高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專項訓(xùn)練閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)一、高中英語閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1．犇犇閱讀理解

KaitlinWoolleyandAyeletFishbachreportinPsychologicalSciencethatamealtaken"family-style"fromacentralplatecangreatlyimprovetheoutcomeoflaternegotiations.

Havingconductedpreviousresearchin2017revealingthateatingsimilarfoodsledtopeoplefeelingemotionallyclosertooneanother,DrWoolleyandDrFishbachwonderedwhetherthewayinwhichfoodwasservedalsohadapsychologicaleffect.Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.

Forthefirsttesttheyrecruited100pairsofparticipantsfromalocalcafe,noneofwhomkneweachother.Theparticipantswereseatedatatableandfedtortillachipswithsalsa.Halfthepairsweregiventheirownbasketof20gramsofchipsandabowlof25gramsofsalsa,andhalfweregiven40gramsofchipsand50gramsofsalsatoshare.Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.

Thegameaskedtheparticipantstonegotiateanhourlywagerateduringafictionalstrike.Eachpersonwasrandomlyassignedtorepresenttheunionormanagementandfollowasetofrules.

Theresearchersmeasuredcooperationbynotingthenumberofroundsittooktoreachanagreement,andfoundthatthosewhosharedfoodresolvedthestrikesignificantlyfaster（in8.7rounds）thanthosewhodidnot（13.2rounds）.Asimilarexperimentwasconductedwith104participantsandGoldfishcrackers（餅干）,thistimenegotiatinganairline'srouteprices.Theresultsweremuchthesame,withthefood-sharersnegotiatingsuccessfully63.3%ofthetimeandthosewhodidnotsharedoingso42.9%ofthetime.（1）Whatdoesthe"family-style"mealinthereportreferto？A.

Amealtakenathome.

B.

Amealsharedwithothers.C.

Amealconsumedbyoneself.

D.

Amealtakeninafamilyatmosphere.（2）Forwhatpurposedidtheresearcherscarryoutthepresentexperiments?A.

Toshowthewayfoodisserved.B.

Toprovesharingfoodincreasescompetition.C.

Toconfirmsharingfoodcanpromotecooperation.D.

Tofindoutwhethersharingfoodcangetpeoplecloseemotionally.（3）Whywereparticipantsaskedtoeatupthesnackbeforethegame?A.

Toaddtotheirenergy.

B.

Torewardthemfortheirparticipation.C.

Tohidetheintentionoftheexperiment.

D.

Toavoidthedistractionduringthegame.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了外交宴席的心理學(xué)

，研究表明，從中間菜采取的“家庭式”餐，可以大大改善后續(xù)談判的結(jié)果。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.”他們形成了一套理論，認(rèn)為一方面，與他人一起吃飯可能表明糧食短缺，并加強了競爭的概念。然而，他們還推斷，這種方式可能會導(dǎo)致人們更加了解他人的需求，從而推動合作性的行為?？芍猣amily-style指的是與別人一起用餐，故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.”

然而，他們還推斷，這種方式可能會導(dǎo)致人們更加了解他人的需求，從而推動合作性的行為。出于好奇心，他們做了一系列實驗?？芍xC。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.”作為實驗的掩護，所有受試者都得告在游戲開始前就要吃完這些零食?？芍xC?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并結(jié)合題目要求，從而選出正確答案。2．犇犇閱讀理解

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit"brainfreeze".Inourforties,welaughitoffasa"seniormoment"andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.Youthink,"AmIlosingit？"Orworse,"IsthisasignofAlzheimer'sdisease（老年癡呆癥）？"

Well,don'tworry.Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）.Theresearchersinanewstudyshowthatit'snotforgetfulnessbutnotbeingawarethatwe'reforgetfulthatweshouldfear.

TheresearchersbeganwiththeassumptionthatonecommonfeatureofAlzheimer'sdis-easeisadamagedawarenessofillness.Andtheywantedtoprovetheirtheorythatthelackofawarenesscanbeusedtopredictwhethersomeonewith"mildcognitive（認(rèn)知的）damage"willprogresstofull-onAD.Forthestudy,"mildcognitivedamage"wasdefinedassomeonewhosementalstatewasconsideredhealthybutwhohadeithercomplainedofmemorylossorhadsufferedobjectivememoryloss.

Theresearchersusedexistingdatafor1,062peoplebetweentheagesof55and90thathadbeenrecordedovera12-yearperiod.Thedataincludedbrainscans,whichtheresearchersusedtolookforvisualsignsofreducedglucoseuptake（葡萄糖吸收）.ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.Whattheresearchersalsodiscoveredwasthatglucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithmildcognitivedamagewhoalsoshowedevidenceofreducedillnessawareness.Finally,theresearchersfoundthatthosewhohadreducedillnessawarenessweremorelikelytodevelopADthanthosewithout.（1）Whatcanbeimpliedfromparagraph1？A.

Peoplecanbeforgetfulatdifferentages.B.

Thememoryoftheyoungisbetterthantheold.C.

OldpeoplearemostafraidofgettingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

It'sararephenomenonwhenyoungpeopleforgetsomething.（2）Whatstatementdoestheresearchersinthenewstudyagreewith?A.

Beingawareallthetimeisafearfulthing.B.

IllnessawarenesshasnothingtodowithAlzheimer'sdisease.C.

Recognizingforgetfulnessdoesn'tmeandevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

RealizingforgetfulnessmustbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.（3）WhatcanbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease?A.

Realizingothers'forgetfulness.

B.

Reduceduptakeofglucose.C.

Havinghigherintakeofglucose.

D.

Expectedincreaseinbrainfunction.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Sciencefiction.

B.

Achemistrybook.

C.

Ascienceresearch.

D.

Ahealthbrochure.【答案】（1）A（2）C（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了如何預(yù)測你的記憶喪失是否是老年癡呆癥,

一項新的研究表明，不是遺忘，而是沒有意識到我們的健忘讓人們感到害怕。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit‘brainfreeze’Inourforties,welaughitoffasa‘seniormoment’andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.

”在二十多歲的時候，當(dāng)我們記不起鄰居的貓的名字或是主演一部著名電影的英俊演員時，我們覺得很有趣。在三十多歲的時候，我們開玩笑地稱它為“大腦凍結(jié)”，在四十多歲的時候，我們把它當(dāng)作“老年時期”來嘲笑，然后繼續(xù)講這些老年笑話。但現(xiàn)實是，有這樣的時候，健忘不再有趣，而且看起來有點可怕，可推知選A。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）”承認(rèn)自己的健忘也許是一個很好的跡象，至少從你患老年癡呆癥,的可能性來看，可知選C。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.”這是一個患有老年癡呆癥降低了腦功能的客觀標(biāo)志。正如所料，老年癡呆癥患者的葡萄糖吸收降低，故選B。（4）考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，是一項科學(xué)研究，介紹了如何預(yù)測你的記憶喪失是否是老年癡呆癥,

故選C?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。3．犇犇閱讀理解

Three-quartersoftheworld'scoffeefarmsdestroyforesthabitattogrowcoffeeinthesunandtypicallyuseharmfulpesticides(殺蟲劑)andchemicalsthatpoisontheenvironment.Whenforestsdisappear,migratory(遷徙的)songbirdsdisappear,too.Inordertodealwithseverepopulationandhabitatloss,SmithsonianscientistscreatedtheBirdFriendlycertification.

BirdFriendlycoffeesareshade-grown,meaningthecoffeeisplantedundertrees,ratherthanonthelandthathasbeenclearedofallotherplants.Coffeeexpertssayshade-growncoffeestastebetter,becausethebeansripenslowerthancoffeegrowninthefullsun,resultinginaricher,morecomplexflavor.BirdFriendlycertifiedcoffeesgrowunderbio-diverseshadethatprovideshabitatformigratorysongbirdsandotherwildlife,storescarbonandfightsclimatechange.BirdFriendlycoffeesarealsocertifiedorganic,meaningtheyaregrownwithoutpesticides,whichisbetterforpeopleandfortheplanet.

BirdFriendlyproducerscanalsoearnmorefortheircrops.Thewoodandfruittreesonshadecoffeefarmsprovidefarmerswithadditionalincome.EverycupofBirdFriendlycoffeepurchasedrewardsthesefarmerswithalittlemoremoneyforbeinggoodstewardsoftheenvironmentandencouragesthemtocontinueconservingBirdFriendlyhabitat.

BuyingBirdFriendlysupportstheSmithsonianMigratoryBirdCenter'sconservationresearchaimedatunderstandingandprotectingyourfeatheredfriends.YoucanpurchaseBirdFriendlycertifiedcoffeesaroundtheworldandprotectwildlifeandhabitatwitheverycup.Findastoreorcafenearyou,orbetteryet,haveitshippedtoyourdoorwhenyouorderonline.（1）Whatisthepresentsituationofcoffeefarms?A.

Onefourthofthemhavedestroyedforesthabitatforbirds.B.

Pesticidesandchemicalsusedonthempoisonedmanybirds.C.

Farmershavebeenawareofenvironmentprotection.D.

Scientistspayattentiontothemandhavecomeupwithanidea.（2）What'sacharacteristicofBirdFriendlycoffees?A.

Theymayhaveabettertaste.

B.

Theyhaveastrangeflavor.C.

Theytakelesstimetoripen.

D.

Theyaregrownonunpollutedland.（3）HowcanBirdFriendlyfarmersearnmoremoney?A.

Bychargingconsumersmoremoney.

B.

Bysellingfruitsandwoodfromtrees.C.

Bycuttingdowntreesandsellingwood.

D.

Byservingasstewardsofcoffeeconsumers.（4）Whatdoesthetextsuggestcoffeeconsumersdo?A.

Consumelesscoffee.

B.

Ordercoffeeonline.C.

Purchaseshade-growncoffee.

D.

Donatetocoffeefarmers.【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，為了應(yīng)對嚴(yán)重的遷徙鳥類的數(shù)量和棲息地?fù)p失，史密森尼的科學(xué)家創(chuàng)造了theBirdFriendlycertification。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Inordertodealwithseverepopulationandhabitatloss,SmithsonianscientistscreatedtheBirdFriendlycertification.”可知，科學(xué)家們重視咖啡生長地的問題，并以想出應(yīng)對辦法，故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“

Coffeeexpertssayshade-growncoffeestastebetter,becausethebeansripenslowerthancoffeegrowninthefullsun,resultinginaricher,morecomplexflavor.”咖啡專家說，陰涼處種植的咖啡味道更好，因為豆子比太陽下的咖啡成熟得慢，會產(chǎn)生更豐富，更復(fù)雜的味道。故選A。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thewoodandfruittreesonshadecoffeefarmsprovidefarmerswithadditionalincome.

”可知，咖啡種植者可以通過咖啡樹上方的thewoodandfruittrees增加收入，故選B。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段中的“

YoucanpurchaseBirdFriendlycertifiedcoffeesaroundtheworldandprotectwildlifeandhabitatwitheverycup”你能在全世界買BirdFriendly認(rèn)證的咖啡，每杯都保護野生動物和棲息地，故選C。【點評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。4．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

Studiesshowthatolderpeopletendtorememberthepositivethingsinliferatherthanthenegativethings,whileyoungerpeoplerememberthepositiveandnegativeequallywell.Thedominantpsychologicaltheorytoexplainthisisthatolderpeopleareawareoftheirlimitedtimeleft,sotheyprioritizepositiveemotionalexperiences.Butaboutadecadeago,IworkedwithbiologistRobertTriversonhisideathattherewasanevolutionarybasisforolderpeople'sincreasedpositiveoutlook.Ourresearchtookusinthefascinatingdirectionofexploringhowthebodyusesitsenergy.

Whenourancestorsneededmoreenergythanusual,perhapswhilebeingchasedbyatiger,theyhadtogetthatenergyfromsomewhereinthebody.Couldtheyborrowitfromthebrain?Thatorganuses20percentofourmetabolic(新陳代謝)output,whetherwearesolvingmathproblemsorwatchingtelevisionreruns.Duetothisconstantenergyrequirement,borrowingenergyfromthebrainwhenourneedsurpassestheavailablesupplyisnotanoption.Perhapswecouldborrowenergyfromourmuscles.Becauseweusefarmoremuscleenergywhenweareactivethanwhenatrest,inprinciple,wecouldborrowenergywhenwearesitting.Buttheproblemisthatmostoftheenergy-demandingemergenciesofourancestorsrequiredamuscularresponse.Therewasnowaytoborrowenergyfromourmusclesduringanemergencybecauserelaxingwhenatigershowedupwasnotaneffectiveresponse.Thisbringsustoourimmunesystem,which,whenstrong,protectsusfrommanyillnessesanddiseases.Likethebrain,theimmunesystemworksatgreatmetaboliccost,butlargelyintheserviceofkeepingushealthyinthefuture.Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.Whenyou'rebeingchasedbyatiger,youdon'tneedtowasteenergymakingimmunecellstofightofftomorrow'scold.Whatyouneedistoshiftallavailableenergyresourcestoyourlegs,withthehopethatyouwilllivetoexperienceanothercoughorsneeze.

Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot.Withthisbackgroundinmind,Triverssupposedthatolderpeopleevolvedastrategyofturningthisrelationshiponitshead,becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning.Thiswashelpedalongbytheirknowingmuchmoreabouttheworldthanyoungeradults,sotheycandealwithsomeoftheunpleasantthingsinlifemoreeasily.（1）AccordingtoRobertTrivers,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,______.A.

muscleswillrespondtoitbyrelaxingalittlebitB.

organswillspeedupmetabolicprocessestoansweritC.

immunesystemwilltemporarilyshutdowntofulfillitD.

brainwillsatisfyitbysharingoptionalmetabolicoutput（2）Inparagraph3"thisrelationship"mostprobablyreferstotheonebetween______.A.

experiencesandrelatedknowledge

B.

happinessandbiologicalevolutionC.

immunefunctionandhealth

D.

optimismandlengthoflife（3）WhatcanbeconcludedfromRobertTrivers'study?A.

Youngerpeopleadoptstrategiesofhandlingtensesituationsfromeverydaylife.B.

Ourancestorsevolvedtheirimmunesystemsinfightingagainstfierceanimals.C.

Realizingthattheirdaysarenumbered,olderpeoplepreferbeingpositive.D.

Beingnegativedrainsenergyfromourbody,loweringresistancetodisease.（4）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

Brain,musclesandimmunesystem

B.

Age,healthandhappinessC.

Ancestors,emergencyandevolution

D.

Energy,effortandresponse【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）D（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，研究表明，老年人往往會記住生活中積極的事物，而不是消極的事物。十年前作者與生物學(xué)家羅伯特·特里弗斯合作研究身體是如何使用能量的，他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了這一現(xiàn)象。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.”可知我們的身體里有大量的免疫細(xì)胞，暫時停止運作是可以的。因此，當(dāng)我們的身體需要額外的能量時，（我們的身體）會去找免疫系統(tǒng)。由此可以推斷，免疫系統(tǒng)會暫時停止來為身體提供額外的能量。選C。（2）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第三段中的"becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning."可知老人們更加關(guān)注生活中積極的事物，是為了增強他們的免疫功能。也就是說積極與免疫功能之間有關(guān)系，越積極，免疫功能越強，就能活得越久，所有選項中D項（樂觀與壽命）之間最切題，故選D。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot."可知當(dāng)我們快樂時，我們的免疫系統(tǒng)進化到最大程度，但是當(dāng)我們不快樂時，免疫系統(tǒng)會減弱。由此推斷，消極會消耗我們身體的能量，降低對疾病的抵抗力。選D。（4）考查主旨大意。作者開頭提出老年人更關(guān)注積極的事情，后文提到積極的情緒會增強免疫系統(tǒng)，所以本文主要講的是年齡，健康與積極的情緒之間的關(guān)系，選B?！军c評】本題考點涉及推理判斷，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

Ithasbeendiscoveredthataftertheageofsixteen,thenumberofourbraincellsbeginstodecreaseataspeedofseveralmillionayear.Theysimplydieoff.Incertaintypesofactivity,thehumanbrainisatitshighestpointintheearlytwenties,whenithascollectedenoughinformationtobeabletousethevastnumberofcellsfreelyinthemosteffectiveway.Puremathematicsisoneofthefieldsinwhichthishappens,andweknowthatAlbertEinsteinmadeallhisworld-shakingdiscoveriesbetweentheageofabout20and25,andspenttherestofhislifetidyingthemupandarrangingthem.

Butincertainothertypesofactivity(ofwhichbeinganauthorisperhapsone),experienceismoreimportantthansharpnessofbrain,andthereoneusuallyfindsthatapersonreacheshisorherpeakmuchlaterinlife.

Besidessharpnessofbrainandexperience,hereisanotherthingthatisveryimportant,andthatiswisdom.Onecanhaveaveryquick,inventivebrainandplentyofexperience,butifoneusesthesefoolishly,oneharmsbothoneselfandothers.Wisdomdoesnotalwayscomewithage——thereareplentyoffoolishmiddle-agedpeopleabout——buttheaveragepersontendstolearnwisdomashegetsolder,usuallybymakingpainfulofembarrassingmistakes.Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible;andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature;howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.Onecanreadandhearlotofidealisticstuffabouthowtomaketheworldabetterplace,whichwouldbefoundifitwasbasedonanaccurateobservationofhumannature,butwhichisbasicallyawasteoftimebecauseitisnot.（1）Accordingtothewriter,thegreatdiscoveriesmadebyAlbertEinsteinweremainlyaresultin________.A.yearsofhardworkB.sharpnessofthebrainC.richexperienceD.hisdeepunderstandingofthenature（2）Somepeopleachievesuccessmuchlaterinlifebecause

.A.theirworkoftenrequiresmuchexperienceB.theydonothaveachancetoshowtheirtalentsC.theyhavetolearnlessonsfromfailuresD.theyfailtorealizeearliertheimportanceofhardwork（3）Theimportanceofwisdomliesinthefactthat

.A.ithelpstoavoidvariousmistakesB.itcontributestoone'screativityC.itencouragesonetogoforwardinfaceofdifficultyD.itprovidestherightdirectionofefforts（4）Thewritercametobelievethat

.A.itisalwaysawasteoftimetomakeplansaboutthefutureB.itishumannaturetomakeattemptsonwhatlooksimpossibleC.oneshouldalwayschallengetheimpossibletopushthesocietyforwardD.onehastousewisdomindecidingwhatisthebestthingtodo【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了人類的大腦在20歲左右于巔峰，在以后的成就多數(shù)是因為需要豐富的經(jīng)驗。除了頭腦敏銳和經(jīng)驗豐富外，智慧也非常重要，因為智慧為人們提供了正確的努力方向。人們要用智慧來決定做什么才是最好的。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段“Ithasbeendiscoveredthataftertheageofsixteen,thenumberofourbraincellsbeginstodecreaseataspeedofseveralmillionayear.Theysimplydieoff.Incertaintypesofactivity,thehumanbrainisatitshighestpointintheearlytwenties,...andweknowthatAlbertEinsteinmadeallhisworld-shakingdiscoveriesbetweentheageofabout20and25,andspenttherestofhislifetidyingthemupandarrangingthem.”人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，16歲以后，我們的腦細(xì)胞數(shù)量開始以每年幾百萬的速度減少。在某些類型的活動中，人類的大腦在20歲早期處于巔峰狀態(tài),...我們知道阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦在20到25歲之間做出了所有震驚世界的發(fā)現(xiàn)。用余生來整理和安排這些發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)對愛因斯坦所的發(fā)現(xiàn)可知，他的偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)是在20-25歲之間，更是印證了人類大腦在20年代初達到了巔峰，可推斷出，本段主要研究人類大腦巔峰期，故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段“Butincertainothertypesofactivity(ofwhichbeinganauthorisperhapsone),experienceismoreimportantthansharpnessofbrain,andthereoneusuallyfindsthatapersonreacheshisorherpeakmuchlaterinlife.”但在某些其他類型的活動中(作家可能是其中一種)，經(jīng)驗比頭腦的敏捷更重要，人們通常會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人在他一生的晚期才達到頂峰?？赏茢喑鲇行┤嗽谕砟耆〉贸晒κ且驗樗麄兊墓ぷ髦型枰芏嘟?jīng)驗。故選A。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“Besidessharpnessofbrainandexperience,hereisanotherthingthatisveryimportant,andthatiswisdom....Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible；andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature；howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.”除了敏銳的頭腦和豐富的經(jīng)驗外，還有一件事是非常重要的，那就是智慧。學(xué)習(xí)成為智者，要基本的了解什么是不可能的；學(xué)習(xí)有可能但又很困難的東西，以至于不值得一個人為了達到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是了解人性，了解真實的人是如何行為和反應(yīng)的，以及人們希望他們?nèi)绾涡袨楹头磻?yīng)的。由此可推斷出智慧的重要性在于智慧能讓人知道什么可做，什么不能做，即為人提供正確的努力方向。故選D。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Leaningtobewiseisbasicallylearningwhatisnotpossible；andwhatispossiblebutsodifficultthatitisnotworthallthetroubleonehastogothroughtogetthere.Mostly,itislearningabouthumannature；howrealpeoplebehaveandreact,asagainsthowonewouldlikethemtobehaveandreact.Onecanreadandhearlotofidealisticstuffabouthowtomaketheworldabetterplace,whichwouldbefoundifitwasbasedonanaccurateobservationofhumannature,”成為智者，要大體上知道什么是不可能的。學(xué)習(xí)有可能但又如此困難的東西，以至于不值得一個人為了達到目的而付出所有的努力。最重要的是學(xué)習(xí)人性，了解真實的人是如何行為和反應(yīng)的，以及人們希望他們?nèi)绾涡袨楹头磻?yīng)的。人們可以讀到和聽到很多關(guān)于如何使世界變得更美好的理想主義的東西.......由此可推斷出聰明的人必須運用智慧來決定最好要做什么事。故選D。【點評】本題考點涉及推理判斷題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。6．閱讀理解

DarrellBlatchley,amarinebiologistandenvironmentalistbasedinthePhilippinecityofDavao,receivedacallfromthePhilippines,BureauofFisheriesandAquaticResources(漁業(yè)與水產(chǎn)資源局)earlyFridaymorningreportingadeathofayoungwhale.

Whenthenecropsy(尸檢)wasperformed,BlatchleytoldNPR,hewasnotpreparedfortheamountofplastictheyfoundinthewhale'sstomach."Itwasfullofplasticnothingbutnonstopplastic."hesaid"Itwasfilledtothepointthatitsstomachwasashardasabaseball."Thatmeansthatthisanimalhasbeensufferingnotfordaysorweeksbutformonthsorevenayearormore,"Blatchleyadded.

BlatchleyisthefounderandowneroftheD'BoneCollectorMuseum,anaturalhistorymuseuminDavao.Inthecomingdays,themuseumwilldisplayalltheitemsfoundinthewhale'ssystem.BlatchleyandhisteamworkwiththeBureauofFisheriesandAquaticResourcesandotherorganizationstoassistinrescueandrecoveryofmarineanimals.

"Withinthelast10years,wehaverecovered61whalesanddolphinsjustwithintheDavaoGulf,"hesaid."Ofthem,57havediedduetomanwhethertheytookplasticorfishingnetsorotherwaste,orgottencaughtinpollution—andfourwerepregnant."

BlatchleysaidhehopedthatthelatestincidentwouldlaunchtheissueofplasticpollutioninthePhilippinesandacrosstheglobe."Ifwekeepgoingthisway,itwillbemoreuncommontoseeananimaldieofnaturalcausesthanitistoseeananimaldieofplastic,"hesaid.（1）Whatcanheinferredfromthesecondparagraph?A.

Thewhalewasstarvedtodeath.B.

Blatchleywasshockedatwhathefound.C.

Thedeadwhalemusthaveswallowedabaseball.D.

Blatchleydidn'tmakepreparationsforthenecropsy.（2）WhatwillbeshownintheD'BoneCollectorMuseum?A.

Wastecollectedfromtheocean.

B.

Thewholesystemofthewhale.C.

Thingsfoundinthewhale'sbody.

D.

Manydifferenttoolsofwhaling.（3）WhatdoesBlatchleythinkofplasticpollutioninthePhilippines?A.

Uncommon.

B.

Worrying.

C.

Inspiring.

D.

Mild.（4）Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.

AWhaleFoundDeadofPlastic

B.

StandUpforProtectingWhalesC.

PlasticThreateningOurExistence

D.

NaturalDeathorMercilessMurder【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）B（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，一只鯨魚因吞食大量的塑料而死亡，這引發(fā)了人們對海洋塑料污染的擔(dān)憂。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“hewasnotpreparedfortheamountofplastictheyfoundinthewhale'sstomach”可知，布拉奇利在鯨魚的胃里發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的塑料，他對此毫無準(zhǔn)備，這是他意想不到的，由此可知，布拉奇利對他的發(fā)現(xiàn)感到震驚，故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Inthecomingdays,themuseumwilldisplayalltheitemsfoundinthewhale'ssystem.”可知，在鯨魚體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西將在這座自然博物館中展出，故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifwekeepgoingthisway,itwillbemoreuncommontoseeananimaldieofnaturalcausesthanitistoseeananimaldieofplastic,”可知，布拉奇利說如果我們繼續(xù)這樣下去，動物因吃塑料死亡的情況比自然死亡更為常見，由此可知，他對菲律賓的塑料污染很擔(dān)憂，故選B。（4）考查主旨大意?？v觀全文可知，本文主要講述了一只鯨魚因吞食大量的塑料而死亡，這引發(fā)了人們對塑料污染的擔(dān)憂，故選A?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀理解

Likemanyotherpeoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage,IoftenhavethesensethatI'maslightlydifferentpersonineachofmylanguages-moreconfidentinEnglish,morerelaxedinFrench,moreemotionalinCzech.Isitpossiblethat,alongwiththesedifferences,mymoralcompass(指南針)alsopointsinsomewhatdifferentdirectionsdependingonthelanguageI'musingatthetime?

Psychologistswhostudymoraljudgmentshavebecomeveryinterestedinthisquestion.Thefindingsofseveralrecentstudiessuggestthatwhenpeoplearefacedwithmoraldilemmas(困境),theydoindeedresponddifferentlywhenconsideringtheminaforeignlanguagethanwhenusingtheirnativetongue.

Ina2014paperledbyAlbertCosta

volunteerswerepresentedwithamoraldilemmaknownasthe"trolleyproblem":imaginethatarunawaytrolleyismovingquicklytowardagroupoffivepeoplestandingonthetracks,unabletomove.Youarenexttoaswitchthatcanmovethetrolleytoadifferentsetoftracks,thereforesparingthefivepeople,butresultinginthedeathofonewhoisstandingonthesidetracks.Doyoupulltheswitch?

Mostpeopleagreethattheywould.Butwhatiftheonlywaytostopthetrolleyisbypushingalargestrangeroffafootbridgeintoitspath?Peopletendtobeveryhesitanttosaytheywoulddothis,eventhoughinbothsituations,onepersonissacrificedtosavefive.ButCostaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatpresentingthedilemmainalanguagethatvolunteershadlearnedasaforeigntonguedramaticallyincreasedtheirstatedwillingnesstopushthesacrificialpersonoffthefootbridge,fromfewerthan20%ofrespondentsworkingintheirnativelan