧的是，那兒離埃里克·塔爾博特身亡的地方不太遠。Newwords&phrases

5.substitute

n.代替者，替補（運動員）；[語法學(xué)]代用詞v.代替，替換Menfantasiseasasubstituteforactingoutforbiddendesires. 人類通過幻想宣泄壓抑的欲望。Theyweresubstitutingviolencefordialogue... 他們在用暴力取代對話。6.

serendipityn.

意外新發(fā)現(xiàn);

機緣湊巧Someofthebesteffectsinmygardenhavebeentheresultofserendipity. 我園子里最珍貴的幾件物品是機緣巧合之下意外所得。Newwords&phrases

7.premeditation

n.預(yù)謀，預(yù)先策劃Thejudgefinallyconcludedtherewasinsufficientevidenceofpremeditation. 法官最終作出判定，沒有足夠證據(jù)證明那是有預(yù)謀的。8.

fancyvt.想像；設(shè)想；n.設(shè)想；想像力；愛好；SheknewFelixfanciedhimselfasaconnoisseur. 她知道費利克斯把他自己當(dāng)成鑒賞家。TheKingtookafancytoorderingdisguisesandmasks.國王迷上了訂購化裝用品和面具。Newwords&phrases

9.demonstrate

v.論證；演示；示威游行Thestudyalsodemonstratedadirectlinkbetweenobesityandmortality.

該研究還表明了肥胖癥和死亡率之間存在直接的聯(lián)系。30,000angryfarmersdemonstratedagainstpossiblecutsinsubsidies.3萬名憤怒的農(nóng)場主示威抗議可能對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品補貼進行的削減。10.

propertyn.特性，屬性；財產(chǎn)；[戲]道具；Aradiosignalhasbothelectricalandmagneticproperties無線電信號具有電、磁雙重屬性。Anypropertywhichdoesnotsellwithinsixweeksisoverpriced. 任何房產(chǎn)如果6周內(nèi)還賣不出去就說明定價過高。Newwords&phrases

11.diversify

v.多樣化；使不同Thesefirmshavebeengivenatoughlessonintheneedtodiversifytheirmarkets. 這些公司因缺乏多元化市場而遭受慘痛的教訓(xùn)。12.

moleculen.分子；微小顆粒Amethanemoleculeiscomposedofonecarbonatomattachedtofourhydrogens. 甲烷分子由1個碳原子與4個氫原子構(gòu)成。Newwords&phrases

13.transparent

adj.透明的；顯而易見的Hethoughthecouldfoolpeoplewithtransparentdeceptions. 他以為他能用那些可以一眼看穿的鬼把戲愚弄人。14.

accumulatev.積聚；累加；蓄能Householdsaccumulatewealthacrossabroadspectrumofassets.

家庭在以各種各樣的資產(chǎn)形式積累財富。Newwords&phrases

KostyaNovoselov克斯特亞?諾沃塞洛夫ThomsonReuters湯森路透mesoscopicphysics界觀物理學(xué)quantum量子

AndreGeim安德魯?蓋姆geckotape壁虎膠帶metalelectronics電子金屬學(xué)STM低溫掃描隧道顯微鏡ProperNames專題補充講解Negation正說和反說的轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯實踐中，為了使譯文忠實而合乎語言習(xí)慣地傳達原文的意思，有時必須將原文中的肯定說法變成譯文中的否定說法，或?qū)⒃闹械姆穸ㄕf法變成譯文中的肯定說法。輯、表達習(xí)慣不同，英語里有些從正面表達的詞語或句子，譯成漢語時，反而從反面表達更符合漢語習(xí)慣。而英語里有些從反面表達的詞語或句子，譯成漢語時則從正面表達更通順。無論是采取正說反譯法還是反說正譯法，都應(yīng)從翻譯的實際需要出發(fā)，真正達到明確語義、加強修辭及符合漢語習(xí)慣的目的。專題補充講解常需要正說反譯的詞和短語有：動詞fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容詞last，short，absent，final，介詞beyond，past，against，off，from，but，except，固定搭配farfrom，too…to，wiser…than，liveuptoone’sexpectations，divertattentionfrom，beataloss，ratherthan以及neither，seldom，rarely，differently等表示否定的詞，等等。專題補充講解1.例：Takeitorleaveit.譯：買不買隨你。解析：原文中肯定變譯文中否定。漢語中的否定詞語：不，非，否，無，沒有，未，別，勿，休，莫。2.例：Graphene,whichisamonolayerofcarbonatoms,isreallyhardtosee.(Para.8,TextA)譯：石墨烯是碳原子單層膜結(jié)構(gòu)，并不常見。解析：肯定變否定。專題補充講解3.例：Hiscapwasalwaystoosmallforhim,andthesoiledfrontalbadgeofhislinebecameacoloredbuttonbeyondhisforelock.

（Para.1,TextB）譯：他總是戴一頂不夠大的帽子，骯臟的徽章像

他額發(fā)間的一顆變色紐扣。解析：肯定變否定。4.例：Ifwecouldgobackanddoitagain,wewoulddoalotofthingsdifferently.(Para.23,TextA)譯：如果時光倒轉(zhuǎn)，我們會多多嘗試

不同的處理方式。解析：肯定變否定。專題補充講解常需要正說反譯的詞和短語有：動詞fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容詞last，short，absent，final，介詞beyond，past，against，off，from，but，except，固定搭配farfrom，to