高一期中聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)考生注意：1.答題前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、考生號(hào)填寫(xiě)在試卷和答題卡上，并將考生號(hào)條形碼粘貼在答題卡上的指定位置。2.回答選擇題時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)。回答非選擇題時(shí)，將答案寫(xiě)在答題卡上。寫(xiě)在本試卷上無(wú)效。3.考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽(tīng)力（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分）做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有2分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分7.5分）聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話(huà)。每段對(duì)話(huà)后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話(huà)后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話(huà)僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.Whosetextbookmaybelost?A.Linda’s.B.Susan’s.C.Lucy’s.2.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inarestaurant.B.Inamuseum.C.Inanoffice.3.Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Shemaytakepartlater.B.Sheisanexperiencedclimber.C.Shehasnointerestinclimbingmountains.4.WhatisMikeprobablypoorat?A.Sports.B.Math.C.Music.5.Whydoesn’tthemanhavebreakfastathome?A.Heisnothungry.B.Heneedstocatchthebus.C.Helikeseatingontheway.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分22.5分）聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話(huà)或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話(huà)或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話(huà)或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話(huà)或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Wherearethespeakersprobablynow?A.Onthefirstfloor.B.Onthesecondfloor.C.Onthethirdfloor.7.Whyshouldthemancheckthetimetablefirst?A.Thelabmaybetakenup.B.Thelab’sopeninghoursoftenchange.C.Thenoticebesidethedoorisnotclear.聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Howoftendoestheclubmeet?A.Onceaweek.B.Twiceaweek.C.Threetimesaweek.9.Whatdoesthewomanworryabout?A.Themoneyneededtosignup.B.Herpaintingexperience.C.Herabilitytositforlong.10.Howwillthespeakerskeepintouch?AByphone.B.Byletter.C.Byemail.聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatcanweknowaboutthesweater?A.Lancemadeithimself.B.Lancereceiveditasagift.C.Lanceboughtitfromastore.12.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofthesweater?A.Itiseasytomake.B.Itismeaningful.C.Itisheavy.13.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Sisterandbrother.B.Doctorandpatient.C.Motherandson.聽(tīng)第9段材料，回答第14至17題。14.WhatisJohn?A.Astudent.B.Areporter.C.Ateacher.15.Howdoesthemanspeakergotoschoolnow?A.Bybus.B.Bycar.C.Bybike.16.What’sJohn’sfavoritesport?A.Biking.B.Basketball.C.Football.17.HowlonghasJohnbeenlearningSpanish?A.Aboutayear.B.Abouthalfayear.C.Aboutsixyears.聽(tīng)第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.WhatcanweknowaboutTom?A.Hebrokeastamp.B.Heisacarefulperson.C.Hehasalargecollectionofstamps.19.Whatdoesthespeakerdecidetodointheend?A.Findmorefriends.B.Reportittotheteacher.C.Makeupwithhisfriend.20.Whatisthespeechmainlyabout?A.Art.B.Happiness.C.Friendship.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。ADoyouwonderabouttheuniverse’ssecretsandwanttomixstarwatchingwithspecialtrips?Let’slookatthesefourgreatadventures!Astronomy(天文學(xué))intheCanaryIslands:Spain27November2025|7daysJointhisexcitingjourneyandtakepartinstarwatchingacrosstheCanaryIslands.You’llseeLaPalma’svolcanic(火山)landit'sEurope’stopplaceforastronomy!·EnjoyprivatetoursoftheLlanodelJableandMountTeideobservatories(天文臺(tái))·Explore(探索)clearnightskies·VisitrainforestswildlifeandvolcanoesAstronomyandWildlifeConservationSafari:India12January2026|11daysWatchIndia’swonderfulwildlifeandnightskies.Visitthecountry'smostimportanthistoricalandmodernobservatories.·DiscoverJaipur'sJantarMantar(aUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteandtheonlyancientstoneobservatoryamongalltrips)·FamousastronomerStuartClarkwillguidestarwatchingexperiences·Enjoygamedrives,walks,anddiscussionswithlocalnaturalistsTheWorldCapitalofAstronomy:Chile12March2026|13daysVisitsomeoftheworld’smosttechnologicallyadvancedobservatoriesandwatchstarsundersomeofEarth’sclearestskies.·Visitworldleadingobservatories·TakepartinexpertledstarwatchingintheAtacamaDesertStargazingatUluru:Australia8May2026|9daysUluruisnotjustanaturalwonder,butalsoaplacewithbigculturalmeaning.Localelderstellnightskystorieshere.·VisittheSidingSpringObservatory·Watchstarsundertheguidanceofexperts1.WhatcanvisitorsdoduringthetriptoIndia?A.Traintobenaturalists.B.Listentooldskystories.C.Getclosetoafamousvolcano.D.Explorewonderfulwildlifeinperson.2.Whatdothefourtripshaveinmon?A.Theylastformorethanaweek.B.Theyincludevisitstoobservatories.C.Theyofferexpertguidedstarwatchingactivities.D.Theyprovidechancestounderstandlocalculture.3.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A.Atraveldiary. B.Ageographytextbook.C.Amagazineabouttrips. D.Anewsreportaboutdiscoveries.BHereesatimeforeveryfamilywhenthetablesturnandtheparenthastolistentothechild.MinecamerecentlywhenmywifeandIstayedwithourson,Nathaniel,inLosAngelesourfirstvisitinseveralyearssincehemovedwest.Awholeweekunderhisroof!“Dad,don’tleavethewaterrunningwhenyouwashhands,”Nathanieltoldusseriouslyonourfirstnight.Allright,IgotitthisisCalifornia,wheredrought(干旱blanket...cern.Butmorerulesfollowed.Don’twearaneckwarmerwhenwalkingthedogsinthemorning.Whydrinksomuchorangesoda?Thisishowyoushouldrefoldtheblanket...Atfirst,IwonderedhowI'draisedsuchabossyson.IsmilinglyfollowedNathaniel'shouseholdinstructions,butwithatouchofsilentopposition(反抗),likemovingoneofhisfavoritephotographsafewinches.ThenIrememberedhowoftenIthrewthegoldenruleofparentingatNathanielandhisbrotherswhentheywereyoung.“Someday,you’llhaveahomeofyourownandcanlivehoweveryouwant,”I’dsay.“Untilthen,you’llhavetodoasweask.”Nowitwaspaybacktime.HowevertherewasanadvantagetolettingNathanielbetheoneincharge(掌控)andmefollowing.Hecleaneddishesafterdinner,thinkinghewoulddoabetterjobthanmywifeandme.Healsosetourdailyoutings.Andhewillinglydroveeverywhere,sparingmethesufferingofLosAngelestraffic.OnourlastafternoonwewerewalkingalongElMatadorBeachandhitabigareaofrocksclearlytheendofthewalk,Ithought.Nathanielpatientlyguidedmeacross.Iwasafraid,butwemadeittothesandyshorebeyond.“Youdidit!I’mreallyproud,”hesaid,excited,asifI’djustlearnedtorideabike.ItwasthenthatIknewforsurethatthesonhadrisentofatherhood.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thetablesturn”meaninparagraph1？A.Weshouldrespecttheelderly.B.Parentsandchildrenexchangetheirroles.C.WeshouldenjoythefamilytimeD.Parentsarealwaystheretohelpchildren5.HowdidtheauthorprobablyfeelaboutNathaniel’srulesatfirst?A.Dissatisfied. B.Proud. C.Relaxed. D.Afraid.6.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromparagraph3？A.Hewasimpatientinraisingchildren.B.HehopedhischildrencouldliveafreelifeC.HeplannedtoshoulderthehouseworkforNathaniel.D.HehadtofollowNathaniel'srulesasNathanieloncefollowedhis.7.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeatElMatadorBeach?ANathanielwasexpectingtobeafather.B.HeneededtoguideNathanielmoreinlife.C.HeshouldspendmoretimewithNathaniel.D.Nathanielhadbeeresponsibleandcaring.CChatGPThasgottensuperpopularrecently.However,AIchatbotsactuallyusehugeamountsofenergy.In2023,AIdatacentersused4.4%ofUSelectricity.Allovertheworld,thesecentersmakeupabout1.5%ofglobalenergyuse.Thesenumbersareexpectedtorisequickly.“Justthreeyearsago,wedidn’tevenhaveChatGPTyet,”saidAlexdeVriesGao,aresearcheratVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam.“Andnowwe’retalkingaboutatechnologythatwillusealmosthalftheelectricityofdatacentersaroundtheworld.ButwhyareAIchatbotssoenergyhungry?TherearetwopartsofAIthatusethemostenergy:trainingandinference(推理).TotrainAIchatbots,largelanguagemodels(LLMs)aregivenalotofdatasets(數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)).ThisletstheAIlearn,findpatterns(模式)andfinallymakeguesses.TraininganLLMusuallyneedsmanyservers.Eachserverhasabout8GPUs(圖形處理器),andtheyrunforweeksormonths.TrainingOpenAI’sGPT4usedroughly50gigawatthoursofenergy.That’slikepoweringSanFranciscoforthreedays.Inferenceusesalotofenergyaswell.ThisiswhenanAIchatbotusesitslearnedknowledgetoetoaconclusion(結(jié)論)andproduceanoutputfromauser’squestions.Whileitneedsfarfewerputingresourcesthantraining,inferencestilluseslotsofenergy.ThereasonisthetotalnumberofquestionsmadetoAIchatbots.OpenAIsaysChatGPTgetsover2.5billionquestionseverydaybyJuly2025.Thatmeansmanyserversareusedtoquicklyreplytothosequestions.Still,researcherslikeChowdhuryarenowworkingtomeasuretheseenergyneedsbetter,sotheyknowhowtolowerthem.Peoplewhousethesechatbotscanalsoaskforclearertransparency(透明)onhowmuchenergytheseAIchatbotsuse.ThiscannotonlyhelpuserschoosetouseAIinamoreenergysavingway,butalsopushforbetterrulesthatforcepaniestotakeresponsibility.8.Whydoestheauthorusethenumbersinparagraph1？A.ToexplaintheimportanceofAI.B.ToprovethatAlusestoomuchenergy.C.Toshowthattheworldisshortofenergy.D.TodescribehowAldevelopsintheUS9.WhatcanweknowaboutthetrainingofLLMs?A.ItneedsalargenumberofGPUstowork.B.FindpossiblepatternsisitsfinalgoalC.ItismainlytomakeLLMssaveenergy.D.Largerdatasetswillmaketrainingfaster.10.Whatmakesinferenceusealotofenergy?A.ToomanypeopleturntoAIchatbotsforanswers.B.ItneedsmoreputingresourcesthanLLMtraining.C.Producinginformationoutputstakesamuchlongertime.D.Itrequireschatbotstolearnnewpatternsfrombigdatasets.11.WhatcanAIusersdotohelpwithAI’senergyproblem?A.UnderstandtheenergyneedfromAI.B.BuildtheirownlowenergyAImodelsC.AskAIpaniestopublicizeenergyuseD.Chooseresponsiblyamongdifferentchatbots.DWeightedblankets(毯子),whichhavebeenadvertisedasasolutiontoanxietyandpoorsleep,havegonefromanotwellknowntooltoamonwellnessmusthave,withproducerssayingthey’llbringbettersleepandlessstresstopeople.Butdotheykeepthesepromises?Sleepresearchershaveusedweightedblanketssincethe1970stohelpchildrenwithautism,akindofmental(精神的)problem,andadultswithsensoryproblems.Theyappearedonthemarketinthe1990s,butmostwereonlyusedbypeoplewithspecialneeds.Thingschangedalotinrecentyears.paniesstartedfocusingonwhattheycall“peoplewhofeelanxioussometimes”—basicallyanyonehavingtroublewithmodernlife’sstress.Theadsworked:Timemagazineevensaidtheweightedblanketwasoneofthetop50“inventions”of2018.Theideabehindweightedblanketsissimple.Theyusuallyweigh2to13kilograms—around10%ofyourbodyweight.Theyusewhatoccupationaltherapistscall“deeppressurestimulation(壓力刺激)”.Thesoft,steadypressureonyourbodymakesyoufeellikebeingheld.Astudyof120psychiatricpatientsfoundthatweightedblanketsimprovedsleepqualityoverfourweeksinpeoplewithsomehealthproblems,likedepression,bipolardisorder,anxietyandADHD.Smallerstudieshaveshownsimilarresults.Onefoundthat63%ofadultsreportedloweranxietyafterjustfiveminutesunderaweightedblanket,whileanotherstudyofpsychiatricpatientsfound60%experiencedreducedanxietyduringtheirhospitalstay.However,thesestudiesallfocusedonpeoplewithmentalhealthconditions,notthegeneralpopulationthatpaniesarenowfocusingon.There'snotenoughevidence(證據(jù))thattheydogoodtomonuserswhodon’thavementalhealthproblems.Thisdoesn’tmeanweightedblanketsaretotallyuselessforhealthypeople.Shiftworkers,whohavetosleepduringthedaymightfindthemhelpful.Theycanfighttheknownhealthproblemsfromirregular(不定期的)schedules.Healthcareworkers,firefightersandpilotsneedshort,usefulnaps.Theseblanketscouldhelpthemfallasleepfaster.Ifaweightedblanketmakesyoufeelcalmerandsleepbetter,evenifitdoesn’tworkasproducerssay,that’sstillgood.Justmakesureyouknowwhatyou’rebuying.12.Whatdoweightedblanketspromisetosolve?A.Sleeplessness. B.Weightproblems. C.Headache. D.Memoryloss.13.Howdoestheweightedblanketwork?A.Byfixingusers’sleepingtime.B.Byworkingoutusers’bodyweight.C.Bybringingusersapleasantfeeling.D.Bycopyingthefeelingofsleepinginbed.14.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofweightedblankets?A.Theyareuselessforhealthypeople.B.Theywillhaveaveryhopefulfutureahead.C.Theyarehelpfultocertaingroupsofpeople.D.Theymaycausesomementalhealthproblems.15.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheScienceBehindDeepPressureB.WhoGetsMostfromWeightedBlankets?C.WeightedBlankets:FromSpecialNeedstoDailyUseD.DoWeightedBlanketsReallyLiveUptoTheirWellnessPromises?第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分12.5分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Takingonahobbycanhavesomeadvantagestoourmentalandphysicalwellheing.Learninganewskill,orevenrevisitinganoldone,canhelpyouescape(逃離life.___tressfullife.___16___Hobbiescantakeusbacktoourmostpositive(積極的)childhoodmemories.Positivememoriesandexperiencesfromourchildhoodcancreatewhatisknownasa“happinessanchor(錨)”.___17___Whenwerevisita“happinessanchor”,itcanbringsomeofthosegoodfeelingsfromchildhoodbackintothepresentday.Revisitinganoldhobbycanmakeusrememberpartsofourselvesthatwehaveforgottenaboutorhavefallenbythewaysideduringadulthood.advantages.___proveourmentalhealth.Studieshaveshownthatpeopletakinguphobbiescangetbothmentalandphysicaladvantages.___18___Somehavealsoseenadropinbloodpressureandanimprovedoverallsenseofwellbeing.___19___Creativehobbies,suchasbaking,jewelrymaking,candlemaking,orwoodworking,whichhaveaclearbeginning,middle,andendtothem,allowpeopletogetthebenefits(益處)ofafinishedproductandbringpeopleasenseofsatisfaction.Whilemanythingsoflifecanfeeloutsideofyourcontrol,therecanbesomethingverymeaningfulandrelaxingaboutinghomeandmakingsomethingbyhand.Sohowtofindahobby?___20___Ifyou’reunsurewheretobeginyoursearch,thinkaboutwhatyouenjoyedasakid.Thethemesthatsurroundyourhappychildhoodactivitiescanbeagreatplacetorevisitasanadultandlookforanopportunitytostartanewhobby.A.Hobbiescanallowustofeelsatisfiedandrelaxed.B.Theyarelesslikelytosufferfromworryorloneliness.C.Thisexperiencewillallowustospendmoretimewithfamily.D.Sometimesdecidingonahobbycanoftenbeeasiersaidthandone.E.Hobbiesmakeusknowthatlifedoesn’talwayshavetobesoserious.F.Thesepowerfulmemoriesoftenconnectwbacktoasimpler,happiertime.G.Herearethebenefitsofhavingahobby,whetherit’sanewskilloranoldonefromchildhood.第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分15分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Lastmonth,oneofmybestfriends,Ethan,wantedtocopymypaperduringthesciencetest.However,Ididnot___21___himtocheat.Manynights,I’ve___22___whatmighthavehappenedifI’dlethimcopymypaper.Weweregoodfriendsupuntilthatday.Butnow,weevendidn’t___23___eachother.I’vewishedsomanytimesthatI’dmadea___24___decision:lethimcopymywork.Maybethenthiswouldn’tfeellikeawrinkle(褶皺)inmylife.___25___,Italkedaboutitwithmyparents.Theysharedthesame___26___onthispoint.Tomysurprise,thisafternoon,I___27___Ethaninthehallway.Hestoodthere,waitingformewitha(n)___28___expression,differentfromourlastargument.He___29___,“You’rerightandIaminthewrong.I’m____30____forputtingyouinthatdifficultposition.I____31____wecouldbefriendslikeeverbefore.“Hishonestwordsimmediatelyendedthe____32____betweenus.Thereisalwaysa(n)____33____ofworkingouttroublesintheend.Wrinklescanbeironed(熨平).Itis____34____forustoseeclearlywhatwillhappeninthefuture,andthebestthingthatwecandoismaketheright____35____forthemoment.21.A.tell B.force C.allow D.expect22.A.promised B.wondered C.forgotten D.agreed23.A.lookat B.giveup C.worryabout D.hearof24.A.responsible B.different C.quick D.necessary25.A.Usually B.Finally C.Clearly D.Unluckily26.A.view B.story C.hobby D.purpose27.A.missed B.left C.visited D.met28.A.angry B.similar C.fearful D.awkward29.A.shouted B.joked C.added D.explained30.A.ready B.cheerful C.regretful D.serious31.A.report B.wish C.mention D.remember32.A.conversation B.project C.relationship D.problem33.A.condition B.order C.method D.secret34.A.impossible B.meaningless C.mon D.interesting35.A.plan B.suggestion C.decision D.connection第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式，并將答案填寫(xiě)在答題卡上。Thoughautumnisoftenconnectedwithloneliness,TangDynastypoetLiuYuxionce___36___(praise)itasbetterthanspringinhispoemWordsofAutumn.Whosaidautumnmustbeatimewhenyouonlyrecall(回憶)lostthings?Youcanalsofillthecoldseasonwithfood,exerciseandsoontomakeitawarmenjoyment.First,startwithfood.Withasweetsmellandhoneycolor,pearsoup,___37___candogoodtoyourbodyandremovethedrynessintheseason,isaverysuitabledrinkforautumn.Simplycutpearsintopieces,boilthemforaboutanhour,___38___addhoneyifyouwantitsweeter.Besides,food,drinkandevencolorofclothesshouldalsomatchtheseasons.Asautumnisoftenconnectedwith“white”,foodwithdifferentshadesofthecolor___39___(suggest).Suchseriesincludepears,whiteturnip,whitefungus,Chineseyamandoats.When___40___estoexercise,BaDuanJin,anancientyetmagicalformofChineseqigong,isagood___41___(choose)topracticeinautumnwhengoingtothegymlookstroublesome.Anotherway___42___(warm)yourselfintheseasonistocareforyourfeet.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,feetareliketherootsofatree,connectedtoallorgans.Massaging(推拿)feetcanhelppreventmanyillnesses.___43___(keep)youhealthyfromthebottomup.Last,forwarmth,don’tforgetqiuku.Thoughmanyyoungpeoplethinkitstands___44___“weakness”and“oldage”,tremblingwithbarelegsinthintrousersmaycauseillness.Choosingqiukumeansputtinghealthoverstyle,makingyoustay____45____(fort)andhealthyinthecoolseason.第四部分寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分40分）第一節(jié)（滿(mǎn)分15分）46.假定你是李華，你校英語(yǔ)論壇新設(shè)了“同伴支持墻”欄目，旨在鼓勵(lì)同學(xué)們互幫互助，共同成長(zhǎng)。請(qǐng)你發(fā)表一篇英文帖子，內(nèi)容包括：1.你入學(xué)以來(lái)遇到的挑戰(zhàn)；2.你的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。注意：1.寫(xiě)作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80個(gè)左右；2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡相應(yīng)位置作答。Helloeveryone,I’mLiHua,anewseniorhighstudentinGrade1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二節(jié)（滿(mǎn)分25分）47.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Shikaandhermomsatoppositeeachotheratthedinnertable,withaScrabble(拼字游戲)boardbetweenthem.ThiswastheirSundayhabit—aquiettimeforfriendlygamesandgettingcloser.Butlikealways,hermomwasbetter.Withafunshow,hermomputawordontheboardandmadesureshewon.Shikawasupset.“Youalwayswin,Mom!”shesaid.“It’slikeyou’ve