全國職稱英語等級考試試題及答案第一部分詞匯選項(xiàng)（第1—15題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語劃有底橫線，請從每個(gè)句子后面所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出1個(gè)與劃線部分意義最接近的答案，將其字母標(biāo)號填入題前括號內(nèi)。1.Thecommitteedecidedtopostponethefinalvoteuntilallabsentmemberscouldbecontacted.A.delay?B.accelerate?C.cancel?D.confirm答案：A2.Thenewtaxpolicywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesforimportedgoods.A.probably?B.unavoidably?C.slightly?D.temporarily答案：B3.Thescientist’sconjecturewaslaterverifiedbyrigorousexperiments.A.guess?B.budget?C.summary?D.contract答案：A4.Theoncebarrenhillsarenowcoveredwithdensepineforests.A.fertile?B.rocky?C.bare?D.remote答案：C5.Themanagertriedtoclarifytheambiguouswordinginthecontract.A.vague?B.lengthy?C.technical?D.legal答案：A6.Theathlete’sremarkableenduranceenabledhimtofinishtheultramarathon.A.strength?B.patience?C.stamina?D.speed答案：C7.Thenovelwasbannedinseveralcountriesbecauseofitsprovocativecontent.A.violent?B.stimulating?C.patriotic?D.religious答案：B8.Therivermeandersgentlythroughthevastplain.A.floods?B.winds?C.dries?D.freezes答案：B9.Thespeakeremphasizedtheneedtocurbexcessiveenergyconsumption.A.monitor?B.increase?C.restrict?D.record答案：C10.Thearchaeologistdiscoveredfragmentsofanancientvase.A.pieces?B.imitations?C.drawings?D.replicas答案：A11.Thecompany’sprofitssoaredafterthelaunchoftheinnovativeproduct.A.stabilized?B.rosesharply?C.declined?D.fluctuated答案：B12.Thewitnessprovidedacoherentaccountoftheaccident.A.logical?B.emotional?C.brief?D.second-hand答案：A13.Thehumidclimateacceleratedthecorrosionofthemetalbridge.A.erosion?B.polishing?C.rusting?D.painting答案：C14.Thediplomatwaspraisedforhistactfulhandlingofthecrisis.A.timely?B.sensitive?C.forceful?D.cautious答案：B15.Theabruptchangeintemperaturesurprisedthetourists.A.sudden?B.seasonal?C.mild?D.predictable答案：A第二部分閱讀判斷（第16—22題，每題1分，共7分）閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個(gè)句子，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對每個(gè)句子做出判斷。如果該句提供的信息與短文內(nèi)容相符，選擇A（True）；如果與短文內(nèi)容相矛盾，選擇B（False）；如果短文未提及該信息，選擇C（Notmentioned）。短文：In1987,asmallteamofFrenchandItalianengineersembarkedonanambitiousprojecttobuildtheworld’slongestroadtunnelbeneaththeMontBlancmassif.TheendeavorrequiredoverfiveyearsofdrillingfromboththeFrenchandItaliansides.Engineersusedlaser-guidedsurveyingequipmenttoensurethatthetwohalveswouldmeetwithinamarginoferrorofjusttencentimeters.Thetunnelopenedtotrafficin1991,reducingthejourneytimebetweenFranceandItalybyuptoanhour.Morethanthreedecadeslater,thestructureisstillregardedasamarvelofcivilengineering.Annualmaintenanceinvolvesreplacing18,000lightbulbs,cleaning100,000squaremetersofwallsurface,andinspecting400kilometersofelectricalcabling.Despitetheharshalpineclimate,thetunnel’sventilationsystemkeepscarbonmonoxidelevelswellbelowstatutorylimits.A2022studyfoundthatthetunnelhascontributedtoa12%increaseincross-borderfreighttraffic,boostingregionalGDPbyanestimated1.3%.16.TheMontBlancTunnelwasoriginallyplannedtobearailwaytunnel.答案：B17.Laser-guidedsurveyingensuredthetwodrillingteamsmetwithhighprecision.答案：A18.Thetunnel’sopeningimmediatelyincreasedtourisminthetownofChamonix.答案：C19.Maintenancestaffreplacemorethan15,000lightbulbseveryyear.答案：A20.Carbonmonoxidelevelsoccasionallyexceedlegalthresholdsduringwinter.答案：B21.Thetunnelhashadameasurablepositiveimpactontheregionaleconomy.答案：A22.ItalianengineerscompletedtheirhalfofthetunneloneyearaheadoftheFrenchteam.答案：C第三部分概括大意與完成句子（第23—30題，每題1分，共8分）閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后有兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)：任務(wù)一（第23—26題）要求從所給6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為短文第2—5段每段選出1個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題；任務(wù)二（第27—30題）要求從所給6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中完成每個(gè)句子，將其字母標(biāo)號填入題前括號內(nèi)。短文：段落1：Intheearly20thcentury,theAmericancityofSt.Louisstoodattheconfluenceoftwomightyrivers,theMissouriandtheMississippi.Itsstrategiclocationmadeitanaturalhubfortradeandmigration.Yetthecity’srapidgrowthbroughtwithitalesswelcomedistinction:by1900,St.LouishadthehighestdeathratefromtyphoidfeverofanymajorU.S.city.段落2：TheculpritwasamunicipalwatersupplydrawndirectlyfromtheMissouriRiverwithoutadequatetreatment.Engineersoftheerabelievedthattheriver’sswiftcurrentwouldnaturallydilutepollutants.Unfortunately,upstreamcitiessuchasKansasCitydischargeduntreatedsewageintothesamewatercourse.Duringlow-flowperiods,bacterialconcentrationsspiked,andtyphoidoutbreaksfollowedwithgrimregularity.段落3：In1905,cityofficialsinvitedGeorgeWarrenFuller,asanitaryengineerfromMassachusetts,todesignapurificationsystem.Fullerproposedarevolutionarycombinationofcoagulation,sedimentation,rapidsandfiltration,andchlorination.Skepticsarguedthatthecost—threemilliondollars—wasexorbitant.Nevertheless,thecitycouncilapprovedtheplanbyasinglevote,andconstructionbeganthefollowingspring.段落4：ThenewfacilitywentonlineinOctober1909.Withinayear,thetyphoidrateplummetedby98%.NeighboringmunicipalitiessoonadoptedFuller’smethods,andtheengineer’sapproachbecamethetemplateformodernmunicipalwatertreatmentacrosstheUnitedStates.St.Louislaternamedtheplantafterhim,andthecity’smortalitystatisticsimprovedsodramaticallythatlifeexpectancyrosebymorethansevenyearswithinadecade.段落5：Today,therenamedWarrenG.FullerMemorialPlanttreatsanaverageof150milliongallonsdaily.Advancedsensorsmonitorturbidity,pH,andresidualchlorineinrealtime.Whiletheoriginalbrickfiltrationtowersremainintact,theynowhouseultramodernmembranecassettescapableofremovingpathogensassmallas0.01microns.Engineerspredictthatthefacilitywillcontinuetosupplysafewaterforatleastanothercentury.任務(wù)一：23.段落2最佳標(biāo)題A.UpstreamPollutionSourcesB.EngineeringMisconceptionsC.Typhoid’sWaterborneLinkD.MunicipalBudgetConstraints答案：C24.段落3最佳標(biāo)題A.ANarrowVoteforChangeB.Fuller’sMulti-StageDesignC.Cost-BenefitControversyD.PoliticalOppositionTactics答案：B25.段落4最佳標(biāo)題A.DramaticHealthImprovementsB.ReplicationinNeighboringCitiesC.NationalAdoptionofTechnologyD.ACity’sTributetoanEngineer答案：A26.段落5最佳標(biāo)題A.LegacyofInnovationB.ModernizationChallengesC.Real-TimeMonitoringToolsD.MembraneFiltrationAdvances答案：A任務(wù)二：27.Before1905,St.Louisofficialswronglyassumedthat______.答案：rivercurrentswouldcleansepollutantsnaturally28.Fuller’ssystemincludedchlorinationaswellas______.答案：rapidsandfiltration29.Withintenyearsoftheplant’sopening,locallifeexpectancyincreasedby______.答案：morethansevenyears30.Present-dayengineersuse______todetectimpuritiesinstantly.答案：advancedsensors第四部分閱讀理解（第31—45題，每題3分，共45分）閱讀下面三篇短文，每篇短文后各有5道小題，隨后還有5道補(bǔ)全短文題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案，將其字母標(biāo)號填入題前括號內(nèi)。短文一In1978,paleontologistMaryLeakey’steamuncoveredatrailoffossilizedfootprintsatLaetoli,Tanzania.Preservedinvolcanicash,the3.6-million-year-oldimpressionsextended27metersandshowedtheunmistakablegaitofabipedalhominin.Remarkably,thefootprintswereaccompaniedbythoseofasmallerindividual,suggestingthatearlyhumansalreadywalkedsidebyside.Theashlayerwasdatedusingpotassium-argontechniques,confirmingthePlioceneepochorigin.Toprotectthefragilesurface,researcherscoveredthetrackswithsyntheticgeotextileandlava-stonefill,thenerectedaclimate-controlledshelter.Subsequent3-Dlaserscansrevealedpressuredistributionsconsistentwithamodernhumanarch,indicatingthatthetransverseandlongitudinalarcheshadalreadyevolved.In2021,anewphotogrammetricsurveydetectedapreviouslyunnoticedfourthsetofprints,possiblymadebyajuvenilewhointermittentlysteppedintothetracksofthelargeradult,hintingatcooperativelocomotion.31.TheLaetolifootprintswerepreservedbecausetheywererapidlycoveredby______.A.riversilt?B.volcanicash?C.wind-blownsand?D.carbonatemud答案：B32.Potassium-argondatingdeterminedthatthefootprintsareapproximately______yearsold.A.2.1million?B.3.6million?C.4.5million?D.1.8million答案：B33.Moderntechnologyrevealedthatthehomininshad______comparabletohumanstoday.A.ankleflexibility?B.archstructure?C.toelength?D.heelwidth答案：B34.The2021surveysuggestedthepresenceofatleast______individuals.A.two?B.three?C.four?D.five答案：C35.Thejuvenile’sgaitpatternimpliesthatearlyhomininsengagedin______.A.solitaryhunting?B.cooperativemovement?C.territorialdefense?D.ritualdancing答案：B短文二Theterm“urbanheatisland”referstothephenomenonwherebycitycentersexperiencehighertemperaturesthansurroundingruralareas.Duringdaylighthours,asphaltandconcreteabsorbshort-waveradiation,thenre-emititaslong-waveheataftersunset.A2020studyof452Europeancitiesfoundthattheaveragenocturnaltemperaturedifferencewas2.7°C,butinextremecasesitreached8°C.Vegetationmitigatestheeffectthroughevapotranspiration,whichconvertssensibleheatintolatentheat.Researcherscalculatedthatincreasingthecanopycoverby10%lowersambienttemperaturesby0.8°C.Anotherstrategyinvolveshigh-albedocoatings:reflectivewhiteroofscanreducesurfacetemperaturesbyupto30%.ApilotprograminAthensappliedthermochromicpaintthatchangesfromdarktolightat28°C,cuttingcooling-energydemandinapartmentblocksby12%.Cityplannersnowintegratethesefindingsintozoningcodes,mandatinggreenroofsonnewcommercialbuildingsandofferingsubsidiesforretrofittingexistingstructures.36.Theurbanheatislandeffectismostpronounced______.A.atdawn?B.atnoon?C.aftersunset?D.duringrainfall答案：C37.A10%increaseintreecovercandecreasetemperaturesbyapproximately______.A.0.3°C?B.0.8°C?C.1.5°C?D.2.7°C答案：B38.Thermochromicpaintaltersitscolorinresponseto______.A.humidity?B.sunlightintensity?C.surfacetemperature?D.airpressure答案：C39.TheAthenspilotprojectachieveda______reductionincooling-energyuse.A.8%?B.10%?C.12%?D.15%答案：C40.ZoningcodesinsomeEuropeancitiesnowrequire______onnewcommercialbuildings.A.solarpanels?B.greenroofs?C.whitewalls?D.rainwatertanks答案：B短文三In2019,theJapaneseAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA)launchedtheHayabusa2missiontoasteroidRyugu.Thespacecraftdeployedtworoversandasmallimpactorthatdetonatedtocreateanartificialcrater,exposingsubsurfacemateriallessalteredbyspaceweathering.Samplescollectedfromthiscraterweresealedinare-entrycapsulethatparachutedintotheSouthAustraliandesertinDecember2020.Preliminaryanalysisrevealedgrainscontaininghydroxyl-bearingminerals,indicatingthattheparentbodyoncecontainedwaterice.Carbonaceouschondruleswithinthesamplesshowdeuterium-to-hydrogenratiossimilartothoseofEarth’soceans,supportingthetheorythatasteroidsdeliveredaportionofourplanet’swater.Additionally,aminoacidssuchasglycineandalanineweredetected,suggestingthatextraterrestrialorganiccompoundsmayhaveseededearlybiochemicalprocessesonEarth.Thetotalsamplemassexceededfivegrams,tentimestheinitialtarget,ensuringdecadesofcollaborativeresearch.41.Theimpactor’spurposewasto______.A.alterRyugu’sorbit?B.generatethrustforHayabusa2?C.excavatesubsurfacematerial?D.testplanetary-defensetechniques答案：C42.Thecapsulelandedin______.A.Kazakhstan?B.Utah?C.SouthAustralia?D.Mongolia答案：C43.Hydroxyl-bearingmineralsimplythatRyugu’sparentbodyoncepossessed______.A.volcanicactivity?B.waterice?C.magneticfield?D.organicsolvents答案：B44.Deuteriumratiosinthesamplesresemblethosefoundin______.A.lunarsoil?B.Martianatmosphere?C.Earth’soceans?D.cometarytails答案：C45.Thepresenceofaminoacidssupportstheideathatasteroidscouldhave______.A.triggerediceages?B.suppliedorganicprecursors?C.causedmassextinctions?D.generatedatmosphericoxygen答案：B補(bǔ)全短文（第46—50題，每題2分，共10分）閱讀下面短文，短文中有5處空白，請從短文后所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出5個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)，將短文補(bǔ)全，使其意義連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。短文：Intheearly19thcentury,thecityofViennafacedadevastatingwaveofchildbedfever.IgnazSemmelweis,ayoungHungarianphysicianworkinginthecity’slargestmaternityward,observedthatwomendeliveredbymedicalstudentshadmortalityratesthreetimeshigherthanthoseattendedbymidwives.(46)______Hehypothesizedthat“cadaverousparticles”carriedbystudentsperformingautopsieswereresponsible.Despiteridiculefromseniorstaff,Semmelweismandatedchlorinehandwashingin1847.(47)______Yethisinsistenceondatacollectionlaidthegroundworkformoderninfectioncontrol.(48)______OnlyafterPasteur’sgermtheorygainedacceptancedidthemedicalcommunityrecognizeSemmelweis’sforesight.Today,theSemmelweisreflex—ametaphorforthetendencytorejectnewevidencethatcontradictsestablishednorms—bearshisname.(49)______HospitalsworldwidecelebrateHandHygieneDayonMay5,thedateofSemmelweis’sbirth.(50)______選項(xiàng)：A.Mortalityplummetedfrom18%to1%withinmonths.B.Henotedthatstudentsoftenmoveddirectlyfromdissectingcorpsestoexamininglaboringwomenwithoutwashingtheirhands.C.Hispeersdismissedthefindingsasanecdotal.D.TheWorldHealthOrganizationadoptedtheslogan“Cleancareissafercare.”E.Tragically,Semmelweisdiedinanasylum,unawarethathisideaswouldsavemillions.F.Vienna’smidwiveshadlongadvocatedforherbalantiseptics.46.答案：B47.答案：A48.答案：C49.答案：E50.答案：D第五部分完形填空（第51—65題，每題1分，共15分）閱讀下面的短文，文中有15處空白，每處空白給出4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，請從中選出1個(gè)最佳答案，使其意義連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。短文：In1971,thesmalltownofArcata,California,facedanultimatumfromstateregulators:upgradeitsconventionalsewagetreatmentplantorpayescalatingfines.Insteadof(51)______millionsonhigh-energyaerationtanks,thecitycouncilembracedanunconventionalidea—constructingaseriesofartificialwetlands.Overthenextfiveyears,engineersterraced65hectaresofabandonedpastureintoshallowpondsplantedwithcattails,bulrushes,andsedges.Theseemergentmacrophytes(52)______oxygenthroughtheirstems,creatingmicro-aerobiczoneswherenitrifyingbacteriaconvertammoniaintonitrate.Aswastewater(53)______slowlythroughtherootzone,suspendedsolidssettleout,andpathogensdieoffunderultravioletexposure.Thesystemrequiresonlyasinglepumptolifteffluentintothefirstpond;gravity(54)______theflowthroughsubsequentcells.By1977,dischargestandardswerenotmerelymetbut(55)______;nitrogenlevelsdroppedbelow3mgperliter,one-tenthofthestatelimit.Migratingbirdssoon(56)______thenutrient-richponds,transformingthesiteintoabustlingsanctuary.Economistscalculatedthatthewetlandcostone-thirdofaconventionalplant’s20-yearlifecycleexpense.EncouragedbyArcata’ssuccess,over400communitiesacrossNorthAmericahave(57)______similarnature-basedsolutions.Recentstudiesrevealthatthesesystemsalsosequestercarbonatrates(58)______toyoungforests,offeringadualbenefitofpollutioncontrolandclimatemitigation.Engineersnowintegratebiocharfiltersto(59)______phosphorus,preventingalgalbloomsinreceiving