新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciences5UnitBioengineeredhope新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciencesAfterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:explainthebreakthroughsandchallengesinusingstemcelltherapiesfortreatingdiabetes;describehowbioprintingandbiologicalcompositescaffoldscontributetotissueregeneration;writeamedicalnewsreportaboutresearchinaspecificfieldofhealthcare;analyzethemedicaltermsrelatedtoregenerativemedicineandproperlyusemedicallanguageincontext;deliveraneducationalpresentationonregenerativemedicine.Learning

objectivesCONTENTS新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciencesUnlocking

thetopicViewingthroughthelensExploringthefrontierSharpening

medicallanguageskillsNavigatingmedicaldiscourseRegenerativemedicineandtissueengineeringfocusonrepairingorreplacingdamagedtissuesandorgansusingstemcells,biomaterials,andbioactivemolecules.Bycombiningbiology,engineering,andmedicine,thesefieldsofferinnovativesolutionsforinjuries,diseases,andage-relateddegeneration.Currently,somerevolutionarytechniqueshavealreadybeenappliedtotacklecriticalmedicalchallengessuchasdiabetesandbladderexstrophy,offeringhopeforpatientswithconditionsonceconsidereddifficulttotreat.Theyarealsopavingthewayforfuturepersonalized,on-demandmedicalsolutions.Howaretheytransformingtreatmentapproaches?Whatbenefitsmighttheybringtopatientsandhealth-caresystemsworldwide?Let’sexplore!ActivatingsubjectknowledgeScanthecodeandcompletetheknowledgeactivationexerciseonUcampus.Workinpairsanddiscussthequestions.Howdoesbioprintingwork?Canyouexplainitsprocesswiththehelpofthepicturebelow?Whatcontributionshasbioprintingmadetothefieldofregenerativemedicine?ReferenceanswersGenerally,thebioprintingprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps.First,doctorsscanthepatient(likewithMRI)toacquiredetailedimagingdataofthetargetarea.Then,thesedataareprocessedtocreateaprecisedigital3Dmodeloftherequiredtissueororgan.Next,theyprepare“bioink”–aspecialmaterialloadedwiththepatient’sowncells.Thebioprinterthenpreciselydepositsthisbioink,followingthedigitalmodel,toformtheReferenceanswerstissueororganstructure.Rightafterprinting,theprintedtissueororgangoesintoaspecialincubatororbioreactorfordaysorweeks,allowingcellstomatureanddevelop.Finally,thetissueororganisreadyforimplantationintothepatient.See?It’slikeadvancedbiologicalmanufacturing.ReferenceanswersBioprintingismakinggreatcontributionstoregenerativemedicine.Firstly,itallowsscientiststocreatecustomizedtissuesandsimpleorgansusingapatient’sowncells,potentiallyeliminatingtransplantrejectionandliberatingcriticallyillpatientsfromtheordealofwaitingfordonororgans.Secondly,itenablestheproductionofprecisetissueandorganmodelsordiseasemodels,whichcanbedirectlyusedtotestReferenceanswersregenerativemedicine-relatedtherapies,reducinganimaltesting.Thirdly,theseprintedtissuesandorganshelpresearchersstudydiseasesandorgandevelopmentinthelab,acceleratingmedicaldiscoveries.Whilecomplexorganslikeheartsarestillindevelopment,bioprintingoffersrealhopeforsolvingthecriticalorganshortageandcreatingbetterpersonalizedtreatments.It’sbuildingthefutureofhealing.hydrogeln.水凝膠meniscusn.半月板cartilagen.

軟骨（組織）chondrocyten.軟骨細(xì)胞extrusionn.

擠壓nozzlen.

噴嘴filament

n.

細(xì)絲bladdern.

膀胱Wordbank

Howmightbioprintingtransformmedicine?Whatpotentialdoesithold?Whatchallengesneedtobeaddressed?Watchthevideoclipandcompletetheoutlinewithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)Bioprintingoffershopeforaddressingtheproblemoforganshortagebypossiblycreatingbrand-new,1)_____________________fromscratch.BioprintingthefutureoforgancreationBackgroundcustomizedorgansItisa(n)2)_________________of3Dprintingusingbioink,whichcontains3)____________,hydrogels,andvariouschemicalstoconstruct3Dobjects.Ithasseveralprintingtechniques,withextrusion-basedbioprintingbeingthemostpopularone.BioprintingbasicsbiologicalcousinlivingcellsBioinkgetsloadedintoaprintingchamberandispushedthroughanozzletoformcontinuousstrands,guidedbya(n)4)_________________________.Afterprinting,somebioinksstiffenimmediately,whileothersrequireUVlightoradditional5)____________________processestostabilizethestructure.TheprocessofthemostpopularbioprintingcomputerizedimageorfilechemicalorphysicalBioprintinghasenabledthecreationoftissuesandminiature,semi-functionalversionsof6)__________________________.AchievementsTechnologicalchallengeReplicatingthecomplex7)_________________________ofamajororganisamajorchallenge.kidneys,livers,andheartsbiochemicalenvironmentBioprintinghasvastpotentialtosavelives,enhanceourunderstandingof8)_______________________inthefirstplace,anddriveinnovation.Futureimplicationshowourorgansfunction

ScriptsTherearecurrentlyhundredsofthousandsofpeopleontransplantlistswaitingforcriticalorganslikekidneys,hearts,andliversthatcouldsavetheirlives.Unfortunately,therearen’tnearlyenoughdonororgansavailabletofillthatdemand.Whatifinsteadofwaiting,wecouldcreatebrand-newcustomizedorgansfromscratch?That’stheideabehindbioprinting,abranchofregenerativemedicinecurrentlyunderdevelopment.We’renotabletoprint

Scriptscomplexorgansjustyet,butsimplertissues,includingbloodvesselsandtubesresponsiblefornutrientandwasteexchange,arealreadyinourgrasp.Bioprintingisabiologicalcousinof3Dprinting,atechniquethatdepositslayersofmaterialontopofeachothertoconstructathree-dimensionalobject,onesliceatatime.Insteadofstartingwithmetal,plastic,orceramic,a3Dprinterfororgansandtissuesuses

Scriptsbioink,aprintablematerialthatcontainslivingcells.Thebulkofmanybioinksarehydrogels.Mixedintothosearemillionsoflivingcellsaswellasvariouschemicalsthatencouragecellstocommunicateandgrow.Somebioinksincludeasingletypeofcell,whileotherscombineseveraldifferentkindstoproducemorecomplexstructures.

ScriptsLet’ssayyouwanttoprintameniscus,whichisapieceofcartilageinthekneethatkeepstheshinboneandthighbonefromgrindingagainsteachother.It’smadeupofcellscalledchondrocytes,andyou’llneedahealthysupplyofthemforyourbioink.Thesecellscancomefromdonorswhosecelllinesarereplicatedinalab,ortheymightoriginatefromapatient’sowntissuetocreateapersonalizedmeniscuslesslikelytoberejectedbytheirbody.

ScriptsThereareseveralprintingtechniquesandthemostpopularisextrusion-basedbioprinting.Inthis,bioinkgetsloadedintoaprintingchamberandpushedthrougharoundnozzleattachedtoaprinthead.Itcanproduceacontinuousfilamentroughlythethicknessofahumanfingernail.Acomputerizedimageorfileguidestheplacementofthestrands,eitherontoaflatsurfaceorintoaliquidbaththat’llhelpholdthestructureinplaceuntilitstabilizes.

ScriptsTheseprintersarefastproducingthemeniscus,onethinstrandatatime.Afterprinting,somebioinkswillstiffenimmediately,othersneedUVlightoranadditionalchemicalorphysicalprocesstostabilizethestructure.Iftheprintingprocessissuccessful,thecellsinthesynthetictissuewillbegintobehavethesamewaycellsdoinrealtissue,signalingtoeachother,exchangingnutrients,andmultiplying.

ScriptsWecanalreadyprintrelativelysimplestructureslikethismeniscus.Bioprintedbladdershavealsobeensuccessfullyimplanted,andprintedtissuehaspromotedfacialnerveregenerationinrats.Researchershavecreatedlungtissue,skin,andcartilage,aswellasminiature,semi-functionalversionsofkidneys,livers,andhearts.However,replicatingthecomplexbiochemicalenvironmentofamajororganisasteepchallenge.Extrusion-basedbioprintingmay

Scriptsdestroyasignificantpercentageofcellsintheinkifthenozzleistoosmall,oriftheprintingpressureistoohigh.Oneofthemostformidablechallengesishowtosupplyoxygenandnutrientstoallthecellsinafull-sizeorgan.That’swhythegreatestsuccessessofarhavebeenwithstructuresthatareflatorhollow,andwhyresearchersarebusydevelopingwaystoincorporatebloodvesselsintobioprintedtissue.

ScriptsThere’stremendouspotentialtousebioprintingtosavelivesandadvanceourunderstandingofhowourorgansfunctioninthefirstplace.Andthetechnologyopensupadizzyingarrayofpossibilities,suchasprintingtissueswithembeddedelectronics.Couldweonedayengineerorgansthatexceedcurrenthumancapability,orgiveourselvesfeatureslikeunburnableskin?Howlongmightweextendhumanlifebyprintingandreplacingourorgans?Andexactlywhoandwhatwillhaveaccesstothistechnologyanditsincredibleoutput?Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Canyougiveexamplesofotherpotentialapplicationsofbioprintingbeyondthosediscussedinthevideoclip?Inadditiontomedicalapplications,bioprintingshowsgreatpotentialforenhancinghumancapabilities.Shouldbioprintingprioritizeaddressingmedicalneedsorexploringhumanaugmentation,andwhy?ReferenceanswersBioprintingcouldhelppatientsinwaysotherthanthosementionedinthevideo.Forexample:Cornealtransplants–Createcorneastotreatblindnessfrominjuriesordiseases.Gumgrafts–Printgumtissueforpatientswithrecedinggums.Nerverepair–Guidedamagednervestoregrowusingnerveguidanceconduits.ReferenceanswersHeartpatches–Printsmallpiecesofcardiactissuetorepairthedeadtissuecausedbyheartattacks.Drugtesting–Usepatient-specificcellstogeneratecustomizedtissueororganconstructstoenabletailoreddrugtestingandscreening.ReferenceanswersBioprintingshouldprioritizeaddressingmedicalneeds.Millionsofpeopleworldwidesufferfromorganfailure,burns,andinjuriesthatmightbetreatedwithbioprintedtissuesororgans.Addressingtheseurgenthealthissuesisconsistentwithmedicine’scoregoal:healingpatients.Whilehumanaugmentation,likeenhancedstrengthorvision,isfascinating,itraisesethicalconcernsandmayonlybenefitafew.ByfocusingReferenceanswersonlife-savingapplicationsfirst–suchasskingraftsforburnvictimsortransplantableorgans–weensurethistechnologyhelpsthoseingreatestneed.Later,oncethesecriticalmedicalneedsaremet,wecancarefullyexplorehumanaugmentation.Thisapproachbalancesinnovationwithresponsibility.vExploringthefrontierReading

1Reading

2新醫(yī)科大學(xué)英語CollegeEnglishfor

NewMedicalSciences1A25-year-oldwomanfromTianjin,China,hadlongstruggledwiththerelentlessdemandsoftype1diabetes.Managingherconditionrequiredconstantcalculations–howmuchinsulintoinject,whentoeat,andhowtoavoiddangerousspikesanddrops

inbloodsugar.Butoneday,everythingtookapositiveturn.Afterreceivinganinnovativetreatment,shenolongerneededinsulininjections.Forthefirsttimesinceherdiagnosis,herbodyproduceditsowninsulinagain.Howstemcellsreversediabetesforthefirsttimeinhistory2Thisgroundbreakingachievementwasmadepossiblebyateamof35Chineseresearchersfrommultipleinstitutions.Theysuccessfullyreversedtype1diabetesinahumanforthefirsttimeinhistory,usingreprogrammedstemcellsderivedfromthepatient’sownbody.Theirfindings,publishedinCell,documentaphase1clinicaltrialthatevaluatestheviabilityoftransplantingautologous

islets

derivedfromchemicallyinducedpluripotentstemcells

(CiPSCs)undertheanteriorwalloftherectussheath.Thisstudyrepresentsacriticalmilestoneinthequestforacurefortype1diabetes,which,alongwithtype2diabetes,afflictsover800millionpeopleworldwide.3WHOcategorizesdiabetesasachronic,metabolicdiseasecharacterizedbyelevatedlevelsofbloodglucose,posingseriousriskstovitalorgansandoverallhealth.Type2diabetesismoreprevalent,usuallyinadults,andoccurswhenthebodybecomesinsulin-resistantordoesn’tproduceenoughinsulin.Type1diabetes,onceknownasjuvenilediabetesorinsulin-dependentdiabetes,isachronicconditioninwhichthepancreasproduceslittleornoinsulinonitsown.Inbothcases,patientsrequireaspecialdietofrestrictedsugarintakeanddependoninsulintreatmentsforsurvival.Theyalsoneedconstantmedicalcheck-ups,whichentailahugeexpenseforbothindividualsandtheirfamilies,aswellasforpublichealthsystems.Therefore,findingacurefordiabetescantransformthelivesofmillionsofpeople.4Fortheyoungwoman,thetransplanthasbeennothingshortoflife-altering.Thepaperreportsthatsheachievedsustainedinsulinindependencejust75daysafterthetransplant.Bythefourthmonth,hertimeinrange

shotupfrom43.18%toanimpressive96.21%,whileherglycatedhemoglobin

returnedtonon-diabeticlevels.Thepaperalsoadds,“Atoneyear,theclinicaldatametallstudyendpointswithnoindicationoftransplant-relatedabnormalities.”“Icaneatsugarnow,”thewomantoldNatureinaphoneinterview.“Ienjoyeatingeverything–especiallyhotpot.”5Beyondreversingtype1diabetes,researchershavealsomadeparallelstridesincombatingtype2diabetes.NaturereportsthatthestudyinvolvingtheyoungwomanfollowsresultsfromaseparateteamofShanghairesearchers,whosuccessfullytransplantedinsulin-producingisletsintotheliverofa59-year-oldmanwithtype2diabetes.Theisletswerealsoproducedusingthereprogrammedstemcellsderivedfromtheman’sownbody.Aroundoneyearafterthetreatment,hisisletfunctionwasrestored.6Naturepointsoutthatislettransplantscantreatthedisease,buttheiruseishinderedbyashortageofavailableorgansandthenecessityforpatientstotakeimmunosuppressants.Byusingtissuemadefromaperson’sowncells,researchershopethatthesechallengescanbebypassed.7ThetworecentstudiesthatmanagedtoreversediabetesintwoChinesepatientsarebasedonastemcellreprogrammingtechniquepioneeredbyaJapaneseresearcherabout20yearsago,whichearnedhimaNobelPrize.However,NaturenotesthatateamofChineseresearchersledbyPekingUniversity,whoco-authoredthestudyinvolvingtheyoungwoman,modifiedthetechnique.Insteadofintroducingproteinsthattriggergeneexpression,astheJapaneseresearcherhaddone,theyexposedthecellstosmallmolecules.8Inthefirsttrialofitskind,theChineseresearchersextractedcellsfromthreeparticipantswithtype1diabetesandrevertedthecellstoapluripotentstate,fromwhichtheycouldbereprogrammedintofunctionalislets.Fortheyoungwoman,approximately1.5millionisletswereinjectedintoherabdomen.Previously,isletswereinjectedintotheliver,buttrackingthecellsprovedchallenging.Therefore,theresearchersoptedtoinjecttheisletsintotheabdomensothattheycouldmonitorthecellscloselythroughMRI.9Whiletheresultsofthestudyarepromisingsofar,theresearcherswarnthatmoreclinicalstudiesarewarranted.Thetrialthusfarincludesonlyasmallcohortofpatients,leavingquestionsabouttheefficacyofthetherapyacrossabroaderpopulation.Meanwhile,theuseofimmunosuppressantsintheyoungwoman,necessitatedbyherpriorlivertransplant,mayhavecontributedtothesuccessofthetreatmentbypotentially

shieldingthenewisletsfromimmunesystemattacks.Thisraisesconcernsaboutwhethersimilaroutcomescanbeachievedinpatientswhodon’ttakesuchmedicine.Additionally,extendedfollow-upperiodsareessentialtovalidatethetherapy’slong-termefficacy.AsanexpertattheUniversityofMiamisaidinaninterviewwithNature,beforelabelingthetreatmentacure,itmustbeverifiedthatthetransplantedcellscontinuetoproduceinsulinforuptofiveyears.10ForthewomaninTianjin,apromisingfuturemayhavealreadyarrived.Morethanayearafterhertransplant,herbodycontinuestoproduceinsulin,freeingherfromtheconstantbalancingofinsulinandbloodsugarthatoncedominatedherdailylife.11Forscientists,however,thisisjustthebeginning.Thesuccessofthistrialpavesthewayforatransformativeeraindiabetestreatment.Someday,stemcellsmightofferapermanentfix

forpatientsgrapplingwithdiabetesglobally.12Thepromiseisimmense,butsoaretheobstacles.Despitetherapidadvancements,stemcelltherapiesarestillintheirinfancy.Thehistoryofdiabetesresearchislitteredwitheffortsthatstartedwithpromisebutendedupdisappointing.Yetthistime,researchersarecautiouslyoptimistic.Acuremayfinallybeonthehorizon.BackgroundinformationDiabetes,achronicmetabolicdisordercharacterizedbypersistenthighbloodglucoselevels,resultsfromautoimmunedestructionofinsulin-producingβ-cells(type1diabetes,formerlycalled“juvenilediabetes”duetoitsfrequentpediatriconsetthoughitcanoccuratanyage)orinsulinresistancecoupledwithprogressiveβ-celldysfunction(type2diabetes,historicallytermed“adult-onsetdiabetes”despiteincreasingincidenceinyoungerpopulations).IfBackgroundinformationnotproperlymanaged,overtimeitcanleadtoseverecomplicationsaffectingmultipleorgansystems,includingdamagetotheheart,vasculature,eyes,kidneys,andnerves.Currenttreatments,suchasinsulininjectionsormedications,helpmanagesymptoms,buttheyfailtoaddresstheunderlyingdiseasemechanisms.Stemcelltherapyhasemergedasagroundbreakingapproachthattargetstherootcauses.Stemcells–particularlypluripotentor

Backgroundinformationmesenchymalstemcells–candifferentiateintoinsulin-producingβ-cells,potentiallyrestoringpancreaticfunction.Theymodulatetheautoimmuneresponses(criticalintype1diabetes)andimproveinsulinsensitivity(fortype2diabetes),leadingtoimprovedglucosecontrolandreducedinsulindependenceinsomepatients,asdemonstratedinpreclinicalandclinicalstudies.Thisrepresentsaparadigmshiftfromsymptommanagementtopotentialdiseasemodificationindiabetestreatment.

stemcell

n.[C]aspecialtypeofcellinthebody,thatcandivideinordertoformothertypesofcellsthathaveparticularqualitiesorpurposes干細(xì)胞insulin

n.[U]asubstanceproducednaturallybyyourbodywhichallowssugartobeusedforenergy胰島素spikesanddropsThephrase“spikesanddrops”describessuddenandextremefluctuations,inbloodglucoselevelsinthiscontext.e.g.Theexperimentalresultswerecompromisedbyunexpectedspikesanddropsinlaboratorytemperature.Managingherconditionrequiredconstantcalculations–howmuchinsulintoinject,whentoeat,andhowtoavoiddangerousspikesanddropsinbloodsugar.[Notes]:Thecontentfollowingthedashconsistsofthreeparallel“wh-word+infinitive”structures.Together,theyfunctionasanappositiveto“constantcalculations,”explainingthisabstractconceptthroughspecificdetails.stemcell

n.[C]aspecialtypeofcellinthebody,thatcandivideinordertoformothertypesofcellsthathaveparticularqualitiesorpurposes干細(xì)胞autologousa.relatedtoself;belongingtothesameorganism

自體的isletn.[C]oneofmanygroupsofcellsinthepancreasthatproducehormonessuchasinsulin

胰島chemicallyinducedpluripotentstemcell(CiPSC)n.化學(xué)重編程誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞

rectussheathn.thefibrouscoveringthatsurroundstherectusabdominismuscle腹直肌鞘

Thisstudyrepresentsacriticalmilestoneinthequestforacurefortype1diabetes,which,alongwithtype2diabetes,afflictsover800millionpeopleworldwide.[Structure&Grammar]:Themainclauseofthissentenceis“Thisstudyrepresentsacriticalmilestoneinthequestforacurefortype1diabetes.”Thenon-restrictiverelativeclause(“which...afflictsover800millionpeopleworldwide”)includesaparentheticalinsertion(“alongwithtype2diabetes”)toclarifythatthestatisticsencompassbothtypesofdiabetes.[Notes]:Thesentencehighlightsthesignificanceofthestudyinadvancingthesearchforadiabetescure.Bystatingthatbothtype1andtype2diabetescollectivelyaffectmorethan800millionpeopleglobally,itunderscorestheurgencyandimpactoftheresearch.metabolica.(onlybeforenoun)relatingtoyourbody’smetabolism

新陳代謝的

bloodglucosen.[U](also

bloodsugar)a

typeofsugarinthebloodstream

血糖

pancreasn.[C]aglandinsideyourbody,nearyourstomach,thatproducesinsulinandaliquidthathelpsyourbodytousethefoodthatyoueat

胰；胰腺

timeinrangen.theamountoftimeyouspendinthetargetbloodglucoserange葡萄糖目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)時間；葡萄糖達(dá)標(biāo)時間百分比

shotupTheincreaseoftimeinrangefrom43.18%to96.21%isextraordinary.Thephrase“shotup”perfectlyconveysthisdramaticandrapidimprovement.Wordslike“increased,”“rose,”or“improved”wouldbeaccuratebutfarlessimpactfulanddescriptiveinthiscontext,whilewordslike“surged,”“skyrocketed,”or“l(fā)eaped”cansimilarlycapturethesenseofabrupt,significantgrowth.

e.g.Afterthepharmaceuticalcompanyannounceditsbreakthroughproduct,itsstockpriceshotupby30%inasingleday.Bythefourthmonth,hertimeinrangeshotupfrom43.18%toanimpressive96.21%,whileherglycatedhemoglobinreturnedtonon-diabeticlevels.[Notes]:Theforcefulnatureof“shotup”implicitlyemphasizestheeffectivenessofthestemcelltherapy.Itsuggeststheimprovementwasn’tjustgood,itwasremarkableandswift.

glycatedhemoglobinn.amarkeroflong-termbloodsugarlevels糖化血紅蛋白

immunosuppressantn.

anydrugorsubstancethatsuppressestheimmuneresponse

免疫抑制劑

shieldingTheword“shield”isoriginallyanoun,referringtoaprotectivebarrier–traditionallyapieceofmetal,wood,orleatherusedtoblockphysicalattacks.Inthissentence,itisaverb.Thephrase“shieldsb./sth.fromsb./sth.else”means“protectsb.orsth.frombeingharmedordamaged.”Itappliesbothtophysicalcontextsandabstractones.e.g.

1)WearsunglassestoprotectyoureyesbyshieldingthemfromUVrays.2)Hospitalsshouldprioritizeimprovingmedicalcareovershieldingthemselvesfromconstructivecriticism.Meanwhile,theuseofimmunosuppressantsintheyoungwoman,necessitatedbyherpriorlivertransplant,mayhavecontributedtothesuccessofthetreatmentbypotentiallyshieldingthenewisletsfromimmunesystemattacks.[Structure&Grammar]:

Thepastparticiplephrase“necessitatedbyherpriorlivertransplant”functionsasapost-nominalmodifier,whichexplainswhythepatientneededimmunosuppressants–duetoherearlierlivertransplant.

Thestructure“mayhave+pastparticiple”isusedtomakeaninferenceaboutanactionorsituationthatoccurredinthepast.Itemphasizesthatthispossibilityexists,butthereisnoconclusiveevidenceorfullconfirmation.Inthissentence,“mayhavecontributedtothesuccessofthetreatment”suggestsapossiblebutunconfirmedbenefit.AsanexpertattheUniversityofMiamisaidinaninterviewwithNature,beforelabelingthetreatmentacure,itmustbeverifiedthatthetransplantedcellscontinuetoproduceinsulinforuptofiveyears.[Structure&Grammar]:Thiscomplexsentencebeginswithanadverbialclause(“Asanexpert...saidinaninterviewwithNature”)whichclarifiesthesourceoftheviewpoint,followedbyatimeadverbial(“beforelabeling...acure”)settingacondition.Themainclauseusesanticipatory“it”(“itmustbeverified”)tointroducetheessentialrequirement(“that...foruptofiveyears”).[Notes]:Thisexpertopinion,whichemphasizesthatlong-termevidence(fiveyearsofinsulinproduction)isrequiredtoconfirmwhethertheexperimentaltherapyqualifiesasadefinitivecureratherthanatemporarysolution,mirrorsscientificprudence.fixInthiscontext,theword“fix”means“sth.thatsolvesaproblem(解決方法；應(yīng)對措施).”Ifyourefertosomethingasa“quickfix”toaproblem,youmeanitisawayofsolvingaproblemthatiseasybuttemporaryorinadequate.e.g.

1)Genetherapyhasshownpromise,butsomeresearchersbelievestemcellscouldbetheultimatefixfortype1diabetesbyregeneratinginsulin-producingcells.2)Let’sgetthebadnewsoutofthewayfirst:There’snoquickfixforchronicfatigue.Thehistoryofdiabetesresearchislitteredwitheffortsthatstartedwithpromisebutendedupdisappointing.[Meaning]:Thehistoryofdiabetesresearchisfullofnumerousunsuccessfulattemptsdespiteinitialoptimism.endedup[Meaning]:Thephrase“endup”canbefollowedbyeitheragerund,whichfocusesonongoingactivityastheresult,oranadjective,whichdescribestheresultingstateorcondition.e.g.1)Thediabeticpatientwithuntreateddiseaseendedupneedingdebridement(清創(chuàng))foraseverefootulcer.2)Aftera12-hourshiftattheICU,thedoctorendedupexhaustedanddizzy.onthehorizonTheword“horizon”referstothelinewheretheearthmeetstheskyorthesea.Thephrase“onthehorizon”suggeststhatsomethingisbecomingvisibleandattainableinthenearfuture.e.g.Afteryearsofresearch,apotentialAlzheimer’streatmentisfinallyonthehorizon,givinghopetomillionsofpatientsworldwide.干細(xì)胞療法史上首次逆轉(zhuǎn)糖尿病1

中國天津一位25歲的女性長期飽受1型糖尿病的折磨。為控制病情，她不得不時刻精打細(xì)算——注射多少胰島素、何時進(jìn)餐、如何避免危險的血糖驟升驟降。然而有一天，一切迎來轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。在接受一項創(chuàng)新療法后，她不再需要注射胰島素。這是她確診以來身體首次重新開始自主分泌胰島素。2這一突破性成果是由來自多家單位的35名中國科研人員組成的團(tuán)隊完成的。利用患者自體來源的重編程干細(xì)胞，他們在人類歷史上首次成功實現(xiàn)了人類1型糖尿病的逆轉(zhuǎn)。他們的研究成果發(fā)表在《細(xì)胞》期刊上，論文記錄了一項1期臨床試驗。該試驗評估了將化學(xué)重編程誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞（CiPSCs）制備的自體胰島移植到腹直肌鞘前壁的可行性。這項研究標(biāo)志著1型糖尿病治愈探索道路上的一個關(guān)鍵里程碑——全球逾8億人受1型及2型糖尿病的困擾。3世界衛(wèi)生組織將糖尿病歸為慢性代謝疾病，其特征是血糖水平升高，對重要器官和整體健康構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。2型糖尿病更為常見，多發(fā)于成年人，當(dāng)身體產(chǎn)生胰島素抵抗或自身胰島素分泌不足時就會發(fā)病。1型糖尿病曾被稱為青少年糖尿病或胰島素依賴型糖尿病，是一種胰腺自身產(chǎn)生極少或不產(chǎn)生胰島素的慢性疾病。兩類患者均需嚴(yán)格控糖飲食，并依賴胰島素治療維持生命。他們還需接受持續(xù)的醫(yī)