Unit1ScienceandScientists

ReadingandThinking

JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”Bytheendofthisperiod,youwillbeableto:?findoutthestagesofscientificresearchinthispassage;?learnaboutJohnSnow’sresearchprocessandanalyzeJohnSnow’scharacters；?expressyourideaonthegiventopicthroughcreativethinking;?analyzethestructureofProblem-Solutionpattern.LearningobjectivesLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingWhatdiseasecanyouthinkofwhenyoulookatthesepictures?COVID-19Summary④Besidescoronavirus,whatotherkindsofepidemics（流行?。ヾoyoukonw?bird-flu（禽流感）malaria[m??leri?]（瘧疾）plague[ple?ɡ]（鼠疫）Ebola[??b??l?](埃博拉)①②③WhoHelpedDefeatMalaria?LeadinPre-readingPost-readingWhile-readingSummaryLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingWatchthevideo&answer3questions①What’swrongwiththeboy’sfather?②Howisthediseasespread?③Whatarethesymptoms(癥狀)ofCholera？SummaryLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingSummaryLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingHowisthediseasespread?pollutedwaterfliesunwashedhandsSummaryLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingWhatarethesymptoms(癥狀)ofCholera？diarrhoeaseverevomitingdehydrationSummaryLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingHowshouldtheboyandthenursehelphisfather&thevillagers?SummaryPre-readingLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingActivity1:Accordingtothetitleandpictures,predictwhatthetextisgoingtotellus.JohnSnow

DefeatsKingCholeraWho？How?What?Thetextismainlyabout

and

hedefeatedkingcholeraJohnSnowhowSummaryJohnSnowdesiredto________cholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprove__________theory.Snowbeganhisstudyby___________________.

________________oftheinfectionofcholera.Activity3:Findoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.Para.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Theresultsandthe_____________ofSnow’swork.Para.5What&Who

How

Thetruth

ResultsdestroythesecondmarkingonamapThetruthsignificanceLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingSummaryLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity3:ReadfordetailsWhowasJohnSnow?JohnSnowa_______doctor,________________Britishyoungandfamouswhat?who?__________QueenVictoriaattendedtonever__________________________losthisdesiretodestroycholeraPara.1SummaryLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity3:ReadfordetailsCholerawhat?when/where?result?oneofthemostfeareddiseasesIntheearly19thcentury/EuropeMillionsofpeopledied.WhatisKingCholera?Para.1SummaryHowdidJohnSnowdefeatKingCholera?Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.

Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydrationandevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,

millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholera

onceandforall.

DrawaconclusionCollectdataAskaquestion

Findaproblem

Analysetheresults

Findsupportingevidence

ThinkofamethodLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingSummaryActivity4:

Discussthefollowingstageofscientificresearchingroupsandputthemintocorrectorder.LeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:Readfordetails----Findthedetailsaboutthesevenstages.Para.2Stage1:findaproblemTheory1:causedby________badairTheory2:causedby________aninfectionfromgermsWhatwerethe2contradictorytheories?Whichtheorydidhesubscribeto?SummaryIngeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.

Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto

thesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,

whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.He

wasdeterminedto

findoutwhy.LeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:Readfordetails----Findthedetailsaboutthesevenstages.Stage2-3:askaquestion&thinkofamethodPara.2Whydidsomanypeopledieinthese2streets?SummaryLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

BasedonPara.3,markedallthenumbersmentionedonthemap.Whatdoesthestandfor?multipledeathWhatdoesthestandfor?nodeathSummaryLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

BasedonPara.3,analyzetheresultsWhatconclusioncouldJohnSnowdraw?Thewaterpumpwastoblame.LeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

Findsupportingevidence&DrawaconclusionPlacePersonEventInanotherpartofLondonAwomanandherdaughterDiedofcholerabecauseofdrinkingthewaterdeliveredfromthepumpRemove

thehandleofthepumpThediseasewasstopped.Pumpwatercarriedthecholeragerms.SummaryA:Itwasbelievedthatcholerawascausedbybad____orgermsin_______________.B:Snow___________________theplaces

wherethepeoplewho_____hadlivedC:Manydeathsoccurrednearthe___________inBroadStreet.Somepeople__________drunkthewaterfromthepump,andlived.AwomanandherdaughterdiedinanotherpartofLondonafter________________________.D:Thepumpwatercarried____________.E:The_______ofthepumpwasremoved.handleairfoodorwatermarkedonthediedwaterpumphadn’tdrinkingwatercholeragermsmapfromthepumpLeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

ReadfromPara.2-3againandcompletethechartbelow.SummarySnowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16.37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspected

that

thewaterpumpwastoblame.

Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.

Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.LeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

ReadPara.4andanswer.WhatcausedtheoutbreakofcholerainLondonin1854?A.BadairB.WaterinfectedbyrawwasteC.PollutedD.WaterpollutedbyairSummaryThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,Snowwas

laterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswater

weremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.

LeadinPost-readingWhile-readingPre-readingActivity4:

ReadPara.5andanswer.WhatcontributionsdidJohnSnowmake?SummaryThroughSnow'stireless

efforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantial

decrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,

thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.LeadinPre-readingdiligenthard-workingambitiousserious/strictinnovativepassionateWhile-readingPost-readingQ1:WhatqualitiesdoyouthinktheJohnhas?SummaryLeadinWhile-readingPost-readingPre-readingQ2:Canyougivetheboysomeadviceonsavinghisfather?DrinkboiledwaterWashhandsoftenheatthefoodleftovernightCookrawfoodthoroughlyDealwithrubbishtimelyandproperlySummarycollectdatafindaproblemaskaquestionEvidenceAnalisysJhonSnowDefeats“KingCholera”proplem/backgroundtheoriesprocessevidencesolutionPost-readingLeadinPre-readingWhile-readingSummarydrawaconclusionLanguagepoints1.As

a

young

doctor,

John

Snow

became

frustrated

because

no

one

knew

how

to

prevent

or

treat

cholera.由于當時沒人知道如何預防或治療霍亂，年輕的約翰·斯諾醫(yī)生感到很沮喪。(1)befrustratedwith/at 對……感到沮喪/懊惱/失望(2)frustratevt. 使沮喪；使懊惱frustratingadj. 令人沮喪的frustrationn. 沮喪；懊惱；失望【活學活用】◆單句填空①After

letting

go

of

his

anger

and

___________

(frustrate),

he

found

himself

on

a

road

to

sympathy

instead.frustration②

After

several

___________

(frustrate)

hours

of

unsuccessful

attempts

to

fix

it,

my

husband

suggested

watching

the

Michael

Jordan

documentary

series

The

Last

Dance.frustrating③__________

(frustrate)

with

the

constant

noise

from

the

nearby

construction

site,

the

residents

complained

to

the

local

council.Frustrated◆完成句子④I'm

sorry

to

hear

about

your

worries

and

I

understand

_______________________.

(應用文寫作之建議信)很遺憾得知你的擔憂，我理解你有多沮喪。how

frustrated

you

are⑤_______________________,

she

sat

in

the

corner,

tears

streaming

down

her

face.(讀后續(xù)寫之心理與表情描寫)既沮喪又絕望，她坐在角落里，淚水從臉上滑落。Frustrated

and

hopeless2.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfection

fromgermsinfoodorwater.

另一種看法是霍亂是由食物或水中的細菌感染引起的。(1)infectvt. 使感染;傳染infectsbwith… 使某人感染……;使某人充滿……(的感情)get/be/becomeinfectedwith 感染上……,傳染上……(2)infectedadj. 被感染的;受細菌污染的;感染病菌的infectiousadj. 傳染性的；有感染力的【活學活用】◆單句填空①The

importance

of

washing

one's

hands

before

a

meal

is

that

it

prevents

_________

(infect).②The

old

man's

sad

story

infected

the

listeners_____sorrow,

and

many

people

couldn't

help

but

shed

tears.③The

doctor

is

treating

an_________(infect)

patient

with

great

care

to

prevent

the

spread

of

the

disease.④Her__________(infect)

enthusiasm

for

life

inspired

everyone

around

her

to

pursue

their

dreams

fearlessly.infectionwithinfectedinfectious3.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.斯諾贊同第二種看法。(1)subscribeto 同意,贊成;訂閱,訂購;定期捐款(2)subscriptionn. (報刊等的)訂閱費;訂閱,訂購;捐款subscribern. 訂閱人,訂購者;定期捐款者,定期捐助者【活學活用】◆一詞多義①The

company

advises

us

to

subscribe

50

yuan

to

the

relief

fund.______②She

decided

to

subscribe

to

the

new

streaming

service

for

access

to

her

favourite

TV

shows.__________③He

subscribed

to

the

idea

that

hard

work

leads

to

success.

__________捐款訂閱;訂購同意;認同4.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍首。(1)suspectsbof(doing)sth 懷疑某人(做)某事suspectsbtobe… 懷疑某人是……(2)suspiciousadj. 感覺可疑的,懷疑的;可疑的(3)suspectedadj. 有嫌疑的,疑似……的(4)suspicionn. 懷疑；嫌疑【活學活用】◆單句填空①The

police

suspect

him

___

theft

as

some

valuable

items

went

missing

after

he

visited

the

house.of②The

building,

in

which

the

police

found

several

__________

(suspect)

packages,

was

blocked

off

immediately

to

ensure

public

safety.suspicious◆完成句子/一句多譯She

gave

me

a

long

look,

____________________________

about

my

claim

that

a

gust

of

wind

had

blown

everything

out

of

place.(讀后續(xù)寫之心理描寫)她久久地注視著我，眼中滿是懷疑，她對我所說的一陣狂風把所有東西都吹得亂七八糟的說法表示懷疑。her

eyes

filled

with

suspicion5.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍首。(1)blamesbfor(doing)sth

因(做了)某事而責備某人blamesthonsb 把某事歸咎于某人betoblame(for…) (因……)應受責備,(為……)應承擔責任(2)bear/take/accept/shouldertheblame(forsth) (對某事)承擔責任【活學活用】◆單句填空①The

police

blamed

the

traffic

accident

____

Jack's

careless

driving.②________(blame)

for

the

breakdown

of

the

school

computer

network,

Alice

was

in

low

spirits.onBlamed③Some

people

blame

the

smartphone

____

the

incident,

yet

in

fact

people's

weakening

self-control

and

self-discipline

are

__________

(blame).forto

blame◆完成句子The

truth

was

that

the

polluted

water

rather

than

food

and

vegetables

_________________

the

outbreak

of

the

disease.事實上,是受污染的水而不是食物和蔬菜應為這種疾病的爆發(fā)負責任。was

to

blame

for6.ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworld

sawasubstantialdecrease.通過斯諾的不懈努力,供水公司開始出

售潔凈水,世界各地霍亂的威脅大幅降低。(1)asharp/markeddecreasein… 在……方面急劇/明顯減少

onthedecrease

在減少(2)decreaseto…

下降到……;減少到……decreaseby…

下降了……;減少了……(3)increase

v.&n.

增加ontheincrease

在增加［溫馨提示］在動詞decrease/drop/fall/reduce“下降,減少”和increase/rise“增加,上升”之后,接介詞by/to表示增減度?！净顚W活用】◆單句填空①The

population

growth

rate

decreased

____

1.4%

last

year,

according

to

the

report.②The

water

level

in

the

river

decreased____its

lowest

point

in

ten

years.byto7.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.此外,通過使用地圖和數(shù)據(jù),斯諾改變了科學家研究疾病的方式。(1)transform…into… 把……轉變成……(2)transformationn. 轉變;轉換;改革;變形【活學活用】◆單句填空①The

Chinese

coach

transformed

Douglas

_____

one

of

the

best

gymnasts

in

the

world,

helping

her

skyrocket

from

an

average

member

of

the

national

team

to

the

top

of

the

sport.into②The

health

security

systems

of

many

countries

are

undergoing

considerable

______________

(transform).transformation③Over

the

past

few

years,

many

solar

farm

developers

_________________

(transform)

the

space

under

their

solar

panels

into

a

shelter

for

various

kinds

of

pollinators,

resulting

in

soil

improvement

and

carbon

reduction.have

transformed8.Fortunately,

we

now

know

how

to

prevent

cholera,

thanks

to

the

work

of

John

Snow.幸運的是,由于約翰·斯諾的努力,我們現(xiàn)在知道如何預防霍亂了。due

to

由于,因為owing

to

由于,因為because

of

由于,因為on

account

of

由于as

a

result

of

作為……的結果,因為as

a

consequence

of/in

consequence

of

由于,因為【活學活用】◆單句填空①Thanks

____

them,

a

family

was