新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)句式特征1/261、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用頻率較高

新聞報(bào)道最主要作用是向大眾報(bào)道最新,有重大意義事件和信息。所以,報(bào)道中強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)就是新聞精華所在。也就是我們常說五個(gè)W和一個(gè)H(WHAT,WHO,WHERE,WHEN,WHY,HOW)。為了能突出重點(diǎn),新聞報(bào)道中慣用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)行動(dòng)或事件結(jié)果,這尤其適合用于對(duì)天災(zāi)人禍報(bào)道(如地震,特大洪災(zāi),嚴(yán)重交通事故等)以及相關(guān)犯罪謀殺新聞。比如:2/26NinepeoplewerekilledandseveninjuredinanoiltankexplosiononTuesdaynightinJiangsuProvince(ChinaDaily)(周二夜間江蘇省境內(nèi)發(fā)生油車爆炸事件,造成9人死亡,7人受傷。)Russianofficialshavesaid10federaltroopshavebeenkilledsofarandafurther27injured.(ChinaDaily)(俄官員聲稱到當(dāng)前為止,共有10名聯(lián)邦軍人被殺,另有27人受傷。)使用被動(dòng)態(tài)可使讀者對(duì)受害者傷亡情況一目了然。3/26About300peoplehavebeenkilledwith8,000injuredandmoreothersburiedunderthetoppledhousesaftera7.1-magnitudeearthquakehitnorthwestChina'sQinghaiProvinceearlyonWednesday,officialssaid.4/26簡(jiǎn)明是新聞報(bào)道最基本要求。在新聞標(biāo)題中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞be還經(jīng)常被省略,且只需講述受動(dòng)者行為。所以,同一句話用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示要比用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來得精煉、簡(jiǎn)單、客觀、生動(dòng)。比如:Passportproceduressimplified.(ChinaDaily)(護(hù)照辦理程序簡(jiǎn)化。)5/26MoreTrainingforForeignStudentsByJULIAPRESTONImmigrationofficialssaidtheywereextendingthedurationofon-the-jobtrainingforimmigrantstudentswhoarerecentgraduateswithadvanceddegreesinscience,technologyandengineering.Thetrainingperiodwillbeextendedto29monthsfrom12monthsforimmigrantsonstudentvisasemployedinjobsrelatedtotheirfieldofstudy.TrainingwillalsobeautomaticallyextendedforstudentswhoarewaitingtoshifttotemporaryworkvisasknownasH-1B.Themeasure,whichofficialssaidwouldbenefitabout25,000students,isdesignedtoclosevisagapsthathadforcedsomehighlyskilledgraduatestoleavethecountry.

NewYorkTimes6/262、雙重屬性詞匯大量作為動(dòng)詞使用。

既可作為名詞又可作為動(dòng)詞使用雙重屬性詞匯大量作為動(dòng)詞使用(如“voice”,“target”,“brief”等詞)，從而使新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)生動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)明，這是新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)基本特征。TheBushadministrationhadnoobjectiontoatriptoChinabyformerpresidentBillClintonwhowasbriefedbyseniorofficials.(據(jù)高級(jí)官員透露,前總統(tǒng)比爾·克林頓將出訪中國(guó),布什政府對(duì)此未給予反對(duì)。)7/26出現(xiàn)在新聞報(bào)道標(biāo)題中,使之簡(jiǎn)明、清楚、生動(dòng)。比如:

Centertargetskids’illness.(ChinaDaily)(中心致力于兒童疾病研究。)對(duì)比:Co-operativesprofitfarmersmore.(合作經(jīng)營(yíng)更有益于農(nóng)民。)Co-operativesbringmoreprofitstofarmers8/263.單句多于復(fù)合句，多采取擴(kuò)展簡(jiǎn)單句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較渙散。

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中通常使用廣泛是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句子。為求簡(jiǎn)明,經(jīng)常一個(gè)句子就是一個(gè)段落,而要把眾多信息包含在里面,在確保句式不復(fù)雜情況下,作者只有大量使用或增加修飾限定詞數(shù)量,其方法就是使用定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ)等補(bǔ)加成份。9/26RescuersaresearchingfortwootherswhoarebelievedstilltrappedundergroundatWangjialingCoalMine,whichstraddlesXiangningCounty,ofLinfenCity,andHejinCity,ofYunchengCity,accordingtotherescueheadquarters.Altogether261minerswereworkingintheshaftofthecoalmine,whichisunderconstruction,whenthefloodinghappenedatabout1:40p.m.March28,andonly108wereliftedunharmedtothesurface.10/26WARSAW—AplanecarryingthePolishpresidentanddozensofthecountry’stoppoliticalandmilitaryleaderstothesiteofaSovietmassacreofPolishofficersinWorldWarIIcrashedinwesternRussiaonSaturday,killingeveryoneonboard.

11/26Thestrongodor,describedbymanypeopleassimilartonaturalgas,resultedintheevacuationofsomebuildingsandaffectedsomesubwayandtrainlines.(WashingtonPost)(這被許多人形容很像瓦斯味腔壁氣味,不但造成了一些大樓人員疏散,也影響了部分地鐵和火車營(yíng)運(yùn)。)Moreexamplessee3112/26簡(jiǎn)單句使用有利于清楚地表述事情發(fā)展,方便讀者閱讀和了解,也易于作者寫作。作者常須趕在截稿時(shí)間前倉(cāng)促定稿,往往想到什么事實(shí)或背景材料來不及改動(dòng)就隨即增添或補(bǔ)插進(jìn)去。所以句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得渙散,使看似簡(jiǎn)單句子變得復(fù)雜,也給翻譯造成了困難。為了適應(yīng)漢語(yǔ)讀者閱讀習(xí)慣,充分發(fā)揮漢語(yǔ)精煉優(yōu)勢(shì),翻譯時(shí),能夠?qū)⑷唛L(zhǎng)擴(kuò)展簡(jiǎn)單句拆開來,分成幾句話表述。13/264.在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中慣用直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)直接引語(yǔ)放在前面,提供消息內(nèi)容消息起源放在后面,這是新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)一個(gè)習(xí)慣表示方式。在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中,這種安排是很常見,也表現(xiàn)出了新聞特點(diǎn),就是讓讀者最早讀到最主要新聞內(nèi)容。14/261)“Wetakeeachandeverydeathveryseriouslyandarecommittedandsworntoinvestigatingeachcasewiththeutmostprofessionalismandthoroughness,”saidChrisGrey,spokesmanfortheCriminalInvestigationCommand.2)"TheChinesegovernmentanditspeoplewillnotsitbyifChenShuibianforgesaheadwithhispro-independencetimetabletochangethestatusofTaiwanaspartofChina,“Liweiyi(spokesmanoftheTaiwanAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncil)said.15/26Inastatement,Lawrence.H.Summers,Harvard'scurrentpresident,indicatedthathewouldactonthereportinJanuary.Hecalledita“veryconstructivedocumentthatoutlinesapromisingdirection.”(TheNewYorkTimes)(現(xiàn)任哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)勞倫斯·H.薩默斯在一份申明中指出,他將于周一對(duì)匯報(bào)做出決定。他稱這份匯報(bào)為非常有建設(shè)性文件,它指明了一個(gè)充滿希望方向?！?16/26有時(shí)也用間接引語(yǔ),比如:

Healsosaidthemainlandhasthegreatestsincerityandwillexertutmostefforttoachievepeacefulreunification賓語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞省略新聞經(jīng)常都要說明消息起源,也就是要說明信息或消息出處。從語(yǔ)法上講,在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中,主句經(jīng)常是信息或消息起源或出處,而它后面賓語(yǔ)從句則是信息或消息內(nèi)容。不過,在英語(yǔ)新聞報(bào)道中,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句that經(jīng)常省略,這是一個(gè)常見現(xiàn)象。17/261)ForeignMinistryspokesmanLiuJiantaosaid(...)thevisitis“anunfavorableincident“forChina--Japanties.Hesaid(...)asoundSino--JapaneserelationshipalsohingesonJapan'sproperhandlingofissuesofvitalinterestofChina.2)Organizerssaid(...)itmighttakeatleast80millionTaiwandollarstomobilizepeopleinTaipeitoprotestagainsttheAnti-SecessionLawadoptedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress.18/265.依據(jù)內(nèi)容靈活利用時(shí)態(tài)

新聞報(bào)道絕大多數(shù)是剛才發(fā)生或正在發(fā)生事情,所以記者常使用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),以示“新”和“快”;為了把消息繪聲繪色地傳達(dá)給聽眾,進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)使用也比較普遍。如新聞標(biāo)題：PolishPresidentDiesinJetCrashinRussia19/26有時(shí)并不嚴(yán)格恪守時(shí)態(tài)一致。

在普通文體中,按照語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),要受制于主句中時(shí)態(tài),我們把這稱之為時(shí)態(tài)一致或呼應(yīng)(sequenceoftenses)。新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)普通也遵照這種時(shí)態(tài)改變規(guī)則。然而,我們?cè)陂喿x報(bào)紙時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)覺新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)并不拘泥于這種語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,而是按照實(shí)際情況,按新聞事實(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)間改變與次序,酌情靈活地利用時(shí)態(tài)。20/26TheironlyworryinGroupCwasTurkey,whotheyhaveplayedjustonceintheirhistoryin1956.(ChinaDaily)這段新聞是說在C組中他們唯一擔(dān)心是土耳其足球隊(duì),用過去時(shí)態(tài)“was”,而說過去他們只交鋒過一次,用是“haveplayed”,而沒有用符合傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則“hadplayed”,愈加突出了與現(xiàn)時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián),時(shí)態(tài)利用在此顯得非常靈活。21/26新聞報(bào)道正文中,我們?？砂l(fā)覺said,told,added,reported等動(dòng)詞,但后面所接that從句中時(shí)態(tài)能夠與這些動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不一致。比如:InWashingtontheStateDepartmentsaidthatarmsrequestedbyYemanarestillbeingsenttothecountry.(在華盛頓，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院說,也門所需要武器仍在運(yùn)往該國(guó)。)22/26Non-discriminatorytreatmentinworldtradewillcreatemoremotivationforChineseentrepreneurstoactivelyparticipateininternationalco-operationinthecompetitiveEuropeanarena,which,hesaid,willencourageallChina’stradepartners,includingtheEU.23/266.定語(yǔ)前置

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中為使句式簡(jiǎn)練,常采取帶連字符復(fù)合短語(yǔ)做前置定語(yǔ)來代替定語(yǔ)從句,從而使句子化長(zhǎng)為短,既節(jié)約了篇幅,又能幫助讀者加緊閱讀速度。multi-drug-resistantvirus