ChinaAutomotiveLifeCycle

Database（CALCD3.0）

InstructionManual

October,2025

I

LegalDisclaimer

ChinaAutomotiveCarbonDigitalTechnologyCenterCo.,Ltdistheownerorauthorizedlicenseeofallcopyrightedworks,trademarks(unlessotherwisestated),inventions,andtradesecretsappearinginthisdocument,whetherornotprotectedbypatentsorpatentapplications.Subjecttolicensesorlegalpermissions,AutomotiveDataCenterreservesallintellectualpropertyrightscontainedinthisdocument.

Anyunauthorizeduse,modification,reproduction,ordisclosureofthisdocumentmayviolatelawsprotectingtheintellectualpropertyofAutomotiveDataCenterand/orothers.AutomotiveDataCenterand/orsuchotherpartiesmaybeentitledtoseeklegalremediesforsuchunauthorizedactions.

II

Foreword

LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)isahighlydata-intensiveapproachrequiringextensivefoundationaldataacrossmultiplelayers.ThequalityofdataisacriticalprerequisiteforautomotiveLCA,asitsreliabilitydirectlyinfluencesthecredibilityandfunctionalityofLCAoutcomes.Historically,China'sautomotiveindustryhasdrawnuponinternationalLCAdatabases.However,notabledisparitiesinresourceandenvironmentalbaselines,aswellasproductiontechnologies,haveledtosignificantdiscrepanciesinassessmentresults.TobolsteraccuracyandcredibilityinautomotiveLCAwhileminimizingdependencyonexternaldatabases,AutomotiveDataCenter,underthedirectionofMIIT,MEE,andCNCA,hasdevelopedtheChinaAutomotiveLifeCycleDatabase(CALCD).CALCDisaprocess-oriented,industry-representativedatabasereflectingtheaverageperformanceofChina'sautomotivesector.Itencompassesessentialprocessmodels,criticalproductdatasets,majorautomotivecomponents,andkeymanufacturingprocesses.CALCDservesasafoundationalresourceforLCAstudies,greendesignproductsubmissions,ChinaEco-Carcertification,andlow-carboninitiativeswithinChina'sautomotiveindustry.

III

ContentCatalogue

LegalDisclaimer I

Foreword II

Tablelist IV

Figurelist V

1Overview 1

1.1GeneralInformation 1

1.2BackgroundandBenefits 2

2ScopeofData 3

2.1EnvironmentBurden 3

2.2SystemBoundary 4

2.3DataNameandCategorization 6

2.4GeographicalRange 9

2.5TimeRange 9

3Reference 10

4TermsandDefinitions 10

4.1LifeCycle 10

4.2LifeCycleAssessment,LCA 10

4.3LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis(LCI) 10

4.4LifeCycleImpactAssessment(LCIA) 11

4.5FunctionalUnit 11

4.6ReferenceFlow 11

4.7SystemBoundary 11

4.8ElementaryFlow 11

5MethodologiesandFindings 12

5.1Material 12

6DataReview 68

6.1Reviewers 68

6.2TypesandScopeofReview 68

6.3ReviewResults 68

IV

Tablelist

Table1AutomotiveMaterialType 6

Table2Fuel/EnergySummaryTable 7

Table3SummaryTableofAutomotiveProcessingTechnologies 7

Table4SummaryTableoftheTransportationProcess 8

Table5TheReferenceTablefortheReplacementFrequencyofAutomotiveParts 8

Table6FuelConsumptionandEmissionDataTableforVehicleOperation 9

Table7ReviewResultsExplanationTable 68

V

Figurelist

Figure1SystemBoundaryofSteelProduction 14

Figure2SystemBoundariesofCastIronProduction 16

Figure3SystemBoundaryofCastAluminumAlloy(ZL109)Production 19

Figure4SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofWroughtAluminumAlloy(6061) 21

Figure5SystemBoundaryofPrimaryAluminumProduction 23

Figure6SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofForgedAluminumAlloy(6061) 26

Figure7SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofCastMagnesiumAlloy(AM60) 28

Figure8SystemBoundariesfortheLifeCycleAssessmentofCastMagnesiumAlloy(AZ31)

Production 31

Figure9SystemBoundaryofCopperandCopperAlloyProduction 33

Figure10SystemBoundaryofPlatinumProduction 35

Figure11SystemBoundaryofLeadProductionfromRefinedLead 37

Figure12SystemBoundaryofPolypropylene(PP)Production 39

Figure13SystemBoundaryofPolyethylene(PE)Production 41

Figure14SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofPolycarbonate(PC) 43

Figure15SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofPolyvinylChloride(PVC) 45

Figure16SystemBoundaryoftheLifeCycleofPolyurethane(PU) 47

Figure17SystemBoundaryofRubberMaterialProduction 49

Figure18SystemBoundaryofFabricProduction 51

Figure19SystemBoundaryofGlassProduction 52

Figure20SystemBoundaryofSulfuricAcidProduction 54

Figure21SystemBoundaryforFiberglassProduction 56

Figure22SystemBoundaryforLFPProduction 58

Figure23SystemBoundaryofLithiumManganeseOxideProduction 60

Figure24SystemBoundaryofLithiumManganeseOxide(LMO)Production 62

Figure25SystemBoundaryofGraphiteProduction 64

Figure26SystemBoundaryofLithiumHexafluorophosphateProduction 66

Figure27SystemBoundaryofRefrigerantProduction 67

1

1Overview

1.1GeneralInformation

AutomotiveDataCenter,asanauthoritativethird-partyorganizationintheautomotiveindustry,hasbeencommittedtopromotingtheapplicationofLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)methodologywithinthesector.Since2012,undertheguidanceoftheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT),theCertificationandAccreditationAdministrationofChina(CNCA),andotherrelevantauthorities,AutomotiveDataCenterhascarriedouttheconstructionoftheautomotivelifecycleassessmentsystem.IthasdevelopedtheauthoritativeChinaAutomotiveLifeCycleDatabase(CALCD),whichincludescoremodelsofChina'sbasicprocessesandproducts,keyautomotivecomponents,manufacturingprocesses,andmore.Thedatabasecomprisescarbonfootprintdataforover8,000vehiclemodels,242typesofcomponentmanufacturing(excludingmaterials),242typesofcomponentmanufacturing(includingmaterials),42categoriesacross11typesofprocessemissions,andapproximately140typesofbasicenergyandmaterialemissions.Withareferencesampletotalofabout42,000dataentries,thedatabaseprovidescriticaldatasupportforlifecycleassessmentresearchintheautomotiveindustry.

2

1.2BackgroundandBenefits

LifeCycleAssessment(LCA),asaninternationalstandardmethodforsystematicallyandquantitativelyevaluatingthecomprehensiveenvironmentalimpactofproducts,providesaconsistentanalyticalframeworkandenvironmentaldatasupportforrelevantdecision-makingprocesses.Ithasbeenwidelyappliedworldwide.ThequalityofdataistheprimaryconstraintontheapplicationoftheLCAmethod.TheCALCDdatabaseisestablishedbasedonactualproductionprocessesandrepresentstheaveragelevelofChina'sautomotiveindustry.ThisdocumentaimstoelaborateonthedataqualityinformationoftheChinaAutomotiveLifeCycleDatabase,includingdatascope,datasources,dataqualitycontrol,anddatareview,tobettersupporttheapplicationoftheLCAmethodintheautomotiveindustry,including:

Supportingenvironmentalpolicyimplementation:Studiesonvehiclecarbonfootprints,carbonneutralitybenchmarks,andregulatoryframeworks;

ApplicationofCorporateEnvironmentalStrategy:CorporateCarbonPeakandCarbonNeutralityStrategicPlanning；

ApplicationofProductDevelopmentandProcurement:EcodesignandGreenProductDevelopmentBasedonLCA；

ConsumerDecision:Eco-friendlyVehicleCertification,Carbon

3

FootprintCertification,PromotingGreenandLow-carbonVehicleConsumption.

2ScopeofData

2.1EnvironmentBurden

Theenvironmentalburdenreferstotheresourceconsumption,energyconsumption,andemissionstoair,water,soil,andsolidwaste,aswellasintangibledata,duringtheproductionprocessesofmaterialsandenergy.Significantvariationsinenvironmentalloadexistdependingonthetypeofmaterialandenergyproduction,primarilyincludingbutnotlimitedto:

EnergyConsumption:Primaryenergy(coal,oil,naturalgas),otherenergysourcesorenergycarriers；

ResourceConsumption:Consumptionofferrousmetalssuchasironandmanganese,non-ferrousmetalssuchascopper,aluminum,andlead-zinc,non-metallicresourcessuchaslimestoneandgypsum,waterresourceconsumption,andlandresourceoccupationandutilization;

Carbondioxide(CO?),methane(CH?),nitrousoxide(N?O),particulatematter(PM10,PM2.5),hydrogensulfide(H?S),sulfuroxides(SO?),non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOC),ammonia(NH?),nitrogenoxides(NO?),dimethylsulfide(DMS),sulfurdioxide(SO?),radioactiveinertgases,radioactiveaerosols,exhaustgases,fluorides,cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),mercury(Hg),copper(Cu),

4

nickel(Ni),lead(Pb),arsenic(As),zinc(Zn),vanadium(V),soot,sulfurhexafluoride(SF?),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),etc.。

WaterPollutants:Suspendedsolids,petroleumhydrocarbons,fluorides,sulfides,ammonianitrogen,nitrogen,phosphorus,fluorideions,chromium,hexavalentchromium,cadmium,lead,copper,zinc,nickel,manganese,iron,mercury,silver,arsenic,cyanides,volatilephenols,chemicaloxygendemand(COD),biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD),benzene,polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs),etc.。

Solidwasteemissions:mininggangue,dustandsludge,radioactivesolidwaste,slag,flyash,industrialwaste(tailings),furnaceslag,etc.

Non-materialemissions:noise,radioactiveemissions,etc.

2.2SystemBoundary

ThesystemboundaryformaterialproductionisshowninFigure1,encompassingprocessessuchasresourceextraction,transportation,andmaterialproduction.

Figure1MaterialProductionSystemBoundary

5

Thesystemboundaryoffuelproductionencompassesthreeaspects:thecultivation/collectionphase,production,andtransportation/storageanddistributionphases,asshowninFigure2.Theinfrastructureforfuelproductionisexcludedfromthesystemboundary.

Figure2FuelProductionSystemBoundary

Theproductionofelectricityincludesupstreamfuelproduction,electricitygenerationinpowerplants,andpowerdistributionprocesses.Additionally,fortheenergysector,infrastructureisparticularlyrelevantwhenconsideringcertainrenewableenergysources(e.g.,solarenergy),asmostoftheirimpactsarisefrominfrastructureratherthantheenergygenerationphase.Therefore,energyproductioninfrastructure(includingelectricityandfuel)isincludedinthescopeofanalysis,asshowninFigure3.

Figure3ElectricityProductionSystemBoundary

6

2.3DataNameandCategorization

2.3.1Material

TheCALCDdatabasecovers27typesofautomotiveconstituentmaterials,asshowninTable1.

Table1AutomotiveMaterialType

Materialcategory

Materialtype

Location

NameofLCIdataset

Steel

Steelandiron

CN

Steel

CastIron

Steelandiron

CN

CastIron

Aluminumand

AluminumAlloys

LightMetals

CN

CastAluminumAlloy（ZL109）

LightMetals

CN

DeformedAluminumAlloy(6061)

LightMetals

CN

PrimaryAluminum

LightMetals

CN

ForgedAluminumAlloy(6061)

Magnesiumand

MagnesiumAlloys

LightMetals

CN

Castingofmagnesiumalloy(AM60)

LightMetals

CN

CastMagnesiumAlloy(AZ31)

CopperandCopperAlloys

HeavyMetals

CN

CopperandCopperAlloys

Platinum

HeavyMetals

CN

Platinum

Lead

OtherMaterials

CN

Lead

Thermoplastics

Polymers

CN

Polypropylene(PP)

Polymers

CN

Polyethylene(PE)

Polymers

CN

Polycarbonate(PC)

Polymers

CN

PolyvinylChloride(PVC)

Duromers

Polymers

CN

ThermosettingPlastics

Rubber

Polymers

CN

Rubber

Textiles

Polymers

CN

Fabric

Ceramics/Glass

OtherMaterials

CN

Glass

Sulfuricacid

OtherMaterials

CN

Sulfuricacid

Fiberglass

OtherMaterials

CN

Fiberglass

LithiumIron

Phosphate(LFP)

OtherMaterials

CN

LithiumIronPhosphate(LiFePO?)

7

Materialcategory

Materialtype

Location

NameofLCIdataset

LithiumNickelCobaltManganeseOxide

OtherMaterials

CN

LithiumNickelCobaltManganeseOxide

LithiumManganate

OtherMaterials

CN

LithiumManganate

Graphite

OtherMaterials

CN

Graphite

Electrolyte:Lithiumhexafluorophosphate

OtherMaterials

CN

Lithium

Hexafluorophosphate

Refrigerants

Fluids

CN

Refrigerants

2.3.2Fuel/Energy

TheCALCDdatabasecovers9typesoffuels/energy,includingprimaryfuelsusedinvehiclesandmajorenergysourcesutilizedinproductionprocesses,asshowninTable2.

Table2Fuel/EnergySummaryTable

No.

Fuel/EnergyType

1

Gasoline

2

Diesel

3

FuelOil

4

NaturalGas

5

Coal

6

Steam

6.1

Low-PressureSteam

6.2

Medium-PressureSteam

7

CompressedAir

8

Electricity

2.3.3ProcessingStage

TheCALCDdatabaseincludes13automotivemanufacturingprocesses,

suchasstamping,injectionmolding,diecasting,andcasting,asshowninTable3.

Table3SummaryTableofAutomotiveProcessingTechnologies

8

No.

AutomotiveManufacturingProcesses

1

Stamping

2

InjectionMolding

3

DieCasting

4

Casting

5

Sewing

6

HotStamping

7

PowderMetallurgy

8

Painting

9

Welding

10

Machining

11

Forging

12

SurfaceTreatment

13

TireManufacturing

2.3.4TransportationProcess

TheCALCDdatabaseincludesonetransportationprocess,comprisinglighttruckandheavytrucktransportation,asshowninTable4.

Table4SummaryTableoftheTransportationProcess

No.

TransportationProcess

1

RoadTransportation

1.1

Light-dutyTruckTransportation

1.2

Heavy-dutyTruckTransportation

2.3.5UsageProcess

TheCALCDdatabaseincludesvehiclemaintenanceandrepairdata,aswellasfuelconsumptionandemissiondataduringactualoperationforbothpassengerandcommercialvehicles,asshowninTable5.

Table5TheReferenceTablefortheReplacementFrequencyofAutomotiveParts

9

No.

MaterialName

Washerfluidfor

applicableM1vehicles

exceptpureelectric

passengercars

BEV

1

Tire

2

2

2

LeadBattery

2

2

3

Lubricant

29

8

4

BrakeFluid

2

2

5

Coolant

2

2

6

Refrigerant

1

1

7

detergentsolution

14

14

Table6FuelConsumptionandEmissionDataTableforVehicleOperation

No.

DataCategory

Note

1

FuelConsumptionData

Fuel/electricityconsumptiondataforallmass-producedmodels.

2

EmissionData

CO、THC、NMHC、NOX、CO2、CH4、N2O、PM、PN

2.4GeographicalRange

ThegeographicalscopeofthedataprimarilycoversChina,whilesomeenergyinventorydataisregionalizedbasedonproduction,dispatch,andusage.

2.5TimeRange

Theinventorydatatimeisbasedonthefollowingtwoscenarios：

（1）Processmaterialandenergyconsumptiondataformaterialproductionandmanufacturingaretypicallyupdatedevery2–3years.Formaterialsproducedusinghighlymaturetechnologies,suchassteel,copper,aluminum,andlead-zinc,wherenobreakthroughtechnologieshave

1

emerged,theexistingprocessdataremainrelativelystable.Consequently,theupdatecycleislonger,usually5yearsormore.Thelatestdatareflectsproductionlevelsasof2021.

（2）Energyproductiondata,updatedannually,withthemostrecentdataavailablefor2021.

3Reference

GlobalGuidancePrinciplesForLifeCycleAssessmentDatabase

4TermsandDefinitions

4.1LifeCycle

Asequenceofinterrelatedphaseswithinaproductsystem,spanningfromtheacquisitionofrawmaterialsfromnaturalresourcestotheend-of-lifedisposalstage.

[GB/T24044—2008,Definition3.1]

4.2LifeCycleAssessment,LCA

Inventoryandassessmentoflifecycleinputs,outputs,andassociatedenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystem.

[GB/T24044—2008,Definition3.2]

4.3LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis(LCI)

Theinventoryanalysisphaseinlifecycleassessment(LCA),wheredata

11

oninputsandoutputsacrosstheproduct'sfulllifecycleissystematicallycompiledandquantified.

4.4LifeCycleImpactAssessment(LCIA)

Thelifecycleimpactassessment(LCIA)phaseinvolvesunderstandingandevaluatingthesignificanceofpotentialenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithaproductsystemacrossitsfulllifecycle.

4.5FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitrepresentsthequantifiedperformanceofaproductsystemtobeusedasareference

[GB/T24044—2008,Definition3.20]

4.6ReferenceFlow

Theamountofprocessoutputsnecessarytoachievethefunctionofonefunctionalunitwithinthedefinedproductsystem.

4.7SystemBoundary

Identifywhichunitprocessesarepartoftheproductsystemthroughasetofcriteria.

[GB/T24044—2008,Definition3.32]

4.8ElementaryFlow

Thematerialorenergythatisextractedfromtheenvironmentandenters

12

thestudiedsystemwithoutundergoinganyhumantransformation,orthematerialorenergythatleavesthestudiedsystemandenterstheenvironmentwithoutundergoingfurtherhumantransformation.

[GB/T24044—2008,Definition3.32]

5MethodologiesandFindings

5.1Material

5.1.1Steel

（1）FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitofsteelreferstothe1kgsteelproductproducedbytheplant.

（2）ProcessStepDescription

Thesteelproductionprocessincludeskeystagessuchasironoremining,beneficiation,sintering,ironmaking(BF),steelmaking(BOF,EAF),andinitialrolling,aswellastheproductionprocessesforrelatedauxiliarymaterials(metallurgicallime,metallurgicalcoke,ferrosilicon).Italsoaccountsfortheenvironmentalloadassociatedwiththetransportationofprimaryrawmaterials(e.g.,ore,coal).However,themanufacturingofproductionequipmentandtheconstructionofplantinfrastructureareexcludedfromthesystemboundary.Eachstageprovidescorrespondingcradle-to-gatedata.DuetotheinsufficientsupplyofscrapsteelinChina,theproportionofEAFsteelislessthan10%,andmoststeelmaterialsare

1

producedusingthelongprocess(BF-BOF).Thesteelinventoryisthereforecalculatedasanarithmeticweightedaveragebasedontheproportionsofthesetwoprocesses.

（3）DataDescription

nDataSourcesRepresentative

Thelifecycledataofsteelmainlycomesfromsurveysconductedatover70largesteelplantsinChina.Additionally,emissionsdatawaspartiallycalibratedandsupplementedbasedonthenationalsteelindustryemissionstandardsandthefirstnationalpollutionsourcecensusindustrialpollutionsourceemissionfactorhandbook.

n□GeographicalRepresentative

ThegeographicalrepresentativeofsteelproductionisChina.

n□TimeRepresentative

Thecomprehensivesurveyof70steelproductionenterprisesbeganin1998,withkeydataupdatescarriedoutin2005,2010,2017,and2023.Theupdateddataprimarilyincludesmaterial,energy,andpollutantemissioninventories.Theupdatesmainlyfocusontheironmakingandsteelmakingprocesses,whichaccountforover80%oftheenergyconsumptionintheentiresteelproductionprocess.Otherprocesses,suchasminingandmetallurgicallimeproduction,havealsobeenpartiallyupdated.

n□TechnicalRepresentative

TheproductiontechnologyofsteelmaterialsinvolvestheBF-BOFprocess

14

andtheEAFprocess,withtheaveragetechnologicallevelinChina.

（4）Boundary

ThesystemboundaryofsteelproductionisshowninFigure1.

Figure1SystemBoundaryofSteelProduction

（5）ComputationalModelsandOtherPractices

Theprocess-orientedmaterialflowbalancecorrelationmethod.

5.1.2CastIron

（1）FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitofcastironreferstothe1kgofcastironproduct

15

producedbytheplant.

（2）ProcessStepDescription

Theenvironmentalburdenoftheprocessesfromironoremining,ironorebeneficiation,sintering,andblastfurnace(BF)ironmaking,includingtheproductionofrelatedauxiliarymaterialsandthetransportationofkeyrawmaterials(suchasoresandcoal);excludingthemanufacturingofproductionequipment,plantconstruction,andotherinfrastructurefromthesystemboundary.

（3）DataDescription

nDataSourcesRepresentative

Thelifecycledataforsteelprimarilycomesfromasurveyofover70largesteelplantsinChina,withsupplementaryemissionsdatacorrectionandenhancementbasedonthenationalsteelindustryemissionstandardsandthefirstnationalpollutionsourcecensusindustrialpollutionsourceemissioncoefficientmanual.

nGeographicalRepresentative

ThegeographicalrepresentativeofsteelproductionisChina.

nTimeRepresentative

2017-2023.

nTechnicalRepresentative

TheaveragetechnologicalproficiencyinChina.

16

（4）Boundary

ThesystemboundaryofcastironproductionisshowninFigure2.

Figure2SystemBoundariesofCastIronProduction

（5）ComputationalModelsandOtherPractices

TheProcess-OrientedMaterialFlowBalanceCorrelationMethod.

5.1.3AluminumandAluminumAlloys

Thedataforaluminumandaluminumalloysrepresenttheaveragevaluesforcastaluminumalloys,wroughtaluminumalloys,forgedaluminum

alloys,andprimaryaluminum.Detaileddataforcastaluminumalloys,

wroughtaluminumalloys,forgedaluminumalloys,andprimaryaluminumareasfollows.

1

5.1.3.1CastAluminumAlloy（ZL109）

（1）FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitforcastaluminumalloy(ZL109)refersto1kgofcastaluminumalloy(ZL109)productproducedbytheplant.

（2）ProcessStepDescription

Fromcradletogate(product),thetypicalaluminumproductionprocessinChina(sinteringandcombinedmethodsforaluminaproduction):Thisincludesbauxitemining,aluminaproduction,cryolite-aluminamoltensaltelectrolysis,electrolysisofaluminumliquidforpurification(removalofimpurities)andcastingintoaluminumingots,castingprocesses,productionofauxiliarymaterials(carbonanodesoranodepaste),andtransportationofkeymaterials.However,themanufacturingofproductionequipment,constructionofplantfacilities,andotherinfrastructureareexcludedfromtheboundary.

（3）DataDescription

nDataSourcesRepresentative

ThestatisticaldatafromtheNon-FerrousMetalsIndustryYearbook(2003-2020)willserveastheprimaryreference.Forcertainnon-statisticalprocessdata,thesourcesarebasedonsurveysoftheproductionprocessesandtechnicalindicatorsofexistingtypicalenterprises.DuetothefactthatenvironmentalmonitoringinChina’saluminumindustryisintegratedwith

16

theoverallnon-ferrousmetalsindustrysystem,pollutionemissionsatspecificproductionstagesarebasedoninternalstatisticaldataobtainedfromenterprisesurveys.

nGeographicalRepresentative

Thegeographicrepresentativenessofcastaluminumalloy(ZL109)productionisChina.

nTimeRepresentative

Theauthoritativeindustrystatisticalyearbooksandcorporatesurveydata(initiallyfrom2003and2010)wereupdatedtwicein2013-2014forkeydata,withanotherupdatein2022.Theupdateddataprimarilyincludesthematerialinventory,energyinventory,andpollutantemissioninventory.

nTechnicalRepresentative

ThetypicalaluminumproductionprocessesinChina(Sinteringmethodandcombinedmethodforaluminaproduction.

（4）Boundary

Thesystemboundaryfortheproductionofcastaluminumalloy

(ZL109)isshowninFigure3.

19

Figure3SystemBoundaryofCastAluminumAlloy(ZL109)Production

（5）ComputationalModelsandOtherPractices

Basedonthealuminumalloymatrix,alloyingelementproportions,alloyingmethods,andenergyconsumptioncalculations.

5.1.3.2DeformedAluminumAlloy(6061)

（1）FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitofdeformedaluminumalloy(6061)referstothe1kgofdeformedaluminumalloyproductproducedbytheplant.

（2）ProcessStepDescription

FromCradletoGate(Product),typicalaluminumproductionprocessinChina(SinteringandCombinedMethodforaluminaproduction):Thisincludesbauxitemining,aluminaproduction,cryolite-aluminamoltensaltelectrolysis,electrolysisofaluminumliquidafterpurification(impurityremoval)andcastingintoaluminumingots,extrusionprocess,production

2

ofauxiliarymaterials(carbonanodesoranodepaste),andtransportationofkeymaterials.However,themanufacturingofproductionequipment,constructionofplants,andotherinfrastructurearenotincludedwithinthesystemboundary.

（3）DataDescription

n□DataSourcesRepresentative

ThestatisticaldatafromtheChinaNonferrousMetalsIndustryYearbook(2010-2020)servesastheprimaryreference.Fornon-statisticalprocessdata,itisderivedfromresearchontheproductionprocessesandtechnicalspecificationsofexistingtypicalenterprises.DuetotheintegrationofenvironmentalmonitoringinChina’saluminumindustrywiththebroadernonferrousmetalssector,thepollutionemissionsatspecificproductionstagesarebasedoninternalstatisticaldataobtainedthroughsurveysofenterprises.

n□GeographicalRepresentative

Thegeographicrepresentativeofdeformationaluminumalloy(6061)productionisChina。

n□TimeRepresentative

Authoritativeindustrystatisticalyearbooksandcorporatesurveydata(initiallyfrom2003and2010)wereupdatedtwicein2013-2014forkeydata,withafurtherupdatein2022.Theupdateddataprimarilyincludematerialinventories,energyinventories,andpollutionemission

21

inventories.

n□TechnicalRepresentative

TypicalAluminumProductionProcessesinChina(SinteringMethodandCombinedMethodforAluminaProduction).

（4）Boundary

Thesystemboundaryfortheproductionofdeformedaluminum

alloy(6061)isshowninFigure4.

Figure4SystemBoundaryfortheProductionofWroughtAluminumAlloy(6061)

（5）ComputationalModelsandOtherPractices

Basedonthealuminumalloymatrix,alloyelementratio,alloyingmethod,andenergyconsumptioncalculation

5.1.3.3PrimaryAluminum

（1）FunctionalUnit

Thefunctionalunitofprimaryaluminumrefersto1kgofwroughtaluminumalloyproductproducedbytheplant.

（2）ProcessStepDescription

Fromcradletogate(product),thetypicalaluminumproductionprocessinChina(includingthesinteringmethodandthecombinedmethodforaluminaproduction):Thisencompassesbauxitemining,aluminaproduction,cryolite-aluminamoltensaltelectrolysis,purification(impurityremo