醫(yī)學院校研究生英語

視聽說(第四版）首都醫(yī)科大學應用語言學系EnglishforGraduateStudentsinMedicalUniversitiesDepartmentofAppliedLinguisticsCapitalMedicalUniversityUnit11SectionAMusicOutlineBrainstorming

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BrainstormingExercises1lyrics歌詞waltz華爾茲舞(曲)melody主旋律，曲調choir(教堂的)唱詩班，合唱團beat拍子symphony交響樂,交響曲note音符pitch音調，音高staff五線譜BrainstormingExercises1score總譜；樂譜rhythm節(jié)奏harmony和聲chord和弦，和音timbre音色，音質tonecolor音色concerto協(xié)奏曲soprano女高音alto女低音BrainstormingExercises1tenor男高音bass男低音viola中提琴violin小提琴，小提琴手strings樂隊中的弦樂組cello大提琴flute長笛horn喇叭，銅制管樂器brass黃銅樂器BrainstormingExercises1bassoon低音管，巴松管，大管percussion打擊樂器woodwind木管樂器BrainstormingExercises2MusicianWork1.JohannStraussBlueDanube2.TchaikovskyTheSwanLake3.RichardWagnerTheRing4.LudwigvanBeethovenOdetoJoy5.BachTheMinuetBrainstormingExercises2MusicianWork6.MozartTheMagicFlute7.FranzLisztHungarianRhapsodies8.FredericChopinPolanaiseMilitary9.FranzSchubertGretchenattheSpinningWheel10.RobertSchumannButterfliesBrainstormingExercises21.G2.I3.E4.A5.J6.B7.H8.D9.F10.CDiscussionExercises1

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Exercise11.C2.B3.A4.D5.D

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Exercise2MusicStylesMentionedintheConversation1.classicalmusic2.modernmusic3.countrymusic4.popmusic5.jazz6.Baroquemusic7.romanticmusic8.chambermusicBasicElementsNeededinMusic1.rhythm2.pitch3.melody4.harmony5.musicalform6.tunecolorLectureExercises1Thingsmentionedinthelecture:1.Moodsandfeelings4.Instrumentsounds5.Recognitionofsomethingheardearlier6.Rhythms8.Beautifulperforming10.Melodies11.VisualimagesthatcometomindLectureExercises21.Ifthishappens,justletyourattentionbecapturedbyoneofthemanywaysofenjoyingthemusic.2.Remember,yourjobistobeaffected,nottolikeeverything.Everybody’stasteisdifferent,soaconcertthatiswonderfulforonepersonmightbeawfulforanother.Allyoucandoisletyourselfbeaffectedbywhateverthemusichastooffer.LectureExercises23.Understandingisnotrequired.Yourjobisnottobeanexpertonthemusic.Yourjobisnottobeaperfectlistener.Yourjobisverysimple:Beaffectedbythemusic.PassageⅠ.1.world-renowned/Oxford;joiningthelikes2.musician’spassion;master-class3.MessengerofPeace;responsibility4.foundation;workcloselywithPassageⅡ.1.Typesofmusic:classical,pop,rock,heavymetal,rap,folk,jazz,Latin,R&B,hip-hop,blues,opera…Effectsofmusic:harmonious,pleasing,melodious,healing,soothing,relaxing,lively,rhythmic,moving,soft,romantic…PassageⅡ.2.Possiblestructures:Doyoulike/enjoy…Whatisyourfavorite…?Whichappealstoyoumore,popmusicorclassical?I’mcrazyabout…It’shardtosay.Italldepends.Iprefer…(to…)Ienjoylisteningto…morethananyother…PassageⅡ.3.Possiblestructures:Wecan’tlivewithoutmusicbecause…Evenwhenalonein…,youstillhearthesoundof…Musiccanaffectour…Throughmusic,wecanexpressour…Listeningtomusicissoothing,pleasant…Musiccanmakeusfeelexcited,powerful,relaxed…PassageⅡ.4.Possiblestructures:Italldepends.Ilikeitifthemusicis…Butifthemusicistooloud,ornottomytaste,…Musiccanaffectourphysical,mentalandemotionalstatesofbeing,so…CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(1)JohannStrauss(1804—1849)JohannStrausswasanAustrianRomanticcomposer.Inthe19thcenturyViennesemusic(dance)wasdominatedbyJohannStrauss.Hewasknownparticularlyforhiswaltzesbecauseofhisprolificoutput.Heandhisthreesonsinallcomposedover170waltzes,andthusheearnedthetitle“TheWaltzKing”.ThemostpopularWaltzesare:BlueDanube,TalesfromtheViennaWoods,RosesfromtheSouth,andEmperorWaltz.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(1)JohannStrauss(1804—1849)TheclimaxofStrauss’professionalcareercamewiththeweek-longcelebration(October1894)thatmarkedthe50thanniversaryofhisdebut.For50yearsJohannStrausshasbeenpresentatalmosteveryjoyousfunction(慶祝典禮)ofthecivilizedworld;whereverpartiesofhappypeoplehavegatheredforcarefreepleasure,JohannStrauss’spirithaspervaded.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(1)JohannStrauss(1804—1849)AgoldenstatueofJohannStrausswassculptedbyEdmundHellmerandwasunveiledinViennaonJune26,1921astributetothegreatcomposer.Nineteenninetyninemarkedthe100thanniversaryofthepassingoftheWaltzKing.Austriacelebratedtheyearwithconcertscelebratingtheachievementsofitsmostfamousson.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(2)Tchaikovsky(1840—1893)Russiancomposer.Mostofhisworksaredramas,includingthesymphonyRomeoandJuliet(1869),theballetsSwanLake(1877)andTheNutcracker(《胡桃夾子》，1892),andtheoperaEugeneOnegin(《尤金·奧涅金》，1879).Thoughunequal,hismusicshowsawealthofmelodicinspirationandimaginationandaflairfororchestration.Tchaikovsky’ssuccessinbridgingthegulfbetweenthemusicianandthegeneralpublicpartlyaccountsfortheexaltedpositionheenjoysinRussia.Heiscertainlythegreatestmasteroftheclassicalballetandsymphony.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(3)RichardWagner(1813—1883)WagnerwasaGermancomposer.Hewasknownespeciallyforhisromanticoperas,oftenbasedonGermaniclegends.AmonghisworksareTannh?user(《湯豪塞》，1845)andDerRingdesNibelungen(《尼伯龍根的指環(huán)》，1853—1874).Hewasaproductivecomposer,havingwritten13operasandnumerousothercompositions(作品).Hisworks,particularlythoseofhislaterperiod,arenotableforrichchromaticism(半音音階之使用),harmoniesandorchestration(管弦樂編曲).CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(3)RichardWagner(1813—1883)Besideshisactivityasacomposerandalibrettist(歌劇、音樂劇的歌詞作者)Wagnerwroteanastonishingnumberofbooksandarticles,infactabout230titles(書目).RichardWagnerisundoubtedlyoneoftheleadingfiguresofthe19thcentury.Alreadyathistime,hewasasourceofdebateandcontroversy.WhenWagnerdiedin1883,over10,000booksandarticleswerewrittenabouthim.Theamountofresearchhasmultipliedafterhisdeath.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(4)LudwigvanBeethoven(1770—1827)BeethovenwasaGermancomposer.Heisgenerallyregardedasoneofthegreatestcomposersinthehistoryofmusic.Hismusic,whichformedatransitionfromclassicaltoromanticcomposition,includes9symphonies,5pianoconcertos(協(xié)奏曲),aviolinconcerto,32pianosonatas(奏鳴曲),severalothersonatas,2Masses(彌撒曲),andanopera.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(4)LudwigvanBeethoven(1770—1827)TheNinthSymphonyTheSymphonyNo.9isthelastcompletesymphonycomposedbyLudwigvanBeethoven.ThissymphonyisoneofthebestknownofallworksofEuropeanclassicalmusic,andisconsideredoneofBeethoven’sgreatestmasterpieces,composedwhilehewascompletelydeaf.ItplaysaprominentCultureroleinmodernsociety.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(4)LudwigvanBeethoven(1770—1827)Inparticular,themusicfromthefourthmovement(OdetoJoy)isusedastheofficialanthemoftheEuropeanUnion(theGermanlyricshavenoofficialstatus).Furthertestamenttoitsprominenceisthatanoriginalmanuscriptofthisworksoldin2003for3.3millionUSdollarsatSotheby’s,London.TheHeadofManuscriptsDepartment,Dr.StephenRoestated“itisoneofthehighestachievementsofmanrankingalongsideShakespeare’sHamletandKingLear.”.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(5)JohannSebastianBach(1685—1750)Germancomposerandorganistofthelatebaroquperiod.Althoughhewasadmiredbyhiscontemporariesprimarilyasanoutstandingharpsichordist(演奏大鍵琴者)organist,andexpertonorganbuilding,Bachisnowgenerallyregardedasoneofthegreatestcomposersofalltime.Amongthegreatestcomposersinhistory,hewrotemorethan200cantatas,theSaintMatthewPassion,theMassinBminor,orchestralworkssuchasthesixBrandenburgConcertos,andnumerousworksfororgan,harpsichord,andnumerousothermasterpiecesofchurchandinstrumentalmusic.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(6)WolfgangAmadeusMozart(1756—1791)Austriancomposer,regardedbymanyasthegreatestmusicalgeniusofalltimes.Hewasthemostprolificcomposerinhistory.Ofhismorethan600compositions,thefinestworks,includinghislastthreesymphonies(1788)andtheoperasDonGiovanni(《唐·喬萬尼》，1787)andTheMagicFlute(《魔笛》，1791),werewritteninthelastfiveyearsofhisshortlife.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(6)WolfgangAmadeusMozart(1756—1791)Mozartwasoneoftheworld’sthreeorfourleadingoperaticcomposersandoneofthecentralfiguresoftheVienneseclassicalschool.HediedinViennaonDec.5,1791andthenextdayhewasburied,unattendedbyanyoneexceptthegravedigger,atSt.Mark’scemetery.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(7)FranzLiszt(1811—1886)Hungariancomposerandthegreatestpianovirtuoso(鋼琴演奏家)ofhistime,FranzLisztrevolutionizedthetechniqueofpianoplayingandinventedthe“pianorecital”asitisknowntoday.Hediscoverednewmethodsofwritingforthepianothatlaidthefoundationsforthemoderntechniqueofpianocomposition;CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(7)FranzLiszt(1811—1886)healsoinventedthesymphonicpoemfororchestraandthemethodof“transformationofthemes”,bywhichoneortwothemesindifferentformscanprovidethebasisforanentirework.Hisbest-knowncompositions(作品)includetheDanteSymphony(《但丁交響曲》，1856)andtheFaustSymphony(《浮士德交響曲》，1853—1861).CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(7)FranzLiszt(1811—1886)HedidagreatdealtoencouragetheperformanceofmusicofpreviouslyneglectedmasterssuchasJohannSebastianBach,LudwigvanBeethovenandFranzSchubertandmusicofhiscontemporaries.Hetaughtanumberofpupilswhothemselvesbecamefamousvirtuosi.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(8)FredericChopin(1810—1849)Polish-bornFrenchcomposerandpianistoftheromanticera.Hewasthecreatorof55mazurkas,13polonaises,24preludes,27etudes,19nocturnes,4ballads,and4scherzos.Hismusic,writtenchieflyforthepiano,wasbasedontraditionalPolishdancethemes.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(8)FredericChopin(1810—1849)NewsofthewarinPolandinspiredChopintowritemanysadmusicalpiecesexpressinghisgrieffor“his”Poland.AmongthesewasthefamousRevolutionaryEtude.Hehadtheraregiftofcomposingverypersonalmelodies,expressiveofheartfeltemotionbutnevermerelysentimental.Although“romantic”inessence,Chopin’smusichasnoneoftheexpectedtrappingsofRomanticism.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(9)FranzSchubert(1797—1828)OneoftheprincipalAustriancomposersoftheearly19thcentury,SchubertstandsbetweentheworldsofClassicalandRomanticmusicandisnotedparticularlyfortheextraordinarymelodicandharmonicgiftshedisplayedinhisnumeroussongsandchamberworks.Healsocomposedsymphoniesandchambermusic.CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(9)FranzSchubert(1797—1828)HeperfectedtheformoftheGermanartsonginhismorethan600compositionsforvoiceandpiano.HediedinViennaonNov.19,1828.OnhistombwasengravedtheepitaphoftheAustriandramatistFranzGrillparzer:“TheArtofMusichashereentombedarichtreasure,butyetfarfairerhopes.”CultureLink1.BriefIntroductiontoSomeFamousMusicians(10)RobertSchumann(1810—1856)RobertSchumannwasoneoftheleadingGermancomposersoftheearly19thcentury.Hewasfirstandforemostaminiaturist,knownparticularlyforhisshortpianopiecesandsongcycles(聲樂套曲).Asaleadingromanticistandaveryadvancedcomposer,heinfluencedconsiderablyhiscontemporariesandsuccessorssuchasChopinandBrahms(勃拉姆斯，1833—1897，德國作曲家).CultureLink2.AboutConcertMannersThere’snothingmysteriousordifficultabouthowtoactataconcert.It’smostlyjustcommonsense:CultureLink2.AboutConcertManners(1)Bequietandstayput.Themusicrequiressilence,sotheaudiencecontributessilence;boththemusiciansandtheaudiencewanttoconcentrateonthemusic,sothelistenersstayputduringaperformance.Youdon’thavetositlikeastatue.Youcanbreathe,youcanrespondtothemusic,youcanmoveyourbodyinyourchair.Justtrynottodistractothersfromenjoymentoftheperformance.CultureLink2.AboutConcertManners(2)Don’tclapuntilthewholepieceisover.Atmostotherkindsofconcerts,peopleclapwheneverthemusicstops,butinclassicalmusicyouwaittoclapuntiltheveryendofapiece.CultureLink2.AboutConcertManners(3)HowdoItellwhenapieceofmusicisreallyover?Quiteoftenaclassicalpiecehasseveralsections,eachwithitsownending,anditcanbehardtotellwhichendingisthefinalending.Ifyou’renotsurewhentoclap,it’snotyourfault.Yousimplywaituntillotsofotherpeopleareclapping.CultureLink2.AboutConcertManners(4)Avoidsoundsthatgetintheway.Talking.You’dbesurprisedhowmanypeoplegetsoexcitedthattheyforgetthey’renotwatchingTV.Whispering.You’dbesurprisedhowmanypeoplethinkwhisperingissilent.Coughing.Ifyouhaveacough,thenbringcoughdrops(止咳藥片)—unwrapthembeforehand,please!—ortakecoughmedicine.Othersoundssuchassqueakingachair,openingapurse,jinglingcoins,unwrappinganything,rustlingtheprogram,saying“shhh”andbeepers(使……嘟嘟響)watchesandportablephones.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitualEverykindofmusichasitsrituals.Weneedritualtohelptheperformersandtheaudiencegetintoamusicalframeofmind,andtocontainthepowerreleasedbythemusic.Concertritualsaren’talwaysthesame,buthereisanideaaboutwhattoexpect:CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(1)Theconcertmaster(首席小提琴手)Inanorchestra,theleaderoftheviolinsectioniscalledtheconcertmaster.Oftentheconcertmasterstaysbackstageuntiltherestoftheorchestraisreadytobegin.Thentheconcertmastercomesonstageandtakesabowastheaudienceclaps.Theconcertmasterturnstotheorchestra,atuningnoteissounded,andthemusicianstunetheirinstruments.Theaudienceshouldstayquietduringtuning.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(2)TheconductorNexttheconductorcomesonstage.Astheaudienceapplauds,theconductormayinvitetheorchestratostanduptoshareintheapplause.Theconductorshakeshandswiththeconcertmasterasrepresentativeoftheorchestra.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(2)Theconductor

Astheplayerssitbackdown,theconductorturnstowardthemandbeginsthemusic.Themusicmaystartandstopafewtimeswithinonepieceofmusic,butwhenthewholepieceisover,theaudienceclaps,andtheconductorturnstowardtheaudiencetoaccepttheapplause.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(2)TheconductorThentheconductorleavesthestage.Aslongastheapplausekeepsgoing,theconductorwillkeepcomingbackontothestagetobowandreceivetheapplause.Heorshemayasktheorchestraorindividualplayerstostandtosharetheapplause.Afterallofthisclappingandbowing,enteringandexiting,theconductorfinallycomesonstageagaintoleadthenextpiece.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(3)IntermissionMostconcertshaveanintermissioninthemiddleforperformersandaudiencetakeabreak.Themusiciansleavethestage;youmayleaveyourseat.CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(4)Standingovations,shouting,whistling,etc.

Anaudiencecanshowextraenthusiasmfortheperformersbystandingupwhiletheyapplaud.Youmayshout“Bravo!”ifyoulike.(Tobepoliticallyandgrammaticallycorrect,shout“Brava!”forafemaleperformer,and“Bravi!”foragroup.)CultureLink3.TheConcertRitual(5)WhattoweartoaconcertUsuallyyoucanwearwhateveryouwant.Therewillbelotsofpeopledressedinallmannerofclothes,soyou’llfitinnomatterwhat.Openingnightattheoperamightrequireformaldress,butmostconcertsarefarlessformal.Atsomeyou’llbeoutofplaceifyoudressuptoomuch!Afterall,aconcertisakindofcelebration,soyoucanwearsomethingfestive!Becauseconcertssqueezelotsofpeopleintooneroom,it’sbestnottowearstrongfragrances.CultureLink4.MusicTherapyMusictherapyisanestablishedhealthprofessioninwhichmusicisusedwithinatherapeuticrelationshiptoaddressphysical,emotional,cognitive,andsocialneedsofindividuals.Afterassessingthestrengthsandneedsofeachclient,thequalifiedmusictherapistprovidestheindicatedtreatmentincludingcreating,singing,movingto,and/orlisteningtomusic.Throughmusicalinvolvementinthetherapeuticcontext,clients’abilitiesarestrengthenedandtransferredtootherareasoftheirlives.CultureLink4.MusicTherapyMusictherapyalsoprovidesmethodsforcommunicationthatcanbehelpfultothosewhofinditdifficulttoexpressthemselvesinwords.Researchinmusictherapysupportsitseffectivenessinmanyareassuchas:overallphysicalrehabilitationandfacilitatingmovement,increasingpeople’smotivationtobecomeengagedintheirtreatment,providingemotionalsupportforclientsandtheirfamilies,andprovidinganoutletforexpressionoffeelings.CultureLink5.MarchoftheVolunteersMarchoftheVolunteerswaswrittenbyTianHanin1934foraplayhewaswritingatthetime.Popularstoriessuggest,however,thathewroteitonatobaccopaperafterbeingarrestedinShanghaiandthrownintoaKuomintangjailin1935.MarchoftheVolunteerswasselectedasthenationalanthemofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.ThisdecisionwasformallywrittenintotheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinainMarch2004.CultureLink5.MarchoftheVolunteersItwasusedasthenationalanthemforthefirsttimeinaninternationalconferenceinFebruary1949heldinPrague,Czechoslovakia.InJuneacommitteewassetupbytheCommunistPartyofChinatodecideonanofficialnationalanthemforthesoon-to-bedeclaredPeople’sRepublicofChina.BytheendofAugustthecommitteehadreceived6,926submissions.MarchoftheVolunteerswassuggestedbypainterXuBeihongandalmostunanimouslysupportedbythemembersofthecommittee.Therewascontention,however,overtheissueofthethirdline.CultureLink5.MarchoftheVolunteersOnthisZhouEnlaimadetheconclusivejudgment:“Westillhaveimperialistenemiesinfrontofus.Themoreweprogressindevelopment,themoretheimperialistswillhateus,seektoundermineusandattackus.Canyousaythatwewon’tbeinperil?”HisviewwassupportedbyMaoZedongandon27September1949,thesongbecametheprovisionalnationalanthem,justseveraldaysbeforethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Unit11SectionBDigestiveDiseasesOutlineWordBuildingPowerWatchingandDoingWordBuildingPowerBackgroundInformationGastritisGastritisisacommondigestiveconditioncharacterizedbyinflammationoftheliningofthestomach.Thisinflammationcanoccursuddenly(acutegastritis)ordevelopgraduallyovertime(chronicgastritis).Gastritiscanbecausedbyvariousfactors,includingbacterialorviralinfections,ex