2025中暑病人試題及答案解析一、單選題（每題2分，共40分）1.中暑的發(fā)病機(jī)制主要是（）A.體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞功能障礙B.水和電解質(zhì)紊亂C.心血管功能障礙D.汗腺功能障礙答案：A解析：中暑是在高溫環(huán)境下，人體體溫調(diào)節(jié)功能出現(xiàn)障礙，導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)熱量蓄積，從而引發(fā)一系列癥狀，所以主要發(fā)病機(jī)制是體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞功能障礙。水和電解質(zhì)紊亂、心血管功能障礙、汗腺功能障礙等是中暑引發(fā)的后續(xù)病理生理改變，并非主要發(fā)病機(jī)制。2.下列哪項(xiàng)不是中暑的常見誘因（）A.年老體弱B.營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良C.劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)D.睡眠充足答案：D解析：年老體弱人群體溫調(diào)節(jié)能力相對(duì)較弱，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良會(huì)使身體機(jī)能下降，劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)熱增加，這些都容易誘發(fā)中暑。而睡眠充足有助于身體恢復(fù)和維持正常生理功能，一般不會(huì)是中暑的誘因。3.先兆中暑的主要癥狀不包括（）A.頭暈、頭痛B.口渴、多汗C.體溫升高至38℃以上D.注意力不集中答案：C解析：先兆中暑時(shí)體溫一般正常或略有升高，但通常不會(huì)達(dá)到38℃以上。頭暈、頭痛、口渴、多汗、注意力不集中等是先兆中暑較為常見的癥狀。4.輕度中暑的體溫一般在（）A.37.5℃～38℃B.38℃～38.5℃C.38.5℃～39℃D.39℃以上答案：C解析：輕度中暑時(shí)體溫一般升高到38.5℃～39℃。37.5℃～38℃體溫升高不明顯，不符合輕度中暑表現(xiàn)；38℃～38.5℃范圍不準(zhǔn)確；39℃以上多為重度中暑體溫表現(xiàn)。5.中暑患者出現(xiàn)熱痙攣時(shí)，最常見的肌肉痙攣部位是（）A.腓腸肌B.肱二頭肌C.股四頭肌D.胸大肌答案：A解析：熱痙攣時(shí)最常見的肌肉痙攣部位是腓腸肌，也就是小腿肚子部位。這是因?yàn)樵诟邷丨h(huán)境下，大量出汗導(dǎo)致電解質(zhì)丟失，尤其是氯化鈉丟失，而腓腸肌對(duì)電解質(zhì)變化較為敏感，容易發(fā)生痙攣。肱二頭肌、股四頭肌、胸大肌相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)不是熱痙攣?zhàn)畛Ｒ姷牟课弧?.熱射病的典型表現(xiàn)是（）A.高熱、無(wú)汗、意識(shí)障礙B.高熱、多汗、意識(shí)障礙C.低熱、無(wú)汗、意識(shí)障礙D.低熱、多汗、意識(shí)障礙答案：A解析：熱射病是中暑最嚴(yán)重的類型，其典型表現(xiàn)為高熱（體溫可高達(dá)40℃以上）、無(wú)汗（汗腺功能衰竭）和意識(shí)障礙。因?yàn)轶w溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞功能嚴(yán)重受損，產(chǎn)熱遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于散熱，導(dǎo)致體溫急劇升高，同時(shí)汗腺功能障礙無(wú)法出汗散熱，進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙等嚴(yán)重癥狀。B選項(xiàng)多汗不符合熱射病特點(diǎn)；C、D選項(xiàng)低熱錯(cuò)誤。7.對(duì)于中暑患者，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)急救的首要措施是（）A.立即將患者移至陰涼通風(fēng)處B.給予清涼飲料C.冰敷降溫D.按摩四肢答案：A解析：發(fā)現(xiàn)中暑患者后，首要措施是立即將患者移至陰涼通風(fēng)處，這樣可以迅速脫離高溫環(huán)境，減少繼續(xù)受熱，為后續(xù)的急救處理創(chuàng)造條件。給予清涼飲料、冰敷降溫、按摩四肢等都是后續(xù)的處理措施，但不是首要的。8.中暑患者降溫時(shí)，冰袋放置的部位不包括（）A.前額B.腋窩C.腹股溝D.腹部答案：D解析：在為中暑患者降溫時(shí)，冰袋可放置在前額、腋窩、腹股溝等大血管豐富的部位，這些部位散熱較快，能有效降低體溫。而腹部對(duì)冷刺激比較敏感，冰袋放置在腹部可能會(huì)引起胃腸道痙攣等不適，所以一般不將冰袋放置在腹部。9.下列哪種藥物可用于中暑患者的降溫治療（）A.阿司匹林B.對(duì)乙酰氨基酚C.氯丙嗪D.布洛芬答案：C解析：氯丙嗪可以調(diào)節(jié)體溫中樞功能，降低機(jī)體代謝率，擴(kuò)張血管，增加散熱，可用于中暑患者的降溫治療。阿司匹林、對(duì)乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬主要用于一般的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛，在中暑降溫方面效果不如氯丙嗪，且可能會(huì)引起出汗等不良反應(yīng)，對(duì)于中暑患者不太適用。10.中暑患者補(bǔ)液時(shí)，一般首選（）A.生理鹽水B.葡萄糖溶液C.林格氏液D.碳酸氫鈉溶液答案：A解析：中暑患者由于大量出汗，丟失了大量的水分和氯化鈉，生理鹽水可以補(bǔ)充水分和電解質(zhì)，維持水和電解質(zhì)平衡，所以一般首選生理鹽水進(jìn)行補(bǔ)液。葡萄糖溶液主要提供能量；林格氏液雖然也可補(bǔ)充電解質(zhì)，但不是首選；碳酸氫鈉溶液主要用于糾正酸中毒，一般不是中暑補(bǔ)液的首選。11.中暑患者出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙時(shí)，應(yīng)采取的體位是（）A.平臥位B.側(cè)臥位C.半臥位D.頭高腳低位答案：B解析：當(dāng)中暑患者出現(xiàn)意識(shí)障礙時(shí)，為防止嘔吐物誤吸導(dǎo)致窒息，應(yīng)采取側(cè)臥位。平臥位可能會(huì)使嘔吐物反流至氣道；半臥位和頭高腳低位對(duì)于防止誤吸效果不如側(cè)臥位。12.以下關(guān)于中暑患者護(hù)理措施的描述，錯(cuò)誤的是（）A.密切觀察生命體征B.保持皮膚清潔干燥C.持續(xù)高流量吸氧D.做好心理護(hù)理答案：C解析：對(duì)于中暑患者，需要密切觀察生命體征，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)病情變化；保持皮膚清潔干燥，防止感染；做好心理護(hù)理，緩解患者的緊張情緒。而持續(xù)高流量吸氧一般不是中暑患者常規(guī)的護(hù)理措施，應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的具體情況，如是否存在缺氧等情況來(lái)決定吸氧的方式和流量。13.中暑患者康復(fù)后，飲食應(yīng)注意（）A.高脂飲食B.高糖飲食C.高維生素飲食D.辛辣飲食答案：C解析：中暑患者康復(fù)后，身體需要恢復(fù)，應(yīng)給予高維生素飲食，以補(bǔ)充身體消耗，增強(qiáng)抵抗力。高脂飲食不易消化，增加胃腸負(fù)擔(dān)；高糖飲食可能導(dǎo)致血糖波動(dòng)；辛辣飲食可能刺激胃腸道，不利于身體恢復(fù)。14.預(yù)防中暑最首要的措施是（）A.加強(qiáng)鍛煉B.補(bǔ)充水分C.改善勞動(dòng)和居住條件D.避免在高溫環(huán)境下工作答案：C解析：改善勞動(dòng)和居住條件是預(yù)防中暑最首要的措施，通過(guò)改善環(huán)境，降低環(huán)境溫度和濕度，能從根本上減少中暑的發(fā)生幾率。加強(qiáng)鍛煉可以增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)，但不能直接預(yù)防中暑；補(bǔ)充水分是預(yù)防中暑的重要措施之一，但不是最首要的；避免在高溫環(huán)境下工作不太現(xiàn)實(shí)，且改善環(huán)境后可以在一定程度上在高溫環(huán)境下安全工作。15.在高溫環(huán)境下工作時(shí)，應(yīng)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間休息一次（）A.半小時(shí)B.1小時(shí)C.1.5小時(shí)D.2小時(shí)答案：B解析：在高溫環(huán)境下工作時(shí)，一般建議1小時(shí)休息一次，這樣可以讓身體有時(shí)間恢復(fù)，減少疲勞和中暑的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。半小時(shí)休息一次可能過(guò)于頻繁影響工作效率；1.5小時(shí)和2小時(shí)休息間隔時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，身體可能會(huì)過(guò)度疲勞。16.下列關(guān)于中暑患者預(yù)后的描述，正確的是（）A.先兆中暑和輕度中暑預(yù)后良好B.熱痙攣患者預(yù)后較差C.熱射病患者預(yù)后一定良好D.中暑患者都不會(huì)留下后遺癥答案：A解析：先兆中暑和輕度中暑癥狀相對(duì)較輕，經(jīng)過(guò)及時(shí)有效的處理，預(yù)后一般良好。熱痙攣患者只要及時(shí)補(bǔ)充電解質(zhì)，緩解痙攣，預(yù)后通常較好；熱射病是中暑最嚴(yán)重的類型，部分患者可能會(huì)因中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)等嚴(yán)重受損而導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致可能有容易有嚴(yán)重者可能會(huì)預(yù)后不良，預(yù)后較差，可能不是而而有一定的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；中暑患者如果病情嚴(yán)重或治療不及時(shí)，可能會(huì)留下后遺癥。所以而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而D選項(xiàng)說(shuō)法過(guò)于絕對(duì)。17.中暑患者出現(xiàn)抽搐時(shí)，應(yīng)首先采取的措施是（）A.立即注射鎮(zhèn)靜劑B.保持呼吸道通暢C.按壓人中D.進(jìn)行心肺復(fù)蘇答案：B解析：中暑患者出現(xiàn)抽搐時(shí)，首先要保持呼吸道通暢，防止窒息，這是保障患者生命安全的關(guān)鍵一步。立即注射鎮(zhèn)靜劑需要專業(yè)醫(yī)生操作且可能會(huì)有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，按壓人中效果不確切，心肺復(fù)蘇一般用于心跳呼吸驟停等情況，不是抽搐時(shí)首先采取的措施。18.以下哪種情況不屬于中暑的易患人群（）A.運(yùn)動(dòng)員B.孕婦C.兒童D.老年人答案：A解析：孕婦、兒童、老年人身體機(jī)能相對(duì)較弱，體溫調(diào)節(jié)能力和對(duì)高溫的耐受能力較差，屬于中暑的易患人群。運(yùn)動(dòng)員身體機(jī)能較好，一般情況下不屬于中暑的易患人群，但如果在極端高溫環(huán)境下高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)也可能中暑，但相比之下不是典型的易患人群。19.中暑患者降溫過(guò)程中，體溫降至多少度時(shí)應(yīng)暫停降溫（）A.37℃B.37.5℃C.38℃D.38.5℃答案：C解析：中暑患者降溫過(guò)程中，當(dāng)體溫降至38℃時(shí)應(yīng)暫停降溫，以免體溫過(guò)低導(dǎo)致低體溫癥等不良反應(yīng)。20.對(duì)中暑患者進(jìn)行病情評(píng)估時(shí)，最常用的指標(biāo)是（）A.體溫B.血壓C.心率D.意識(shí)狀態(tài)答案：A解析：體溫是反映中暑病情嚴(yán)重程度和治療效果的最常用指標(biāo)，通過(guò)觀察體溫變化可以判斷中暑的類型、病情進(jìn)展及治療效果等。血壓、心率、意識(shí)狀態(tài)也是評(píng)估病情的重要指標(biāo)，但體溫是最常用的。二、多選題（每題3分，共30分）1.中暑的類型包括（）A.先兆中暑B.輕度中暑C.中度中暑D.重度中暑E.極重度中暑答案：ABD解析：中暑一般分為先兆中暑、輕度中暑和重度中暑，重度中暑又包括而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而而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