WarmingupMerchantshipsexisttocarrycargoesacrossthewatersoftheworldsafely,speedilyandeconomically.Sincealargepartoftheworld'ssurface,approximatelythree-fifths,iscoveredbywater,itisreasonabletoconsiderthatthemerchantshipwillcontinuetoperformitsfunctionforalongtime.Aship,oncestoredandprovisioned,becomestheidealinself-sufficiency,capableofthetransportofcargo,livestock,troops,passengers,gas,fluids,andmineralsetc.WarmingupTheshipisequippedwithsuchancillaryequipmentasrequiredtobeabletoloadandoffload,inasafecondition,allcargoesandpassengersastheshipisdesignedtoaccommodate.WarmingupThisunitdescribesthestructureofthevariouspartsofthehull,thecomponents'name,function,andlayoutmethods,aswellasthebasicequipmentconcerned.Thisinformationservesastheprimaryknowledgeoftheship'sinstruction,repairandmaintenance.Lesson1Ship’sStructureⅠ.PartsofCargoShipsTherearetwomainpartsofaship:thehullandthemachinery.Thehull

istheactualshelloftheshipincludinghersuperstructure.Thepartoftheshipabovetheupperdeckiscalledthesuperstructure.Thehullisawatertighthollowstructure,whichiscomposedoftheupperdeck,bottoms,broadsides,bilges,decks,foreandaft

bulkheadsetc.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShipsTherearportionoftheshipiscalledtheafterendorstern(seeFig-5.1).Whenmovingtowardstern,theshipissaidtobemovingastern.Thefrontportionoftheshipiscalledtheforeend,whilsttheextremeforwardendiscalledthebow.Whenmovingbowfirst,theshipissaidtobemovingahead.Foreandaftaregenerallyusedfordirectionalpurposes.Theareabetweentheforwardandaftportionsoftheshipiscalledamidships.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShipsFig.-5.1:Ship'ssideViewⅠ.PartsofCargoShipsThemaximumbreadthoftheship,whichisfoundintheamidshipsbody,isknownasthebeam

(seeFig-5.2).Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShipsFig.-5.2:Ship'splanviewⅠ.PartsofCargoShipsAshipcomprisesofbothvisibleaswellasinvisibleparts.Forexample,rudder,anchor,bow,keel,accommodation,propeller,mast,bridge,hatchcovesandbowthrusteraresomecommonvisiblepartswhereasbulkheads,frames,cargoholds,hoppertank,doublebottom,girders,cofferdams,sideshelletc.aretheinvisiblepartsofaship.Tounderstandthepartsofaship,onemustgothroughsomecommonterms.

Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips1.MonkeyIslandMonkeyIslandisasortofdecklocatedatatopmostaccessibleheightoftheshipandjustabovethebridge.Thispartofashipissometimesalsoreferredtoasaflyingbridgeand,inpast,wasusedbythesailorsforsolarandstellarobservations.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShipsItisanintegralpartofshipandhousestheunitssuchasmagneticcompass,VDRcapsule,AISTx/Rxantennae,Radarscanner(s)attachedtotheradarmast,SatC/FBTx/Rxantennae,communicationequipmentgearandsoon.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips2.BridgeTheship’sbridgeisthecommandingstationofaship.Itcontrolstheshipmovementthroughitsnavigationalequipmentincludingdeckmachinery,mainengineandship’snavigationsystem.Functionsthatareusuallyperformedontheshipbridgeare:controlstheship’sspeedanddirection(navigation),monitorweatherandseaconditions,navigatingandfixingthepositionoftheship,andfacilitatinginternalaswellasexternalcommunicationⅠ.PartsofCargoShips3.FunnelAFunnelorStacksisachimneyonashipusedtodischargeengineandboilersmoke.Liftingoftheexhaustgasses,clearfromthedeck,istheconstitutionalpurposeoftheFunnel.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips4.AccommodationTheaccommodationareaisthehouseforcrewsandlives.Itisanecessarypartofaship,andfacilitatesspaceforrelaxing,medicalfacilityandfoodcourts.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips5.MastThemastisarangyspararrangementwhichiselevatedmoreorlessverticallytotheCentrelineofaship.Ithasseveralpurposeswhichincludecarryingderricksandalsogivingfundamentalheighttothenavigationlight,radioorradaraerialsandscanners.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips6.StemFront-mostpartoftheboatorship’sbowistermedasStemoftheship.Thekeelitselfisextendeduptogunwaletoformthecurvededgecalledstemoftheship.Thesestemscanbeoftwostylesviz.rakedandplumbstems,whereformerisinclinedatsomeangletothewaterlineandlaterisperpendiculartothewaterline.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips7.BulbousBowItisajutoutbulbatthebowoftheshipjustbelowthewaterline.Itcutsthewaterandtweaksthewaterflowaroundthehull,increasingtheship’sspeed,fuelefficiencyandstability.12-15%ofbetterfuelefficiencyisobservedintheshipwiththebulbousbow.Italsoincreasesthebuoyancyoftheonwardpartoftheship,whichresultsinthereductionofpitchinguptosomeextent.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips8.PaintRoomAsmallonboardareaisrequiredinmarineshipstohandleandstorepaint.ThisroomisknownasthePaintroom.Specialprovisionsarethereforthepaintroomtocaterexplosionandreleaseofchemicalgasesandvapoursfromtheseenamels.Thereshouldbeexplosionprooflightinginthepaintroomandbracketsshouldbeavailabletoprovideflexiblemountingandstorageofpaints.Ⅰ.PartsofCargoShips9.EmergencyGeneratorRoomWhenthemainsupplygoesoutoforderthensmallseparategeneratorsupplieselectricityforemergencyloads.Thisiscalledanemergencygenerator.

Itislocatedabovethetopmostdeck,awayfrommainandsecondarymachineryandcollisionbulkhead,andhasitsownswitchboardinitssurroundings.Thisgeneratorshouldbeeasilyoperableandcanbestartedateven0°CⅠ.PartsofCargoShips10.BallastTanksThecompartmentsmaintainedspeciallytocarrywater,whichservesthepurposeofballastingandstabilizingtheship,aretermedasBallastTanks.Thesetanksshouldbeprovidedwithpropercaretopreventthemfromcorrosion,asseawaterishighlycorrosive.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementAship'sactualdesignandnumberofdecksdependonthetradeinwhichtheshipwillply.Atramp,carryingshipmentsofcoalorore,willbeasingledeckship

withlargeunobstructedhatchestofacilitateloadinganddischarge.Acargolinercarryingavarietyofcargoinrelativelysmallconsignmentswouldhavetween

decks

tofacilitatestowage.Ifsuchashipalsoconveyedwoodandothercommoditiesofhighstowagefactor,ashelterdeckwouldbeprovided.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementThedecksaresupportedbytransverseandlongitudinalmemberscalledbeamsandgirders,usedasconnectionsandstrengtheningpieces.Poopdecks,withthebridgedeckonthetop,areconnectedbystairsandladderscalledthecompanionway.Theship’sgangwayoraccommodationladderconsistsofaseriesofstepswithhandrailsconnectingtheshipwiththeshoreforsafeembarkationanddisembarkation.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementDecksusuallyarearchedfromthegunwaletothecenterlinetoprovidefordrainageofwaterandtostrengthenthedeck.Bulwarksaresolidfencingalongthegunwaleofthemain(weather)deck.Bulwarksarefittedwithfreeingports(scuppers)toallowthewatertorunoffduringheavyweather.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementAdeckthatextendsfromsidetosideandstemtosternisacompletedeck.Inaircraftcarrierstheuppermostcompletedeckistheflightdeck,fromwhichaircrafttakeoffandland.Inallships(exceptforaircraftcarriers)theuppermostcompletedeckisthemaindeck.Thefirstcompletedeckbelowthemaindeckistheseconddeck,thenextthethird,thenextthefourth,andsoon.Anypartialdeckbetweencompletedecksisahalfdeck.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementAstrengthdeckisacompletedeck(usuallythemaindeck)designedtocarrynotonlydeckloadsonitbutalsothehullstresses.Thedamagecontroldeckisthelowestdeckhavingaccessthroughthemaintransversebulkheads,fromforwardtoaft.Themainrepairequipmentandtheprincipalfacilitiesforthecontrolofflooding,sprinkling,andpumpingunderconditionsofdamagearelocatedonthedamagecontroldeck.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementThedefinitionandlocationofthedecksinmodernshipsareasfollows:FORECASTLE:Theforecastleisoneoftheforemostpartsofthemaindeck,generallyextendingfromthestemafttojustabafttheanchorwindlass.Itwasinitiallyusedinmilitaryships,inwhichthesoldiersusedforecastletotakedefensivepositions.But,today,forecastleservesmanyfunctionssuchascarryingtheship’swindlassesandmooring

winches.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementPLATFORMS:Partialdecksbelowthelowestcompletedeck.Theyareusuallybrokentoadmitmachineryorotherspacesandarecalledplatformdecksorjustplatforms.Theyarenumbereddownward,asfirstplatform,secondplatform,andsoon.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementLEVELS:Levelisageneraltermusedtodesignatedeckheightsabovethemaindeck.Thefirstlevelabovethemaindeckisthe01level,thesecondthe02level,andsoon.Differentdecksataparticularlevel,however,carrydifferentnames.Forexample,bothapoopdeckandaboatdeck(usually)areonthe01level.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementUPPERDECK:Apartialdeckextendingfromsidetosideabovethemaindeckamidships.Itispartofthesuperstructure,whichisthepartofaship’sstructureabovethemaindeck,exclusiveofmasts,yards,stacks,andrelatedparts.Thesideplatingextendsupwardtotheupperdeck.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementSUPERSTRUCTUREDECK:Apartialdeckabovethemain,upper,orforecastledeckthatdoesnotextendtothesidesoftheship(ifitdoes,itdoesnothavethesideplatingcarrieduptoit.).II.Ship’sDeckArrangementBULKHEADDECK:Bulkheaddeckisthedeckuptowhichthewatertightbulkheadsareextendedto.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementFREEBOARDDECK:Thefreeboarddeckisnormallytheuppermostcompletedeckexposedtoweatherandsea,whichhaspermanentmeansofclosingallopeningsintheweatherpartthereof,andbelowwhichallopeningsinthesidesoftheshiparefittedwithpermanentmeansofwatertightclosing.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementWEATHERDECK:Allfreedecksandpartsofdecksexposedtotheseaaredefinedasweatherdeck.POOPDECK:Apartialdeckabovethemaindecklocatedallthewayaft.II.Ship’sDeckArrangementQUARTERDECK:Thequarterdeckisnotanactualdeck,butanareadesignatedbythecommandingofficerfortheconductofofficialfunctions.Itisthestationoftheofficerofthedeckinportandusuallyisonthemaindeckatthestarboardgangway.III.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersThemostwidelyrecognizedstructuralarrangementidentifiedwithbulkcarriersisasingledeckshipwithadoublebottom,hoppertanks,singleskintransverseframedsideshell,topsidetanksanddeckhatchways.III.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersBulkcarrierdesigndoesnotaltersignificantlywithsize.Fundamentally,abulkcarrierof30000tonnesdeadweightusuallyhasthesamestructuralconfigurationasthatofashipof80000tonnesdeadweight.III.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersFig.-5.3TypicalcargoholdstructuralconfigurationIII.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersThemoderntendencyistohavelargeunobstructedholds

withmechanicallyoperatedhatchcovers,bothforthespeedyhandlingofcargo,andtoreduceturn-roundtimetoaminimum.III.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersThe

shellplatingistheouterskinoftheshipandismadeupofagreatmanysteelplatesfastenedtogetherbywelding.Eachhorizontalrowofplatingiscalledastrake.StrakesareusuallyletteredA-B-C-D,etc.,beginningwiththerownexttothekeel.Thisstrakeiscalledthegarboardstrake

whilethetopstrakeiscalledthesheerstrake.Thetwoessentialsoftheshellarewatertightnessandstrength.III.GeneralArrangementsPlanofBulkCarriersBulkheads,

arelargepartitionsmadeofplatesrivetedorweldedtogetherandstiffenedwithanglebars,teebars,etc.Dependingonthetypeofshiptherearetransverse,longitudinalandsidebulkheads.Theydividetheshipintocompartments

fore-and-aft,orfromporttostarboard,andtheymayrunbetweentwoormoredecks.IV.DoubleBottomConstruction

Adoublebottom,isaship

hulldesignandconstructionmethodwherethebottomoftheshiphastwocompletelayersofwatertighthullsurface:oneouterlayerformingthenormalhulloftheship,andasecondinnerhullwhichissomewhathigherintheship,perhapsafewfeet,whichformsaredundantbarriertoseawaterincasetheouterhullisdamagedandleaks(seeFig.-5.4).IV.DoubleBottomConstructionThespaceinbetweenthetwobottomsisoftenusedasstoragetanksforfuelorballastwater,thoughfuelstorageinthedoublebottomisnotallowedfornewbuiltshipssince2007,duetoMARPOL73/78.IV.DoubleBottomConstructionFig.-5.4DoublebottomstructuralLesson2Ship’sEquipmentI.AnchorandMooringGears1.AnchorGearShipsusuallyanchorwhentheyaretakingshelterfromhighwinds,quarantining,loading,unloading,etc.Anchorsandcablesarefrequentlyusedtosecureshipstotheseabottom.Inaddition,theyarealsousedtoshipmanoeuvring,e.g.,turningaroundinnarrowwaterorbesidetheberthwhilesettingsail.I.AnchorandMooringGearsTheanchorofaship

ishousedagainsttheforwardsideshell,sometimesinspeciallyrecessedpockets.Theanchorcablepassesthroughtheshellviathehawsepipeontheforecastledeck.Ittravelsoverthecablestopperandontothewindlasscablelifterdrum.I.AnchorandMooringGearsAnchor,isadevice,normallymadeofmetal,whichisusedtoconnectashiptotheseabedofabodyofwatertopreventtheshipfromdriftingduetowindorcurrent.Anchorchain,runsfromthechainlockerthroughthespurlingpipe,viathegypsywheelofthewindlass,throughthehawsepipe,totheanchor.I.AnchorandMooringGearsHawsepipe,isatubethatleadsthechaintotheforecastledeck.Spayingwaterinthepipecleansthechainduringheavingoftheanchor.Windlass,isusedtoheaveinandpayouttheanchorsandanchorchainsinacontrolledway.Thesamewinchcanbeusedtooperateamooringdrum.I.AnchorandMooringGears2.MooringGearAship’smooringsystemisdesignedtomoorashipalongsideajetty,wharf,pier,dock,anothership,orbuoy.Also,mooringgearisusedfortakingtugs.I.AnchorandMooringGearsAccordingtothematerialsofthecablesorlines,thecablesorlinesmaybedividedintofourkinds:naturalfibrerope,syntheticfibrerope,steelwireropeandcompoundrope.Thecorrectlymeasureddiameterofaropeisthediameterofacircumscribedcirclethatwillencloseallthestrands.It’sthelargestcrosssectionalmeasurement.Lengthoffibreropeandsteelwireropeisnormally220mperbundle.I.AnchorandMooringGearsMooringwinch,

islocatedatforeandaftpartsoftheship,designedtohaulinandletgotheropeswhichwillfastentheshiptoshorebyusingthewarpingheadsanddrum.Similarlytothewindlass,themooringwinchhasthedrivemotor,clutch,brake,etc.I.AnchorandMooringGears

Fairleads(chocks),aresomeofthemostnumerousandusefulfittingsfoundaboardships.Theygenerallytaketheformofcastings,weldments,orforgingsweldedthehullnearthesidealongweatherdecks,andareusedforthepurposeofguidinglinesledaboard.I.AnchorandMooringGears

Bitts(bollard),

areusuallyfoundintheneighbourhoodofchocksandsomewhatinboardofthem.Theyareheavyverticalcylinders,usuallycastinpairs,oftenusedformakingfastlinesthathavebeenledthroughthechocks.I.AnchorandMooringGears

Stopper,ashortpartofropesorchains,thefunctionofthestopperistotemporarilyholdtheloadofalinewhilethelineisbelayedonasetofbitts.

Heavingline,

usuallymadeupfrompolypropyleneline,leadsthemooringrolestothejettyandotherships.I.AnchorandMooringGearsShipsusuallymooralongsidewharves,anothership,ormooringbuoysforloading,unloading,bunkering,etc.Inaddition,theymaytaketugsforpushingorpulling,oruseboatsforbelayingup.Ⅱ.PropellerandThruster2.1PropellerItisamechanicaldevicehavingbladesfittedonacentralshaft.Thesebladesrotateandtheirrotationalenergyisconvertedintopressureenergy.Duetothis,thepropellerproducesthrustrequiredforpropulsion.Itpushestheseawaterbackwardsand,inturn,theseawaterhelpstheshipinmovingforward.Ⅱ.PropellerandThrusterEngine,shaftandpropellertogetherconstitutepropulsionunit.Thepropellershouldbemadeupofmaterialslikealuminium,bronze,manganese,etc.,whichareexcellentcorrosionresistantalloys.Therecanbeone,twoorthreepropellers.Ⅱ.PropellerandThrusterItisthemostimportantpartoftheship,withoutwhichashipcan’tmove.Themainfunctionofpropelleristopropeltheshipintheforwarddirectionbyproducingthrustonwater.ItsworkingprinciplesareNewton’sthirdlawofmotionandBernoulli’stheorem.Ⅱ.PropellerandThruster2.2SideThrusterItisakindofdevicewithbladesthathelptoturntheshipbythereactionforceofwater.Generally,thesebladesdrivenbyanelectricmotor,arearrangedinthetransversepipelineatthebowoftheship,anddischargewaterfromonesidetotheotherside.Ⅱ.PropellerandThrusterIthelpsinmanoeuvringshipunderslowspeedincongestedwatersnearportsorcanals.Itisalsoreferredtoastunnelthruster.Sidethrustersinfluencethetotalrunningcostofashiptoagreaterextent.Theseareeitherhydraulicallyorelectricallypowered.Ⅲ.SteeringGearSteeringgearprovidesamovementoftherudderinresponsetothesignalfromthebridge.Thetotalsystemmaybemadeupofthreeparts,controlequipment,apowerunitandatransmissiontotherudderstock.Thecontrolequipmentconveysasignalofdesiredrudderanglefromthebridgeandactivatesthepowerunitandtransmissionsystemuntilthedesiredangleisreached.Ⅲ.SteeringGearThepowerunitprovidestheforce,whenrequiredandwithimmediateeffect,tomovetheruddertothedesiredangle.Thetransmissionsystem,thesteeringgear,isthemeansbywhichthemovementoftherudderisaccomplished.Ⅲ.SteeringGearRudder,isaflathollowstructure,housedintheaftofthepropeller.

Itconsistsofthefollowing

parts:ruddertrunk,moveableflap,mainrudderblade,hingesystem,linksandruddercarrier

bearing.Ruddersareofthreetypes:balancedtype,semi-balancedtypeandunbalancedtype.

Asavitalpartoftheship,therudderisprovidedwithasteeringgearsystemthatcontrolsitsmovement.ItworksonNewton’sThird

Lawofmotion.Ⅲ.SteeringGearCertainrequirementsmustcurrentlybemetbyaship'ssteeringsystem.Theremustbetwoindependentmeansofsteering,butiftwoidenticalpowerunitsareprovided,anauxiliaryunitisnotrequired.Thepowerandtorquecapabilitymustbesuchthattheruddercanswingfrom35°onesideto35°theothersidewiththeshipatmaximumspeed,andalsothetimetoswingfrom35°onesideto30°theothersidemustnotexceed28seconds.Ⅲ.SteeringGearThesystemmustbeprotectedfromshockloadingandhaspipeworkwhichisexclusivetoitaswellasbeconstructedfromapprovedmaterials.Moreover,thecontrolofthesteeringgearmustbeprovidedinthesteeringgearcompartment.Ⅲ.SteeringGearSteeringgearscanbearrangedwithhydrauliccontrolequipmentknownasa‘telemeter’,orwithelectricalcontrolequipment.Thepowerunitmayinturnbehydraulicorelectricallyoperated.Eachoftheseunitswillbeconsideredinturn,withthehydraulicunitpumpbeingconsideredfirst.Apumpisrequiredinthehydraulicsystemwhichcanimmediatelypumpfluidinordertoprovideahydraulicforcethatwillmovetherudder.Ⅲ.SteeringGearInstantresponsedoesnotallowtimeforthepumptobeswitchedonandthereforeaconstantlyrunningpumpisrequiredwhichpumpsfluidonlywhenrequired.Avariabledeliverypumpprovidesthisfacility.IV.LiftingEquipment1.GeneralFordifferenttypesofshipsandcargo,themethodsofloadinganddischargingarevarious,sotheliftingequipmentfittedissignificantlydifferent.Ship’sliftingequipment,alsocalledcargohandingappliances,includesallmechanicalpartsusedfortransferringcargoandliftingsubject.Themostpopularliftingequipmentisderrickandcrane.IV.LiftingEquipmentAderrick

isaliftingdevicecomposedofonemastorpolewhichishingedfreelyatthebottom.Itiscommonlyusedindocksandonboardships.Somelargederricksaremountedondedicatedships,andareoftenknownas“floatingderricks”.IV.LiftingEquipmentAcrane

isaliftingmachine,generallyequippedwithawinder(alsocalledawireropedrum),wireropesorchainsandsheaves,whichcanbeusedbothtoliftandlowermaterialsandtomovethemhorizontally.Craneshavereplacedderricksonmanymodernships.Positionedbetweentheholds,oftenonaplatformwhichcanberotatedthrough360°,thedeckcraneprovidesanimmediatelyoperationalunitrequiringonlyonemantooperate.Doublegearingisafeatureofmostdesigns,providingahigherspeedatlighterloads.IV.LiftingEquipment2.InspectionandmaintenanceAllliftingequipmentused,forexample,forthehandlingofcargotransferequipmentand/organgways,shouldbeexaminedatintervalsnotexceedingoneyearandloadtestedatleastevery5years,unlesslocal,nationalorcompanyregulationsrequirementsaremorefrequent.IV.LiftingEquipmentLiftingequipmentincludes:Derricksystem,deckcranesystem,generalusingcrane.Cargohosehandlingcranes,derricks,davitsandgantries.Gangwaysandassociatedcranesanddavits.Storecranesanddavits.Chainblocks,handwinchesandsimilarmechanicaldevices.Personnelliftsandhoists.Strops,slings,chains,andotherancillaryequipment.IV.LiftingEquipmentAllequipmentshouldbetestedbysuitablyqualifiedindividualsorauthoritiesandbeclearlymarkedwithitsSafeWorkingLoad(SWL),serialnumberandtestdate.Theshipshouldensurethatallmaintenanceofliftingequipmentiscarriedoutinaccordancewithmanufacturer'sguidelines.Routineactivitiesshouldbeincludedwithintheship'splannedmaintenancesystem.IV.LiftingEquipmentAllrecordsoftestsandinspectionsshouldberecordedintheship’sLiftingEquipmentRegister.TheserecordsshouldbeavailableforinspectionbyTerminalRepresentativeswheretheirpersonnelareinvolvedinliftingoperationsusingship’sequipment.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangements1.ApplicationShipsengagedonvoyagesinthecourseofwhichpilotsarelikelytobeemployedshallbeprovidedwithpilottransferarrangements.Equipmentandarrangementsforpilottransferwhichareinstalledonorafter1July2012shallcomplywiththerequirementsofthisregulation,anddueregardshallbepaidtothestandardsadoptedbytheOrganization.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangements2.GeneralAllarrangementsusedforpilottransfershallefficientlyfulfiltheirpurposeofenablingpilotstoembarkanddisembarksafely.Theappliancesshallbekeptclean,properlymaintainedandstowedandshallberegularlyinspectedtoensurethattheyaresafetouse.Theyshallbeusedsolelyfortheembarkationanddisembarkationofpersonnel.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsTheriggingofthepilottransferarrangementsandtheembarkationofapilotshallbesupervisedbyaresponsibleofficerhavingmeansofcommunicationwiththenavigationbridgeandwhoshallalsoarrangefortheescortofthepilotbyasaferoutetoandfromthenavigationbridge.Personnelengagedinriggingandoperatinganymechanicalequipmentshallbeinstructedinthesafeprocedurestobeadoptedandtheequipmentshallbetestedpriortouse.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangements

3.TransferarrangementsArrangementsshallbeprovidedtoenablethepilottoembarkanddisembarksafelyoneithersideoftheship.Inallships,wherethedistancefromsealeveltothepointofaccessto,oregressfrom,theshipexceeds9m,andwhenitisintendedtoembarkanddisembarkpilotsbymeansoftheaccommodationladder,orotherequallysafeandconvenientmeansinconjunctionwithapilotladder,theshipshallcarrysuchequipmentoneachside,unlesstheequipmentiscapableofbeingtransferredforuseoneitherside.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsⅤ.PilotTransferArrangementsFig.-5.5pilottransferarrangements(resolutionA.1045(27))Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsSafeandconvenientaccessto,andegressfrom,theshipshallbeprovidedbyeither:1)apilotladderrequiringaclimbofnotlessthan1.5mandnotmorethan9mabovethesurfaceofthewater,sopositionedandsecuredthat:itisclearofanypossibledischargesfromtheship;itiswithintheparallelbodylengthoftheshipand,asfarasispracticable,withinthemid-shiphalflengthoftheship;Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementseachsteprestsfirmlyagainsttheship’sside;whereconstructionalfeatures,suchasrubbingbands,wouldpreventtheimplementationofthisprovision,specialarrangementsshall,tothesatisfactionoftheAdministration,bemadetoensurethatpersonsareabletoembarkanddisembarksafely;Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsthesinglelengthofpilotladderiscapableofreachingthewaterfromthepointofaccessto,oregressfrom,theshipanddueallowanceismadeforallconditionsofloadingandtrimoftheship,andforanadverselistof15°;thesecuringstrongpoint,shacklesandsecuringropesshallbeatleastasstrongasthesideropes.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsAnaccommodationladderinconjunctionwiththepilotladder,orotherequallysafeandconvenientmeans,wheneverthedistancefromthesurfaceofthewatertothepointofaccesstotheshipismorethan9m.Theaccommodationladdershallbesitedleadingaft.Ⅴ.PilotTransferArrangementsWheninuse,meansshallbeprovidedtosecurethelowerplatformoftheaccommodationladdertotheship'sside,soasto