2025年托福閱讀理解長篇策略指導(dǎo)與真題預(yù)測考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷Passage1Thehumanbrainisanorganofremarkablecomplexity,responsibleforavastarrayoffunctionsfrombasicsurvivalinstinctstointricatecognitiveprocesses.Whilemuchofwhathappenswithinthebrainremainsamystery,significantadvancementsinneuroscienceoverthepastfewdecadeshavegreatlyenhancedourunderstandingofitsstructureandfunction.Oneparticularlyfascinatingareaofstudyconcernstheroleofneuroplasticity,thebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.Thisplasticityisnotlimitedtoearlydevelopment;itcontinuesthroughoutadulthood,enablinglearning,memoryformation,andrecoveryfrominjury.Theconceptofneuroplasticitychallengesthetraditionalnotionthattheadultbrainisstaticandunchangeable.ResearchusingtechniquessuchasfMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)andPET(PositronEmissionTomography)hasprovidedvisualevidenceofstructuralchangesinthebraininresponsetolearningnewskillsorrecoveringfromstrokes.Forinstance,studiesonmusicianshaveshownthatthepartsofthebrainresponsibleforprocessingmusicalinformationareoftenlargerandmoredevelopedinindividualswithsignificantmusicaltraining.Similarly,patientswhohavesufferedstroke-inducedparalysisononesideofthebodysometimesexhibitpartialrecoveryasotherbrainareastakeoverfunctionsofthedamagedregion,aprocessknownasfunctionalreorganization.However,neuroplasticityisnotwithoutlimits.Theextentandrateofchangedependonvariousfactors,includingage,theintensityanddurationofthestimulus,andtheindividual'soverallhealth.Whilechildrenandadolescentsgenerallyexhibithigherlevelsofplasticity,allowingforrapidlearningandskillacquisition,adultsalsodemonstratesignificantplasticity,thoughperhapsmoregradually.Environmentalfactorsalsoplayacrucialrole;enrichingenvironmentsthatprovidenovelexperiencesandchallengescanpromoteneuroplasticity,whereasdeprivedenvironmentsmayhinderit.Understandingneuroplasticityhasprofoundimplicationsforeducation,rehabilitation,andmentalhealthtreatments.Ineducation,thisknowledgeunderscorestheimportanceofvariedandstimulatinglearningexperiencestofosterbraindevelopment.Inrehabilitation,therapiesarebeingdesignedbasedonprinciplesofneuroplasticitytohelppatientsrelearnlostfunctionsmoreeffectively.Furthermore,thisunderstandingmayleadtonoveltreatmentsforneurologicalandpsychiatricdisorders,suchasusingtargetedexercisesormedicationstoencouragebeneficialneuralchanges.Questions:1.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimarycharacteristicofneuroplasticityintheadultbrain?2.Theauthormentionsresearchonmusiciansasanexampleofwhat?3.Whatfactor,accordingtothepassage,canbothpromoteandhinderneuroplasticity?4.Thepassagesuggeststhatunderstandingneuroplasticitycouldhavewhatkindofimpactonthetreatmentofneurologicaldisorders?5.Basedonthepassage,whatdoestheconceptofneuroplasticitychallengeaboutthetraditionalviewoftheadultbrain?Passage2Deforestation,thelarge-scaleremovalofforests,isoneofthemostsignificantenvironmentalchallengesfacingtheplanettoday.Whileforestclearanceforagriculture,urbanization,andresourceextractionprovidescertainhumanbenefits,theresultinglossofforestcoverhassevereconsequencesforecosystemsandglobalclimate.Forestsplayacriticalroleintheglobalcarboncycle,actingasvastcarbonsinksthatabsorbcarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheatmosphere.Whenforestsaredestroyed,thiscarbonstoragecapacityisreduced,andthecarbonstoredintreesisoftenreleasedbackintotheatmosphereasCO2,exacerbatingthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarming.Biodiversityisanothercrucialserviceprovidedbyforeststhatisthreatenedbydeforestation.Forestsarehometoasignificantproportionoftheworld'splantandanimalspecies,manyofwhicharefoundnowhereelseonEarth.Thedestructionoftheirhabitatsleadstoadeclineinspeciespopulations,potentiallydrivingmanytowardsextinction.Thislossofbiodiversitynotonlyreducestheplanet'snaturalheritagebutcanalsohavecascadingeffectsonecosystemstabilityandresilience.Forexample,theremovalofkeypredatorspeciescanalterfoodwebs,whilethelossofpollinatorspeciescanimpactplantreproductionandagriculturalproductivity.Socioeconomicimpactsofdeforestationarealsoprofound,particularlyinregionswherelocalcommunitiesdependonforestsfortheirlivelihoods.Forestsprovidetimber,non-timberforestproductslikefruits,nuts,andmedicinalplants,aswellasessentialecosystemservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilstabilization.Deforestationcanleadtofoodinsecurity,lossofincome,andincreasedvulnerabilitytonaturaldisasterslikefloodsandlandslides.Additionally,asforestsshrink,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesoftenfacethreatstotheirculturalpracticesandwaysoflife,whicharedeeplyintertwinedwiththeforestenvironment.Addressingdeforestationrequiresamultifacetedapproach.Effectiveforestmanagementpoliciesthatbalanceconservationwithsustainableuseareessential.Protectingexistingforeststhroughstricterenforcementofloggingregulationsandestablishingprotectedareascanhelppreservebiodiversityandcarbonstocks.Reforestationandafforestationprojects,theplantingoftreesinareaswhereforestshavehistoricallyexistedandthecreationofnewforests,respectively,canhelprestoreecosystemfunctions.Furthermore,addressingtheunderlyingdriversofdeforestation,suchaspovertyandthedemandforagriculturallandortimber,iscrucialforlong-termsuccess.Internationalcooperationandsupportfordevelopingcountriesarealsovitalincombatingthisglobalissue.Questions:6.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonewayinwhichdeforestationcontributestoglobalwarming?7.Thepassagementionstheimpactofremovingkeypredatorspeciesasanexampleofwhateffect?8.Whatpotentialconsequenceofdeforestationishighlightedintermsoffoodproduction?9.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomeessentialservicesprovidedbyforeststolocalcommunities?10.Thepassagesuggeststhatprotectingexistingforestsinvolveswhatkindofactions?Passage3TheIndustrialRevolution,beginninginthelate18thcenturyinBritainandspreadingsubsequentlytootherpartsoftheworld,markedaprofoundturningpointinhumanhistory.Itwascharacterizedbyanunprecedentedshiftfrommanuallaborandagrariansocietiestomachine-basedmassproductionandurbanization.Thistransformationwasdrivenbyaconfluenceoffactors,includingtechnologicalinnovations,theavailabilityofnewenergysourceslikecoalandsteam,andtheriseofanewcommercialeconomy.OneofthemostsignificanttechnologicaladvancementsoftheIndustrialRevolutionwastheinventionofthesteamengine.JamesWatt'simprovementstotheNewcomensteamengineinthe1760sand1770swerecrucialinprovidingareliableandpowerfulsourceofenergythatcouldbeusedtodrivemachineryinfactories,mines,andlater,railwaysandships.Thesteamengineenabledthemechanizationofindustriessuchastextiles,ironproduction,andcoalmining,dramaticallyincreasingproductivityandoutput.Thistechnologicalprogressledtotheestablishmentoflargefactories,whichbecamethenewcentersofproduction,replacingthesmallworkshopsandartisanalproductionmethodsofthepre-industrialera.Theshifttoanindustrialeconomyhadprofoundsocialconsequences.Ruralpopulations,drivenbythepromiseofworkinfactories,migratedinlargenumberstourbanareas.Thisrapidurbanizationledtothegrowthofcitiesatanunprecedentedrate,oftenoutpacingthedevelopmentofinfrastructuresuchashousing,sanitation,andtransportation.Theresultingurbanslumsfrequentlysufferedfrompoorlivingconditions,overcrowding,andthespreadofdisease.WhiletheIndustrialRevolutioncreatednewjobopportunitiesandeventuallyledtoeconomicgrowth,italsoresultedintheexploitationofworkers,includinglongworkinghours,lowwages,anddangerousworkingconditions.Childlaborwasalsocommon,contributingtotheharshrealitiesfacedbymanyfamiliesduringthisperiod.TheenvironmentalimpactoftheIndustrialRevolutionwasalsosignificant,layingthegroundworkformanyoftheenvironmentalchallengesfacedtoday.Thewidespreaduseofcoalasafuelsourceforfactoriesandsteamenginesledtoincreasedairpollutioninurbanareas.Thereleaseoflargeamountsofindustrialwasteintoriversandstreamscausedwaterpollutionandharmedaquaticecosystems.Whilethelong-termconsequenceswerenotfullyunderstoodatthetime,theIndustrialRevolutioninitiatedapatternofindustrialgrowththatoftencameattheexpenseofenvironmentalquality.Theriseofindustrialcapitalismalsofosteredacultureofconsumptionandresourceextractionthatcontinuestoshapetheglobaleconomyandenvironment.Questions:11.Whatinvention,accordingtothepassage,wasakeyfactorenablingindustrialization?12.Thepassagementionsthemigrationofruralpopulationsasaconsequenceofwhat?13.Accordingtothepassage,whatweresomenegativelivingconditionsassociatedwithrapidurbanization?14.ThepassagesuggeststhattheIndustrialRevolutioninitiatedapatternrelatedtowhat?15.Basedonthepassage,whatwasonewaytheIndustrialRevolutioncontributedtoairpollution?試卷答案1.Itretainstheabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.*解析思路：題目問成年大腦神經(jīng)可塑性的主要特征。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句"Thisplasticityisnotlimitedtoearlydevelopment;itcontinuesthroughoutadulthood,enablinglearning,memoryformation,andrecoveryfrominjury."，可知神經(jīng)可塑性并非僅限于早期發(fā)育，它在成年期也持續(xù)存在，使人能夠?qū)W習(xí)、形成記憶和從損傷中恢復(fù)。因此，成年大腦神經(jīng)可塑性的主要特征是其持續(xù)存在的能力。2.Itprovidesevidenceofstructuralchangesinthebraininresponsetolearningnewskills.*解析思路：題目問作者提到研究音樂家的目的是什么。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句"ResearchusingtechniquessuchasfMRI...hasprovidedvisualevidenceofstructuralchangesinthebraininresponsetolearningnewskillsorrecoveringfromstrokes."，可知這項(xiàng)研究（以音樂家為例）是為了提供視覺證據(jù)，證明大腦在應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)新技能時(shí)發(fā)生了結(jié)構(gòu)性變化。因此，目的是提供學(xué)習(xí)新技能導(dǎo)致大腦結(jié)構(gòu)變化的證據(jù)。3.Environmentalfactors.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，什么因素既能促進(jìn)也能阻礙神經(jīng)可塑性。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句"Environmentalfactorsalsoplayacrucialrole;enrichingenvironments...canpromoteneuroplasticity,whereasdeprivedenvironmentsmayhinderit."，明確提到了環(huán)境因素（enrichingenvironments和deprivedenvironments）既能促進(jìn)也能阻礙神經(jīng)可塑性。4.Itcouldleadtonoveltreatmentsforneurologicalandpsychiatricdisorders.*解析思路：題目問文章暗示理解神經(jīng)可塑性對(duì)治療神經(jīng)性疾病可能產(chǎn)生什么影響。根據(jù)文章第四段最后一句"Furthermore,thisunderstandingmayleadtonoveltreatmentsforneurologicalandpsychiatricdisorders,suchasusingtargetedexercisesormedicationstoencouragebeneficialneuralchanges."，提到了理解神經(jīng)可塑性可能導(dǎo)致針對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和精神疾病的新型治療方法。5.Thattheadultbrainisstaticandunchangeable.*解析思路：題目問基于文章，神經(jīng)可塑性概念挑戰(zhàn)了關(guān)于成年大腦的什么傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句"Thisplasticityisnotlimitedtoearlydevelopment;itcontinuesthroughoutadulthood...Thisconceptchallengesthetraditionalnotionthattheadultbrainisstaticandunchangeable."，明確指出神經(jīng)可塑性的概念挑戰(zhàn)了“成年大腦是靜態(tài)且不可改變的”這一傳統(tǒng)觀念。6.Itreducesthebrain'scarbonstoragecapacity,andthecarbonstoredintreesisreleasedasCO2.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，砍伐森林如何導(dǎo)致全球變暖。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句"Whenforestsaredestroyed,thiscarbonstoragecapacityisreduced,andthecarbonstoredintreesisoftenreleasedbackintotheatmosphereasCO2,exacerbatingthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarming."，可知砍伐森林會(huì)減少碳儲(chǔ)存能力，并且樹木中儲(chǔ)存的碳會(huì)以CO2的形式釋放到大氣中，加劇溫室效應(yīng)和全球變暖。7.Itcanalterfoodwebs.*解析思路：題目問文章提到移除關(guān)鍵捕食者作為什么影響的例子。根據(jù)文章第二段提到"Theremovalofkeypredatorspeciescanalterfoodwebs..."，可知移除關(guān)鍵捕食者會(huì)改變食物網(wǎng)。8.Thelossofpollinatorspeciescanimpactplantreproductionandagriculturalproductivity.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，砍伐森林對(duì)糧食生產(chǎn)的潛在后果是什么。根據(jù)文章第二段提到"whilethelossofpollinatorspeciescanimpactplantreproductionandagriculturalproductivity."，可知喪失傳粉者物種會(huì)影響植物繁殖和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。9.Timber,non-timberforestproductslikefruits,nuts,andmedicinalplants,aswellasessentialecosystemservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilstabilization.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，森林為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)提供了哪些必需的服務(wù)。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句"Forestsprovidetimber,non-timberforestproductslikefruits,nuts,andmedicinalplants,aswellasessentialecosystemservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilstabilization."，可知森林提供了木材、非木材林產(chǎn)品（如水果、堅(jiān)果、藥用植物）以及重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)（如水凈化和土壤穩(wěn)定）。10.Stricterenforcementofloggingregulationsandestablishingprotectedareas.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，保護(hù)現(xiàn)有森林涉及哪些行動(dòng)。根據(jù)文章第四段第二句"Protectingexistingforeststhroughstricterenforcementofloggingregulationsandestablishingprotectedareascanhelppreservebiodiversityandcarbonstocks."，可知通過嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行伐木法規(guī)和建立保護(hù)區(qū)來保護(hù)現(xiàn)有森林。11.Thesteamengine.*解析思路：題目問根據(jù)文章，什么發(fā)明是工業(yè)化的關(guān)鍵因素。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句"Oneofthemostsignificanttechnologicaladvancements...wastheinventionofthesteamengine."，明確指出蒸汽機(jī)是重要的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。1