原油分篇

CrudeOil關(guān)迪峰DanielGuanFeb2017內(nèi)容:CONTENTS原油質(zhì)量CrudeOilQuality原油定義DefinitionofCrudeOil原油加工CrudeOilProcessing原油分類及評估CommodityClassificationandEvaluationofCrudeOil原油的調(diào)和CrudeOilBlending原油數(shù)量CrudeOilQuantity計量表CalculationTable水的影響Water船舶經(jīng)驗系數(shù)VEFROB的影響ROB因素FACTOR原油數(shù)量CrudeOilQuantity計量表CalculationTable水的影響Water船舶經(jīng)驗系數(shù)VEFROB的影響ROBWhatisCalibrationTable?USEforwhat?Until1974,“Old”Table6and“Old”Table54wereusedbybothimportersandexportersforjustaboutanycargo-productsaswellascrudeoil.In1974,moreaccuratetablesweredevelopedbytheAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)jointlywiththeI.P.(InstituteofPetroleum)6A,6B,6C,6Dand54A,54B,54Cand54DAisusedforCRUDEoilsBisusedforPRODUCTSCisusedforCHEMICALSDisusedforLUBEOILSIn2006,TheAPIisonceagainintheprocessofintroducingnewtables.Goingto5decimalplacesforVCF.Tablesevery0.1gravityand0.1Temperature.Theoldtablewas300pages–thenewwouldbe11,000pagesorso….Allcalculationneedstobedoneelectronically.

4QuestionsandAns……...Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetables?Table6AcorrespondstoTable54A;Table6BcorrespondstoTable54Betc…Tables6Aand6BarebasedonFahrenheittemperaturesandAPIgravity;Tables54Aand54BarebasedonCentigradetemperaturesandDensity.HowclosewilltheresultsbefromdifferentTables?Case1:LoadingTable6A;DischargingTable54AVerycloseindeed–justtinyroundingdifferencesfromtemp&Density.Case2:LoadingOldTable6or54;DischargingNewTable6Aor54ABothtable6andtable54willproduceahigherGSVtotalthanthenewtableswill.5QuestionsandAns……...WhythenaresomeexportersstillusingtheseOLDtables?ShowsmorecargoBBLS=Moremoney!)CrudeoilexportercountrieslikeOPEC.HowtodowhensomeplacesstilldousetheoldtablesforyourB/L?

TrytoclarifyanddescribewhichtableusedforyourB/Lincontract.Avoidthispotentialquantityloss.CollectasmuchinformationasyoucansothattheBOLandloadfigurescanbereworked,sowearecomparingthose“ApplestoApples”indischargingport.6QuestionsandAns……...WhatisBarrelsandGallonsetc?ThebasicunitsofmeasurementintheStatesaretheU.S.Barrel,andtheU.S.Gallon.Thereare42U.S.GallonsinaBarrel-Bydefinition.-TOVgivesanuncorrectedcargototal-GSVgivestemperaturecorrectedfigures.InEurope,thebaseunitofvolumeistheCubicMeter.Thereare6.28981barrelsinacubicmeteror0.159cubicmeterin1barrels.MostcalculationstaketheobservedcubicMetervolumeandmultiplythisfigurebyafactor(theobserveddensityatthattemperature)tocomeupwithMetricTons.FACT………WEIGHT=VOLUMEXDENSITY7T.O.V.,G.O.V.,G.S.V.,N.S.V.,T.C.V.DEFINITIONS8TOV-TOTALOBSERVEDVOLUMEThisiseverythinginatankattheobservedtemperature.Includestheproduct,freewaterandsedimentandwater.(purecargo+freewater+BS&W)@observedtemp.GOV-GROSSOBSERVEDVOLUMEThisistheproductincludingBS&W,butexcludingfreewater,attheobservedtemperature.(purecargo+BS&W)@observedtemp.GSV-GROSSSTANDARDVOLUMEThisisthepreviousslide(GOV)correctedtothestandard60deg.F.

(purecargo+BS&W)@60deg.F.NSV-NETSTANDARDVOLUMEThisistheproductlessfreewater,lessS&Wcorrectedto60deg.F.(purecargo)@60deg.F.TCV-TOTALCALCULATEDVOLUMEThisistheproductincludingBS&Wcorrectedto60deg.F.withthefreewateraddedbackin.(TCV=GSV+freewater)910QuestionsandAns……...Whydoesthewaterfactoraffectyourcrudeoilcargoquantity?Becausemostofcrudeoiltradingdeals’quantityisbasedonNSV.NSV=GCV-BS&W=TCV-FREEWATER-BS&WBS&Wmeanssedimentandwatercontent.Whatiswaterfactor?Waterfactorwouldbeincluded2parts,freewaterandwatercontent.NSVBSWFREEWATER11QuestionsandAns……...Howtodetectfreewater?

FreeWaterisdetectedinthefieldbysurveyorandshipstaff.TwodetectingmethodsUTIdetectorb.WaterPasta*Highsuspensionfreewater*Highwaxcontentcargo12QuestionsandAns……...Howtodeterminewatercontent?

Watercontentisdeterminedbylaboratorytesting.TwodeterminationmethodsBS&WbycentrifugemethodASTMD4007b.Testby2partsWatercontentbydistillationmethodASTMD95/4006SedimentcontentbyextractionmethodASTMD47313QuestionsandAns……...Whatisthedifferencebetween2methods?

DistillationmethodismoreaccurateCentrifugemethodresultislowerthancentrifugemethod,itwillcauseyournetbarrelsloss.RefertoAPIChapter10.3orASTMD4007,Thiscentrifugemethodfordeterminingwaterandsedimentincrudeoilsisnotentirelysatisfactory.Theamountofwaterdetectedisalmostalwayslowerthantheactualwatercontent.Whenahighlyaccuratevalueisrequired,therevisedproceduresforwaterbydistillation,TestMethodD4006(APIMPMSChapter10.2)(Note1),andsedimentbyextraction,TestMethodD473(APIMPMSChapter10.1),shallbeused.

14QuestionsandAns……...WhatisVEF?

VesselExperienceFactorTheVEFisbasedonthevesselquantitiesvsshorequantitiesoveraperiodoftime.FiguresareadjustedforROBorOBQasneeded,andaFACTORisgeneratedthat,ifappliedtothevesselnumbers,willgiveyouatheoreticalshorenumber.TheVEFisaveryusefultooltodetermineiflossesoccurredatloadportordischargeport.15QuestionsandAns……...WhyneedtoapplyVEF?Shoretanksareusuallyniceregularshapes-cylinders-andassuch,apartfromtheconeatthebottom,areeasytocalibrateandmaketablesfor.Thebottomsarenormallywatermetered,sotheresultingstrappingchartsareinthemainquiteaccurateShipshavetanksthatarenotregular,1p&1sforexample.Theyalsohavebeams,girders,etc.Tablesmaynotbesoaccurateforthesereasons.16QuestionsandAns……...HowtouseVEF?InaccordancewiththeStandard,vesselexperiencefactorswillbeappliedforpurposesofdeterminingCustodyTransferquantitiesonly“whenagreedbyinterestedparties”.Afull-vesselVEFwillonlybeusedforpartialcargoes,asrecommendedintheStandard,wherei)apartialVEFisnotavailableorii)theinterestedpartiesinstructthatafull-vesselVEFistobeapplied.WhendatatodetermineadischargeVEF(VEFD)inaccordancewiththeStandardisnotavailabletheStandardstatesthat“aVEFLmaybeused”.However,inthesecircumstances,IFIAmembercompaniesmay,withagreementofallinterestedparties,usedatafromotherreliablesourcestocalculateadischargeVEF.Suchdatamaynotbesequential.WherenoagreementisobtainedfrominterestedpartieswithregardtoapplicationofaVEFforpurposesofdeterminingaCustodyTransferquantity,IFIAmembercompaniesshouldissuevesselfigureswithnofactorapplied.17QuestionsandAns……...MainissueofVEFVEFonlyisapplied“whenagreedbyallinterestedparties”.Nowhatsaid“industrypractices’When

VEF

is

appliedforanyquantitydeaminationterm,itmustbeclarifiedinthecontractoragreedbyallinterestedpartiesbeforeoperating.90%vesselVEFislessthan1,itmeansmorequantitywhenitisapplied.r.O.BDEFINITIONS18ROB-REMAINONBOARDQUANTITYThisiseverythinginatankaftercargodischarging.19SolidphaseLiquidphase20QuestionsandAns……...HowdoesROBaffectQuantitydetermination?FromasimpleformulaVesseldischargingquantity=Vesselarrivalquantity–ROBMoreROBmeanslesscargoisdischarged.WhatisthereasoncauseROB?Vesselconstructerslikepipetunnel,oilfenderCargoproperties,pourpoint,viscosityTemperature21QuestionsandAns……...HowtominusROB?

CaseStudy:2parcelscargosonboard;parcelonepourpoint+36;parceltwopourpoint-10,2dischargingports,Dalian&HainanonJan1W,3Wand4Wremaintempat55℃above,controldischargingrate.Heatupcargo15-20℃abovepourpoint2W,5Wremaintempabove33℃.KeepthehighpourparcelcargotankwallhigherthanpourpointDischarge1W,3Wand5Wtillempty,thenballast.Afterthat,discharge2Wand4W.Duringthelaststageofdischarging,plsconsiderheatupsloptankandprocessbottomwash.OthermethodstominusROBsuchasC.O.W.S.,bottomwash22QuestionsandAns……...WhatisC.O.W.S.?

C.O.W.S.--CrudeOilWashingSystem

CrudeOilWash(COW)isrinsingtheresiduefromthestoragetanksofanoiltankerusingthecrudeoicargoitself,afterthecargostoragetankshavebeencleared.Crudeoilispumpedbackandpreheatedinthesloptanks,thesprayedbackthroughhightensionnozzlesthensprayedbackthroughhightensionnozzlesinthefreightstoragetanksontothewallsofthetank.Duetothestickynatureofthecrudeoil,theoilholdontothestoragetankwallsurfaces,andsuchoiladdstothecargo‘remainingonboard’(ROB).ByCOWthecontainers,theamountofROBissubstantiallyreduced.原油質(zhì)量CrudeOilQuality原油定義DefinitionofCrudeOil原油加工CrudeOilProcessing原油分類及評估CommodityClassificationandEvaluationofCrudeOil原油的調(diào)和CrudeOilBlending因素FACTOR24QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrudeoil?Crudeoilsarecomplexmixturescontainingmanydifferenthydrocarboncompoundsthatvaryincompositionandappearance.AnAveragecrudeoilcontainsabout84%carbon,14%hydrogen,1~3sulfurandlessthan1%oftheothercomponents.(Ni,O,metalsandsalts)Crudeoilisrefinedtoproduceawidearrayofpetroleumproducts,includinggasoline;heatingoil;jetfuelsanddiesel;lubricants;asphalt;LPG;andmanyotherproductsusedfortheirenergycontentorchemicalattributes.4classesofhydrocarbons:烷烴Paraffins;烯烴Olefins；環(huán)烷烴Naphthenes；芳烴AromaticsCompositionbyweightElementPercentrangeCarbon83to85%Hydrogen10to14%Nitrogen0.1to2%Oxygen0.05to1.5%Sulfur0.05to6.0%Metals<0.1%CompositionbyweightHydrocarbonAverageRangeAlkanes

(paraffins)30%15to60%Naphthenes49%30to60%Aromatics15%3to30%Asphaltics6%remainderQuestionsandAns……...HowdoesCrudeoilform?Tinyseaplantsandanimalsdiedandwereburiedontheoceanfloor.Overtime,theywerecoveredbylayersofsedimentandrock.Overmillionsofyears,theremainswereburieddeeperanddeeper.Theenormousheatandpressureturnedthemintooilandgas.Today,wedrilldownthroughlayersofsedimentaryrocktoreachtherockformationthatcontainoilandgasdeposits.26QuestionsandAns……...Howtogetcrudefromearth?ShoreDrillOff-shoreDrill27QuestionsandAns……...Whoarethemainexportersforcrudeoil?烷烴Paraffins正構(gòu)烷烴normal

異構(gòu)烷烴iso烯烴（原油不含有烯烴，烯烴是在原油加工過程中產(chǎn)生的）Olefins環(huán)烷烴Naphthenes芳烴AromaticsHHHHHH||||||CnH2n+2H–C–C-C–C–C–C-H

||||||HHHHHHHHHHHH||||||CnH2n+2H–C–C＝C–C–C–C-H

||||||HHHHHHCnH2nCnH2n-6不同類型碳氫化合物的特性

正烷烴N-P異構(gòu)烷烴I-P環(huán)烷烴N芳烴A烯烴O初餾點IBP低

高

終餾點FBP低

高

閃點FP低

高

密度Density低

高

傾點PP高

低

CetaneNumber高

低

發(fā)熱量SE高

低

氧化安定性O(shè)xidation好中差OctaneNumber低

高Gasoil:P是好的componentsMogas：A是好的componentsOisalwaysbad.30Gas(LPG)c2-c4石油氣Below40℃Naphthac5-c10/11石腦油10-175℃

Kerosene&Jetc9-c16煤油&航煤150-300℃GasOilc13-c24柴油200-340℃CrudeOil原油

ResidualFuelc25-c90殘渣燃料油340℃+BackAtmosphereandVacuumDistillation

常減壓蒸餾主要加工工藝常減壓蒸餾（ATM&VACDIST）

催化

催化裂解（CATALYTICCRACKING)

催化重整（CATALYTICREFORMER)焦化（COKER)

加氫

加氫處理（HYDROTREATING)

加氫裂解（HYDROCRAKING)其他

烷基化處理（ALKYLATION)

異構(gòu)化處理（ISO)

Thesecondaryprocessing

二次加工

加工特點航油涉及的加工工藝柴油涉及的加工工藝產(chǎn)品特點汽油涉及的加工工藝產(chǎn)品特點常減壓蒸餾ATM&VACDIST

√√初級分離√

催化裂解CATALYTICCRACKING↓N-P;↑I-P&A

√↓Oxidation√↑ON,↓Oxidation催化重整CATALYTICREFORMER↑A

√↑ON加氫裂解HYDROCRAKING↓O；↑I-P,N

√↑CN,Oxidation;↓PP√↑ON加氫處理HYDROTREATING↓O；↓S√√↑CN,Oxidation;↓PP,S√↑ON烷基化處理ALKYLATION↑I-P

√↑ON異構(gòu)化處理ISO

↑I-P

√↑ON焦化COKER↑O

√↓Oxidation√↓ON，OxidationHowtoclassifycommodityCrudeoil?Density

usuallyreferstohowmuchacrudeoilwillyieldintermsofproducts,suchasheatingoilandjetfuel.Forexample,acrudeoilwithlowerdensity,knownasa

lightcrude,tendstoyieldhigherlevelsofproducts.Acrudeoilwithhighdensity,commonlyreferredtoasa

heavycrude,

willhavelowerproductyields.Lightcrude:>34API;<0.852@20℃Mediumcrude:34-20API;0.852~0.930@20℃HeavyCrude:20-10API;0.931~0.998@20℃Extraheavycrude:<10API;>0.998@20℃Sulfurcontent

isanotherkeydeterminantofcrudeoilquality.Sulfurisacorrosivematerialthatdecreasesthepurityofacrudeoil.Crudeoilwithhighsulfurcontent,whichisknownas

sour,

ismuchlessdesirablethanacrudeoilwithlowsulfurcontent,knownas

sweet

crude.Lowsulfur:<0.5wt%Mediumsulfur:0.5-2wt%HeavyCrude:>2.0wt%TAN,MCR,PP,metalsQuestionsandAns……...HowtoclassifycommodityCrudeoil?KfactorTworangeKfactor

QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrueloilevaluationandhowtoevaluateCrudeoil?

Crudeoilevaluationisamethodwhichisanevaluationofthepropertiesofsampleofcrudeoilforthebenefitofrefiners,traders,andotherinterestedparties.Evaluationdividedintothreelevels:Generalcharacteristicsofcrudeoilassay.RoutineEvaluationofCrudeoil.Comprehensiveevaluationofcrudeoil.CrudeOilEvaluationReport.QuestionsandAns……...WhatisCrueloilblending?

BlendingofCrudeoilsisaprocessofmixingtwoormorecrudepetroleumcomponentstogetherandisdonetoimprovetheoverallvalueorqualityoftheblend.WhatisCrueloilblendingpurpose?

Improvethevalueoftheblend.(Density,Sulphur,TAN)Helparefineryimprovetheproductyieldfromitsprocesses.(Density,Sulphur,TAN,MCR)Improvepipelinecapacity.(PourPoint,Viscosity)WhatarethemainCrueloilblendingproperties?

Density,Sulphur,TAN,MCR,PourPoint,ViscosityQuestionsandAns……...Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Linearblendingitems:Density,Sulfur,TAN,MCRCaseStudy:Denisty,kg/LB=28wt%;C=60wt%;E=12wt%BlendedDensity=(28/100x0.9827)+(60/100x0.9924)+(12/100x0.8894) =0.27516+0.59544+0.10673 =0.9773kg/LFormula:QuestionsandAns……...ARBITRARY%VOLPRODUCTwt%DENSITY,kg/Lwt%/DENSITYNORMALIZED%VOLB280.982728.527.8C600.992460.559.0E120.889413.513.2TOTAL100

102.5100Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Non-linearblendingitems:Non-linearblendingitemcalculationisbasedonexperimentindexorfactor.CaseStudy:PourPoint

QuestionsandAns……...Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Non-linearblendingitems:Non-linearblendingitemcalculationisbasedonexperimentindexorfactor.CaseStudy:PourPoint

UseIV1797.84recheckIndextable.BlendingPourPoint=63°F=(63–32)×5/9=17.2℃ExceltableQuestionsandAns……...INBMIVPRODUCTVOL%POURPTDEGFINDEXNUMBERBLENDMULTIPLIER(VOL%/100)INCREMENTALVALUE(INXBM)A13.521629.840.13585.0284C63.0481247.090.63785.6667F23.5973945.30.235927.1455TOTAL100

1.001797.84Howtodothepaperblendingforcrude?

Linearblendingitems:Density,Sulfur,TAN,MCRCaseStudy:Denisty,kg/LB=28wt%;C=60wt%;E=12wt%BlendedDensity=(28/100x0.9827)+(60/100x0.9924)+(12/100x0.8894) =0.27516+0.59544+0.10673 =0.9773kg/LFormula:QuestionsandAns……...ARBITRARY%VOLPRODUCTwt%DENSITY,kg/Lwt%/DENSITYNORMALIZED%VOLB280.982728.527.8C600.992460.559.0E120.889413.513.2TOTAL100

102.5100Howtodophysicalblendingforcrude?

In-tankblending(batchblending)Specificvolumes