UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS

ReadingandThinking:

UnderstandthequestioningmindStagesinscientificresearch

DrawaconclusionCollectdataAskaquestion

Findaproblem

Analysetheresults

Findsupportingevidence

ThinkofamethodMALARIAWhoDefeatedCholera?Activity1:Predicting:Whatwillbetalkedabout?JohnSnow

Defeats“KingCholera”Who?How?What?Activity2:ReadfortheStructureJohnSnowdesiredto________cholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprove__________theory.Snowbeganhisstudyby___________________.

________________oftheinfectionofcholera.Para.1Para.2Para.3Para.4

Theresultsandthe_____________ofSnow’swork.Para.5What&Who

How

Truth

ResultsdestroythesecondmarkingonamapThetruthsignificanceReadparas.2-3andcompletethechartbelow.A:Itwasbelievedthatcholerawascausedbybad___orgermsin___________.B:Snow_______________theplaceswherethepeople

who____hadlived.

C:◆

Manydeathsoccurrednearthe__________inBroadStreet.◆

Somepeople________drunkthewaterfromthepump,andlived.◆

AwomanandherdaughterdiedinanotherpartofLondonafter_____________________.D:Thepumpwatercarried_____________.E:The______ofthepumpwasremoved.Matchthefollowingheaderswiththelettersfromthechartabove.WriteA-Eintheblanks.1.conclusion2.evidence3.process4.solution5.theories__________________________________airfoodorwatermarkedonamapdiedwaterpumphadn'tdrinkingwaterfromthepumpcholeragermshandleDCBEAconclusionevidenceprocesssolutiontheoriesPara1Who&What?JohnSnowCholeraa______________________doctorbecame_________never_________________________________onceandforallBritish,youngandfamous_____________QueenVictoriaattendedtofrustratedlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraoneof__________________deseasescausessevere______________________________________millionsofpeople__________thediseaseintheearly19thcenturythemostfeareddiarrhoea,dehydrationandevendeathdiedfromReadpara1andfillintheformsCholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.①

Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.Theoryone:_______Theorytwo:_______SymptomsSymptoms（癥狀）coughsneezerunnynoseDiarrhoeadehydrationbadaircausedthediseaseaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwaterPara2

WhatwerethetwotheoriesandwhichdidJohnSnowagreewith?Snowsubscribedto

thesecondtheory.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshad

twocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.AmapofBroadStreet-”CholeraMap”WhatmethoddidSnowuse?AmapofBroadStreet-”CholeraMap”Whichhouseshadmorethan4deathsinBroadStreet?WhichhouseshadnodeathinBroadStreet?Multipledeathshappenedhere.Nodeathhappenedhere.Hesuspectedthatthewaterfromthepumpwastoblame.

Thinkofamethod&Collectdata&AnaysetheresultsPara.3Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.②Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.③Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremoved

sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.Activity5:ReadforinformationWatercompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste,causingpeoplewhodrankthiswatertogetcholera.Watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater.Thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworlddecreased.Hehelpedpeopleknowhowtopreventcholera.Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.2.WhatcontributionsdidJohnSnowmake?TheFatherofModernEpidemiology1.WhatcausedthecholerainLondonbesidesthewaterpumpinBroadStreetin1854?TruthPara4-5ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.④Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.Para4Truth⑤ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,

thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.⑥Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.Para5ContributionsQ1:Wherecanyoufindthepassage?Aascience