2025年大學《神經(jīng)科學》專業(yè)題庫——精神疾病與神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡紊亂考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選擇題（每題2分，共20分）1.以下哪項neurotransmittersystem的dysregulationismoststronglyimplicatedinthepathophysiologyofschizophrenia,particularlythepositivesymptoms?A)Serotonin(5-HT)B)Gamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)C)GlutamateD)Dopamine2.The"defaultmodenetwork"(DMN),oftenfoundtobehyperactiveordysregulatedincertainmentaldisorders,primarilyinvolveswhichsetofbrainregions?A)SensorycorticesandprimarymotorcorticesB)CingulatecortexandsensorimotorcorticesC)Medialprefrontalcortex,posteriorcingulatecortex,andangulargyrusD)Basalgangliaandthalamus3.Whichofthefollowingsymptomsismostcharacteristicofautismspectrumdisorder(ASD)?A)HallucinationsanddelusionsB)ExcessiveanxietyandworryC)Significantdifficultiesinsocialcommunicationandinteraction,andrestricted/repetitivebehaviorsD)Depressivemoodandanhedonia4.ThetherapeuticeffectsofSelectiveSerotoninReuptakeInhibitors(SSRIs)fordepressionareprimarilymediatedbytheiractiononwhichneurotransmittersystem?A)DopamineD2receptorsB)Serotonin5-HT1AreceptorsC)Norepinephrineα1receptorsD)GABAAreceptors5.MajorDepressiveDisorder(MDD)isoftenassociatedwithatrophyorreducedvolumesinwhichbrainstructure?A)CerebellumB)BasalgangliaC)HippocampusandprefrontalcortexD)Thalamus6.DeepBrainStimulation(DBS)iscurrentlyanestablishedtreatmentforwhichneurological/psychiatriccondition?A)EpilepsyB)Parkinson'sdiseaseC)Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder(OCD)D)Alloftheabove7.TheHPAaxis(Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalaxis)dysregulationismostcommonlylinkedtowhichmentalhealthcondition?A)SchizophreniaB)MajorDepressiveDisorderC)BipolarDisorderD)AnxietyDisorders8.The"anatomicalvarianthypothesis"ofschizophrenia,proposedbyJohnStraussandDavidGeschwind,primarilylinkedwhichbrainstructuretotheincreasedriskofdevelopingthedisorder?A)AmygdalaB)HippocampusC)CingulateGyrusD)Leftplanumtemporale9.Whichneurotransmittersystemiscriticallyinvolvedintheregulationofanxietyandfearresponses?A)EndogenousopioidsystemB)NorepinephrinesystemC)AcetylcholinesystemD)Endocannabinoidsystem10.Post-mortemstudiesinschizophreniahavefrequentlyobservedreduceddendriticarborizationandspinedensityinneuronsofwhichbrainregion?A)CerebralwhitematterB)BasalganglianeuronsC)Hippocampalneurons,particularlyintheCA3regionD)Neuronsinthesubstantianigra二、填空題（每空1分，共10分）1.Theneurotransmitter________isoftenimplicatedinthepathophysiologyofaddiction,rewardprocessing,andmotorcontrol,withdysregulationlinkedtoconditionslikeschizophreniaandParkinson'sdisease.2.Theneurotransmittersystemprimarilyresponsibleforthe"fight-or-flight"responseisthe________system.3.Theneurotransmitter________isconsideredakeyregulatorofmood,sleep,andappetite.4.Aprimarygoalofneuroimagingstudiesinpsychiatryistoidentify________associatedwithspecificmentaldisorders.5.Theneurotransmitter________playsacrucialroleinexcitatoryneurotransmissionthroughoutthebrain.6.Theprefrontalcortexisessentialfor________functions,includingdecision-makingandimpulsecontrol.7.The________system,involvingstructuresliketheamygdalaandhippocampus,iscentraltoprocessingemotions,particularlyfear.8.Acommondiagnosticapproachforneurologicaldisordersinvolvesmeasuringelectricalactivityusing________.9.Theconceptof"neuroplasticity"referstothebrain'sabilitytochangeitsstructureandfunctioninresponsetoexperience,learning,orinjury,aprocesshighlyrelevanttobothhealthydevelopmentandrecoveryfrombraindamage.10.Thediagnosticcriteriaformentaldisorders,suchasthosefoundintheDSM-5,primarilyfocusonidentifyingclustersofsymptomsratherthanspecificunderlying________abnormalities.三、名詞解釋（每題3分，共15分）1.DopamineHypothesis2.Neuroimaging3.SynapticPlasticity4.DefaultModeNetwork(DMN)5.Neurotransmitter四、簡答題（每題5分，共20分）1.Brieflydescribetheroleoftheprefrontalcortexinexecutivefunctionsandhowitsdysfunctionmightcontributetosymptomsobservedinschizophrenia.2.Explaintheconceptof"neuromodulation"andprovideanexampleofaneuromodulatoryneurotransmittersystem.3.Discussthesignificanceofgeneticfactorsintheetiologyof精神分裂癥(schizophrenia),mentioningrelevantfindingsfromtwinandfamilystudies.4.BrieflycompareandcontrasttheprimarysymptomsandproposedunderlyingneuralmechanismsofMajorDepressiveDisorderandGeneralizedAnxietyDisorder.五、論述題（每題10分，共20分）1.Discusstheneurobiologicalmechanismsunderlyingthetherapeuticeffectsofantipsychoticmedicationsusedtotreatschizophrenia.Includetheroleofdifferentneurotransmittersystems(e.g.,dopamine,serotonin)andpotentialsideeffectsrelatedtothesemechanisms.2.Explainhowdisruptionsinspecificneuralcircuits,suchasthecortico-striato-thalamo-cortical(CSTC)loop,cancontributetothemotorandcognitivesymptomsobservedinParkinson'sdisease.Relatethiscircuittobroaderconceptsofbasalgangliafunctionandneuraloscillations.試卷答案一、選擇題1.D2.C3.C4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.B10.C二、填空題1.Dopamine2.Norepinephrine3.Serotonin4.neuralcorrelates5.Glutamate6.cognitive7.Limbic8.Electroencephalography(EEG)9.Neuroplasticity10.neurobiological三、名詞解釋1.DopamineHypothesis:Thishypothesisproposesthatdopaminedysregulation,particularlyinvolvingthemesolimbicpathway(associatedwithpsychosisandpositivesymptomslikehallucinations/delusions)andthemesocorticalpathway(associatedwithmotivation/cognitionandnegativesymptoms),iscentraltothepathophysiologyofschizophrenia.The"hyperdopaminergic"stateintheformerand"hypodopaminergic"stateinthelatterareimplicated.2.Neuroimaging:Theuseofvarioustechniques(e.g.,fMRI,PET,sMRI,EEG)tovisualizeandmeasurebrainstructure,function,andactivity.Itprovidesawindowtostudytheneuralbasisofnormalandabnormalbehaviors,includingmentaldisorders,withoutdirectbraininvasion.3.SynapticPlasticity:Theabilityofsynapses(connectionsbetweenneurons)tostrengthenorweakenovertimeinresponsetochangesinneuronalactivity,learning,orenvironmentalfactors.Thisincludesmechanismslikelong-termpotentiation(LTP)andlong-termdepression(LTD)andisfundamentalforlearning,memory,andadaptation.4.DefaultModeNetwork(DMN):Alarge-scalebrainnetworkactiveduringrestwhenanindividualisnotfocusedontheexternalenvironment,ofteninvolvedinself-referentialthought,mind-wandering,andsocialcognition.DysregulationoralteredconnectivityintheDMN(e.g.,hyperactivityorhypoconnectivity)isimplicatedinvariousmentalhealthconditionslikedepression,schizophrenia,andAlzheimer'sdisease.5.Neurotransmitter:Achemicalsubstancereleasedfromthepresynapticneuronintothesynapticcleft,whichthenbindstospecificreceptorsonthepostsynapticneuron,therebytransmittingasignalacrossthesynapse.Examplesincludedopamine,serotonin,glutamate,GABA,acetylcholine,etc.Theyarecrucialforvirtuallyallneuralcommunication.四、簡答題1.Theprefrontalcortex(PFC)iscriticalforexecutivefunctionssuchasplanning,decision-making,workingmemory,andimpulsecontrol.Inschizophrenia,disruptionsinPFCfunction(e.g.,duetodopaminedysregulation,structuralabnormalities,orimpairedconnectivity)cancontributetocognitivedeficits(negativesymptomslikeapathy,poorattention)anddisorganizedthinking(positivesymptomslikedisorganizedspeech).ThePFCisalsoinvolvedinfilteringirrelevantinformationandmaintaininggoal-directedbehavior,anditsdysfunctionmayleadtodifficultiesinsocialinteractionandperceptionofreality.2.Neuromodulationreferstotheprocessbywhichspecificsignalsorchemicalstemporarilyaltertheexcitabilityorresponsivenessofneuronsorneuralcircuits,ofteninaspatiallyortemporallyrestrictedmanner.Thisallowsforflexibleadaptationofneuralactivity.Examplesofneuromodulatorsincludeneurotransmitterslikenorepinephrine(involvedinarousalandattention),acetylcholine(involvedinlearningandmemory),andneuromodulatorslikeendocannabinoids(involvedinpainandmoodmodulation).Thesesubstancesoftenactperipherallytotheprimarysynaptictransmission,influencinglargepopulationsofneurons.3.Geneticfactorsplayasignificantroleintheetiologyofschizophrenia.Twinstudiesconsistentlyshowhigherconcordanceratesforschizophreniainmonozygotic(identical)twinscomparedtodizygotic(fraternal)twins,suggestingastronggeneticcomponent(estimatedheritabilityisaround80%).Familystudiesrevealanincreasedriskofdevelopingschizophreniainfirst-degreerelativesofaffectedindividuals,particularlyifaparentorsiblingisaffected.Thesefindingssuggestthatmultiplegenes,possiblyinteractingwithenvironmentalfactors,contributetotherisk.Specificgeneticvariations(e.g.,copynumbervariationslike22q11.2deletionsyndrome,singlenucleotidepolymorphisms)havebeenassociatedwithincreasedsusceptibility.4.MajorDepressiveDisorder(MDD)isprimarilycharacterizedbypersistentsadness,lossofinterest,fatigue,changesinappetite/weight,sleepdisturbances,feelingsofworthlessness,andcognitivedifficulties.Itsneurobiologyofteninvolveshypoactivityoftheserotonin,norepinephrine,anddopaminesystems,particularlyinbrainregionsrelatedtomoodregulationandreward(e.g.,prefrontalcortex,amygdala,hippocampus).Neuroimagingshowsreducedactivityorvolumeintheseareas.GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder(GAD)ischaracterizedbyexcessive,uncontrollableworryaboutvariousthings,oftenaccompaniedbyphysicalsymptomslikerestlessness,fatigue,difficultyconcentrating,muscletension,andsleepproblems.ItsneurobiologystronglyimplicateshyperactivityordysregulationoftheserotoninandGABAsystems,particularlywithinthelimbicsystem(amygdala,hippocampus)andprefrontalcortex,whichgovernsemotionalregulationandthreatmonitoring.Whilebothinvolvelimbicandprefrontalsystems,MDDismorestronglylinkedtoaffectivesymptomsandpotentialmonoaminedeficits,whileGADismorestronglylinkedtosustainedworryandanxietycircuitsinvolvingtheamygdalaandrelatedregulatorypathways.五、論述題1.Antipsychoticmedicationsareprimarilyusedtotreatpositivesymptomsofschizophrenia,suchashallucinationsanddelusions.Theirtherapeuticeffectsarelargelymediatedbytheiractiononthedopamineneurotransmittersystem.MostantipsychoticsareD2receptorantagonists(typicalantipsychotics)orD2receptorpartialagonists(atypicalantipsychotics).ByblockingD2receptorsinthemesolimbicpathway(reducingdopamineactivity,addressingpositivesymptoms)andpotentiallypartiallyactivatingD2receptorsinthemesocorticalpathway(potentiallycounteractingnegativesymptoms),thesedrugshelpmodulatetheexcessivedopaminesignalingthoughttounderliepsychosis.DopamineD2receptorblockadecanleadtosideeffectsknownasExtrapyramidalSymptoms(EPS),suchastremors,stiffness,bradykinesia(slownessofmovement),andrestlessness,duetooverstimulationofnigrostriatal(motorcontrol)andtuberoinfundibular(pituitaryregulation)dopaminepathways.Furthermore,someatypicalantipsychoticsalsoblockserotonin5-HT2Areceptors.Thisblockademaycontributetotheirefficacyintreatingnegativesymptomsandcognitivedeficits,butitcanalsoincreasetheriskofararebutpotentiallyfatalsideeffectcalledNeurolepticMalignantSyndrome(NMS),characterizedbyhyperthermia,musclerigidity,autonomicinstability,andalteredmentalstatus.Theprecisemechanismsunderlyingantipsychoticactionarecomplexandmayinvolveinteractionswithotherneurotransmittersystems(e.g.,serotonin,glutamate,GABA)anddownstreamsignalingcascades,althoughtheD2receptormechanismremainscentral.2.Thecortico-striato-thalamo-cortical(CSTC)loopisamajorneuralcircuitinvolvedinmotorcontrol,butalsoinhigher-levelfunctionslikemotivationandhabitformation.Itconnectsthecerebralcortex(especiallythemotorcort