學(xué)員姓名：年級：輔導(dǎo)科目：英語學(xué)科教師：授課日期授課主題1、名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)；2、名詞的屬格；教學(xué)目標(biāo)1、名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)；2、名詞的屬格；教學(xué)重難點名詞的數(shù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容SectionA：名詞的數(shù)名詞1.定義：表示人、地點、事物、以及抽象事物等的名稱的詞.人:John,sister,father事物:water,air,sun,puter地點:London,theater抽象事物:love,happiness,imagination,hope2.名詞的分類：專有名詞：表示特定的人、物、機構(gòu)或場所等的名詞（首字母須大寫）；人名及頭銜；比如:WinstonChurchill,theQucenofEngland,thePresidentoftheUnitedStates,DoctorMathews,ProfessorSamuels等。著作名稱比如；WarandPeace(《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》)TheMerchantofVenice(《威尼斯商人》)PrideandPrejudice(《傲慢與偏見》)月份；一年中12個月份的名稱:January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December。星期、四季；一周七天是:Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday.一年四季是:winter,summer,spring,autumn,節(jié)日；比如:Christmas,Easter,NewYear'sDay,Mother'sDay,ThanksgivingDay等。地理名稱；國家及大洲的名稱如:America,Africa,Europe,Asia,England,Scotland,China,Peru,Albania等。地區(qū)、城市的名稱如:Rome,Vancouver,Beijing,Florence,Califomia,Florida等。江、河、湖泊的名稱如:theAtlantic,theDeadSea,thePacific,LakeVictoria,LakeMichigan,theRhine,theThames,theNile等。山脈、沙漠的名稱如:theHimalayas,theAlps,theSahara等。普通名詞：普通名詞分為“可數(shù)名詞”和“不可數(shù)名詞”；對于英語中名詞的“數(shù)(number)”的概念,我們將主要從兩個角度來討論:一是名詞的可數(shù)性，即區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞(countablenoun，在詞典中標(biāo)注為[C]),這一角度側(cè)重于名詞的意義方面而不是構(gòu)成形式方面;二是名詞的單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)形式,這一角度側(cè)重于名詞的構(gòu)成形式方面。所以，這兩個角度分別是從意義(meaning)與形式(form)兩個方面來討論名詞。形式是由意義決定的,是為意義的表達而服務(wù)的。另一方面,特定的意義是通過相應(yīng)的形式來傳遞的。這其實就是哲學(xué)上說的形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一。因此，我們首先從意義的角度來考察可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞，然后從形式構(gòu)成的角度來考察名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)則。3.常用作不可數(shù)名詞的詞；英文中的不可數(shù)名詞很不易把握,因為我們不能完全按照漢語的思維方式去判斷一個名詞到底是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)。但總的來說，不可數(shù)名詞有以下規(guī)律,筆者這里將其分為五組:第1組:對于一些無法分割的名詞，我們將其看作一個整體，因而作為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化。這樣的名詞主要是一些物質(zhì)名詞，可以按氣體、液體和固體來作出如下分類:氣體:air,fog,oxygen,smoke等。液體:beer,blood,coffee,cream,gasoline,honey,juice,milk,oil,tea,water,wine等。固體:bread,butter,cheese,ice,icecream,meat,beef(牛肉),chicken(雞肉、fish(魚肉),chalk,copper,cotton,glass,gold,iron,paper等。第2組:一些因其組成部分太小而不易數(shù)的名詞,用作不可數(shù)名詞。這主要也是一些物質(zhì)名詞。例如：corn玉米;popcorn爆米花;sand沙 grass草;rice大米;snow雪 hair頭發(fā);salt鹽;sugar糖第3組:表示總稱的名詞通常不可數(shù)(nounsthatareclassesorcategoriesofthings)。這些名詞側(cè)重于表示某類事物的總的概念，而不是具體的事物。如果要具體指出該總稱概念下的具體事物，則要用其他不同的名詞。請看下面表格中的舉例: 表示總稱的概念(不可數(shù)) 表示該總稱概念下的具體事物(?？蓴?shù))clothing衣服 sweaters運動衫，針織衫pants褲子dresscs套裝….…food食物 vegetables蔬萊meat肉類spaghetti意大利面條….…furniture家具 chairs椅子tables餐桌beds床cabinets五斗柵wardrobes衣柜……fruit水果 apples蘋果oranges橙子bananas香蕉cherries櫻桃grapes葡萄……luggage行李 bags包suitcases手提箱……makeup化妝品 lipstick口紅rouge胭脂eyeshadow眼影……h(huán)omework家庭作業(yè) positions作文exercises練習(xí)reading閱讀作業(yè)….…h(huán)ousework家務(wù) washingdishes洗碗dusting除塵cooking做飯………jewelry珠寶 rings戒指earrings耳環(huán)necklaces項鏈bracelets手鐲……money/cash錢/現(xiàn)金 nickels5分硬幣dimes1角硬幣quarters25分硬幣dollars元machinery機器 machines機器 equipment設(shè)備工具 tools設(shè)備，工具 poetry詩歌 poems詩歌 scenery風(fēng)景 scenes(具體的)風(fēng)景;scenicspots景點 character特點 characteristics(具體不同的)特點第4組:抽象的名詞一般是不可數(shù)的(nounsthatareabstractions)。請看下面表格中的舉例:GroupD:advice建議;fun趣味;life生命;patience耐心art藝術(shù)；happiness幸福；love愛； pollution污染beauty美，美貌;health健康;luck幸運 ;time時間crime犯罪;help幫助;music音樂 trouble困境education教育information信息 nature自然 truth真實energy能量intelligence智力，智慧 noise嗓音 unemployment失業(yè)experience經(jīng)驗knowledge知識 nutrition營養(yǎng) work工作不過，要特別注意的是，上面這些名詞可以有其他不同的意思，因而可以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。第5組:表示研究學(xué)科(subjectsofstudy),一般作為不不可數(shù)名詞。請看下面表格中的舉例:GroupE: biology生物學(xué)geometry幾何學(xué) history歷史chemistry化學(xué)grammar語法 math數(shù)學(xué)尤其要注意的是：所謂可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的，即是指一個名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)關(guān)鍵在于它所表達的意義，而意義又隨語境的不同而改變，因而名詞的可數(shù)性是與它所使用的上下文語境密切相關(guān)的。同樣一個名詞，會因為在不同的語境中含義不同而導(dǎo)致它的可數(shù)性不同，因而不能孤立地來看待名詞的可數(shù)性。這是有關(guān)名詞可數(shù)性的重要理念。簡言之,名詞的可數(shù)性重在意義而不是形式，與使用的語境有關(guān)，意義和語境的不同會導(dǎo)致名詞的可數(shù)性不同。為了深刻地理解這個名詞可數(shù)性的理念，請看下面這篇短文。短文是有關(guān)食物營養(yǎng)方面的，請關(guān)注其中food的單復(fù)數(shù)及其含義的變化:EatingforEnergyDoyouknowanythingaboutthisfoodpyramid（金字塔）?Whatdoesitshow?Manyprofessionalsportsteamshaverecentlyaddedanewmembertotheirorganization—anutritionist(營養(yǎng)師).That'sbecauseathleteshavebeeawarethatfoodaffectsperformance.Youdon'thavetobeanathlete（運動員）tonoticethiseffect.Ifyou'veeverskippedbreakfastandthentriedtocleanthehouse,youknowthatyouneedfoodforenergy.Herearesometipsabouteatingtoincreaseyourphysicalperformance:Eatenoughfood.Yourbodyneedsacertainnumberofcalories（卡路里）eachday.Ifyou'retoothin,you'lloftenfeeltiredandyou'llbemorelikelytogetsick.Readthelabelsonfoodproducts.Thisinformationwilltellyouhownutritiousthefoodsare.Avoideatingfoodsthatarehighinsimplecarbohydrates,thatis,sugars.Achocolatebarwillfirstgiveyouenergy,butthenitwillleaveyoufeelingevenmoretired.Eatabalanceddiet,onethatincludesplexcarbohydrates,protein,andfat.Usethefoodpyramidtohelpyoudecidehowmuchtoeatofeachtypeoffood.plexcarbohydratesprovidethebodywith“fuel".Theyarefoundinfruitsandvegetables,andinbread,rice,pasta,andotherfoodsmadefromgrains.Thebodyusesproteintobuildmuscles,anditusesfattoabsorbthevitaminsinfood.Proteinandfatarefoundinfoodslikemilk,cheese,meat,fish,andeggs.Toomuchfat,however,canbeharmful.3.名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則；一般情況下，直接加s，以s.x.sh.ch結(jié)尾，加es如：boxes，dishes，glasses，watches（手表）以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i,再加es如：strawberrystrawberries以1個o結(jié)尾，有生命的加es,無生命的加s如：potatoes,photos以f/fe結(jié)尾的詞這類名詞與上述以o結(jié)尾的名詞在變復(fù)數(shù)方面有些類似，即它一般也有三種情況:一般變f,fe為v，再加es的詞有下面12個:calf/calves(小牛) half/halves(一半) knife/knives(小刀) leaf/leaves(樹葉) life/lives(生命) loaf/loaves(一條，一只) self/selves(自身) sheaf/sheaves(一捆，一束) shelf/shelves(架子) thief/thieves(賊) wife/wives(妻子) wolf/wolves(狼) 一般直接加s的名詞有:belief/beliefs(信仰) chief/chiefs(首領(lǐng)) cliff/cliffs(懸崖) proof/proofs(證據(jù)) reef/reefs(暗礁) roof7roofs(屋頂) safe/safes(保險箱)少數(shù)名詞后加s或變f,fe為v加es均可:dwarf/dwarfs/dwarves(矮人) handkerchief/handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(手帕) hoof/hoofs/hooves(蹄) scarf/scarfs/scarves(圖巾) wharf/wharfs/wharves(碼頭)另外要注意:beef(牛肉)/beefs(牢騷，抱怨)/beeves(萊牛,=beefcattle)。不規(guī)則變化：manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth，goosegeese，mousemice，;二．不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)；apieceofpaper一張紙abottleofwater瓶水a(chǎn)basketoffood一籃子食物apairofglasses一副眼鏡兩張紙twopiecesofpaper三瓶水threebottlesofwaterSectionB：名詞的屬格名詞所有格通常是用來表示一個名詞和另一個名詞之間的所屬關(guān)系。構(gòu)成類別構(gòu)成方法舉例單數(shù)名詞在詞尾直接加’sJim’sroom吉姆的房間詞尾已有s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾只加’Students’rooms學(xué)生們的房間詞尾不帶s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾直接加’sChildren’sDay兒童節(jié)表示兩者或兩者以上共有的所屬關(guān)系在最后一個詞的詞尾加’sJaneandMary’sroom簡和瑪麗的房間（指兩個人共用一個房間）表示兩者或兩者以上各自的所屬關(guān)系在每個詞的詞尾加’sJane’sandMary’srooms簡和瑪麗各自的房間（指分別所有）表示某人的家、店鋪、辦公室等在詞尾加’s，省略其后名詞atmyuncle’s在我叔叔家of所有格無生命的名詞的所屬關(guān)系一般要用介詞of短語來構(gòu)成。如amapofChina，attheendofthisterm。但表時間、距離、世界、國家、城市、團體、機構(gòu)等無生命的名詞直接在詞尾加’s或’。fiveminutes’walk雙重所有格two...any...your...that...one，two...），不定代詞（some，all，any...），物主代詞（my，your...），指示代詞（this，that...時，常用＂of+’s所有格＂形式，即雙重所有格來表示所屬關(guān)系。aphotoofmysister’s我妹妹的一張照片 thisbookofmyclassmate’s我同學(xué)的這本書練習(xí)一;一、單項選擇1．Thehospitalis_________fromhere.A．fortyminutes’swalk B．fortyminute’swalk C．fortyminuteswalk D．fortyminutes’walk2．—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s________.A．LucyandLily B．Lucy’sandLily’s C．LucyandLily’s D．Lucy’sandLily3．On________Day,allofthe________teachersreceivedbeautifulflowersinourschool.A．Woman’s,woman B．Women’s,woman C．Women’s,women4．Mymotherboughtthree________inthesupermarket.Wewouldeat________forlunch.A．fish;fishes B．fishes;fish C．fish;fish5．Thereare________onthedesk.A．threecupsofteas B．threecup C．threecupsoftea D．threeteas二、用所給單詞的正確形式填空6．Anumberof________(German)likeChinesefood.7．Thebabyhasonlytwo________(tooth)now.8．Marymade_________(speech)onhowtobeagoodvolunteerandweweredeeplymovedbyit.9．Thetwinsareproudtobe________(member)oftheschoolbasketballteam.10．Edisonhadmorethanonethousand________duringhislifetime.(invent)11．These________werepayingavisittoournewlybuiltwesterncampus.(visit)12．Lily’s________(dictionary)areunderthetable.13．He’spooratspelling.Hemadealotofspelling_________(mistake)inhiswriting.14．Ilikespringbest.Therearebeautiful________(flower)everywhere.15．It’seasiertomake________(enemy)thantomakefriends.16．Iamexcitedtogetmy________(hero)poster.Iadmirehimforhishardwork.17．Withseveral________(coach)help,thelittleboyfinallylearnedhowtoswim.18．Aftertwo_________（week）hardwork,I’dliketoebacktothecountrysidetorelaxmyself.19．Mr.Blackisateacherofmy________(sister).Sheandherclassmateslikehimverymuch.20．It’sagoodideatogiveyourfatherajacketasagiftonJune19,________(Father)Day.練習(xí)二：單項選擇1．—Jenny,here’resome________.Aretheyyours?—No,mine________inmyschoolbag.A．photo,is B．photos,are C．photoes,are D．photoes,is2．—Arethevisitorsallfrom_________?—No,thereareonly5_________inthegroup.A．Germany;Germany B．Germany;Germans C．German;Germans3．Dancingisoneofmy________.Itakedancingclassestwiceaweek.A．hobby B．hobbies C．habit D．habits4．—It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.—ButIthinkweshouldlet________gooutfirst.A．womanandchildren B．womenandchild C．womanandchild D．womenandchildren5．—Didyouhaveagreattimeonthefarmyesterday?—Yes,wesawmanybeautifulflowersandlotsof________and________.A．pigs;chicken B．sheep;chickens C．fishes;chicken D．duck;chickens6．Lilyisafriendof________.A．Mary’smother’s B．Mary’smother’sofC．Marymother’s D．mother’sofMary7．Aboyisflyingakiteoverthere.Whoishe?HeisbrotherA．Lucy'sandLily's B．LucyandLily's C．Lucy'sandLily8．Thisisthetwins’bedroom.Wecansee________beds.A．May’sandJoy’s B．May’sandJoy C．MayandJoy D．MayandJoy’s9．—Afriendof________

thinksshewon’tpasstheexam.—Ithinksheshouldbelievein________.That’sthesecrettosuccess.A．myaunt;her B．myaunt’s;her C．myaunt’s;herself10．Morethan60percentofChineseteenagersdon’tget________sleepadayandhomeworkisthoughttobethekeyreason.A．eighthours B．eighthour’s C．eighthour D．eighthours’二、語法填空Smartphoneshavebeeanimportantandnecessarypartofourdaily__1___(life).However,theoveruseofsmartphonesmaycauseyoungerstudents’eyeproblemsandstopthempayingattentiontotheir__2___(study).InChina,primaryandmiddleschoolhavehadmore__3___(rule)tolimitstudents’mobilephoneuseatschoolsinceJanuary.__4___(that)whorequiretheirphonesforsomereasonsmustgettheirparents’andteachers’emission(允許)andhandtheirphonesoverduringclasstime,insomeschools,thereisa__5___(box)outoftheclassroomforspeciallystoring__6___(student)phones.___7__(this)isobviouslygoodforimprovingstudents’focusonstudyandfightingaddiction(癮)totheinternet.Accordingtoareport,Chinahad175millioninternet___8__(use)undertheageof18in2019,with74percenthaving__9__(they)ownmobilephones.Thisisworrying,aslongtimeuseofsmartphonesharms__10___(child)eyesight,neckandeventhebrain.Besides,spendingtoomuchtimeonthephonewilltaketheirattentionawayandpreventthemfromlearning.練習(xí)三：一、單項選擇1．（2022·廣西桂林·中考真題）Billhasgottwo________.A．sister B．brothers C．student2．（2022·湖南益陽·中考真題）Look!Therearesome________eatinggrassonthehill.A．sheep B．cow C．horse3．（2022·湖南湘西·中考真題）I’mnothungryatallbecauseIjustatemuch________.A．a(chǎn)pples B．bananas C．bread4．（2022·湖南邵陽·中考真題）—Wouldyoulikesome________?—Yes,madam.A．egg B．juice C．milkteas5．（2022·黑龍江綏化·中考真題）Withtheintroductionofthe“doublereduction”policy(雙減政策),oneofthe________________thatthestudentshavelesshomework.A．changes;is B．change;is C．changes;are6．（2022·重慶·中考真題）Thisyear,thefamilywentcampingon________Day,June1st.A．Child B．Child’s C．Children D．Children’s二、用所給單詞的正確形式填空7．（2022·西藏·中考真題）Thevolunteersangasongtodraw________(child)attention.8．（2019·江蘇揚州·中考真題）Followthat______adviceandsoonyouwillsolveth