解碼語篇銜接：說明文一、定義說明文是高考英語閱讀和寫作中的核心文體之一，以解釋、闡述事物特征、原理、過程或現(xiàn)象為主要目的，通過客觀、系統(tǒng)的語言傳遞信息。其核心是“說明”，而非議論或敘事，旨在讓讀者理解某一主題的邏輯關(guān)系或內(nèi)在規(guī)律。二、特點(diǎn)客觀性：以事實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)，避免主觀情感表達(dá)，語言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。邏輯性：結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，常用“總分總”“提出問題—分析問題—解決問題”等邏輯框架。專業(yè)性：可能涉及科學(xué)、技術(shù)、文化、社會(huì)等領(lǐng)域術(shù)語，但高考中會(huì)控制難度。說明方法多樣：常用定義、舉例、分類、比較、因果、數(shù)字說明等手法。連接詞突出：通過“however”“forexample”“inaddition”“therefore”等詞體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系。三、考查形式及典型題型說明文在高考英語中主要出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解、七選五、語法填空等題型中，具體考查方式如下：1.閱讀理解（A/B/C/D篇）（1）常見位置：A篇：通常為應(yīng)用文（如廣告、通知），但偶爾涉及說明文。B/C篇：核心考查說明文，主題多為科技、文化、自然現(xiàn)象（如人工智能、環(huán)保技術(shù)、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日起源）。D篇：難度較高，可能涉及學(xué)術(shù)性說明文（如心理學(xué)研究、醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)）。（2）考查重點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)理解：定位關(guān)鍵信息（如步驟、數(shù)據(jù)、特征）。主旨大意：概括段落或全文核心。推理判斷：根據(jù)說明邏輯推斷隱含信息。詞義猜測(cè)：結(jié)合上下文理解術(shù)語或生詞。【例如2025全國(guó)I卷閱讀D篇】MicroplasticshavebecomeacommonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth—theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirdsandevenfalleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevelofmicroplasticsinwaterfromyourtap(水龍頭):boilingandfiltering(過濾)it.InastudypublishedWednesdayinEnvironmentalScience&TechnologyLetters,researchersfromChinafoundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes—thenfilteringitafteritcools—couldremoveatleast80percentofitsmicroplastics.Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸鈣)totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust25percent.Additionally,theresearchdidn’tincludealltypesofplastics.Theteamfocusedonlyonthreecommontypes—polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene—andtheydidn’tstudyotherchemicalspreviouslyfoundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure—ataskthat’sbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplasticsthanoriginallythought.Scientistsarestilltryingtodeterminehowharmfulmicroplasticsare—butwhattheydoknowhasraisedconcerns.Thenewstudysuggestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimitintake.“Thewaytheydemonstratedhowmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughtheboilingprocesswasnice,”CarolineGauchotte-Lindsay,anenvironmentalengineerattheUniversityofGlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNewScientist.“Weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”本文是一篇說明文，圍繞“微塑料污染”這一全球環(huán)境問題展開，重點(diǎn)介紹了一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：通過煮沸并過濾自來水，可有效去除水中80%以上的微塑料（具體效果受水中鈣含量影響），同時(shí)指出該方法的局限性（僅針對(duì)特定塑料類型、未涵蓋其他污染物），并呼吁通過升級(jí)水處理設(shè)施進(jìn)一步解決微塑料污染問題。文章遵循“提出問題—分析解決方案—說明限制—延伸建議”的邏輯鏈條，通過數(shù)據(jù)支撐與科學(xué)限定，既傳遞了實(shí)用信息（煮沸過濾的有效性），又保持了學(xué)術(shù)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性（明確研究邊界），最終引導(dǎo)讀者關(guān)注微塑料治理的多元路徑。考點(diǎn)：寫作手法識(shí)別、內(nèi)容提煉與概括、寫作意圖推斷Howdoestheauthorpresenttheissueinthefirstparagraph?A.Byquotinganexpert. B.Bydefiningaconcept.C.Bygivingexamples. D.Byprovidingstatistics.根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，首段連續(xù)使用5個(gè)havedone結(jié)構(gòu)（havesettled/stuck/filled/fallen/appearing）并列列舉微塑料存在的具體地點(diǎn)：深海（deepsea）、喜馬拉雅山（Himalayas）、火山巖（volcanicrocks）、海鳥胃（stomachsofseabirds）、南極雪（Antarcticsnow）和人體內(nèi)（insidehumans），通過多個(gè)具體實(shí)例（examples）證明污染普遍性。故選C。33.Whatdeterminestheeffectivenessoftrappingmicroplasticsinwater?A.Thehardnessofwater. B.Thelengthofcoolingtime.C.Thefrequencyoffiltering. D.Thetypeofplasticinwater.根據(jù)第三段中的“Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸鈣)totraptheplastics.”（至關(guān)重要的是，這個(gè)過程依賴于水中含有足夠的碳酸鈣來捕獲塑料。）可知，水的硬度（碳酸鈣含量）決定了捕獲微塑料的有效性。數(shù)據(jù)支撐：高硬度水（300mg碳酸鈣）：去除率90%；低硬度水（<60mg碳酸鈣）：去除率25%。故選A。34.Whatdoestheauthortrytoillustratebymentioningbottledwaterinparagraph4?A.Theimportanceofplasticrecycling. B.Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.C.Thedangerinoverusingpurewater. D.Thedifficultyintreatingpollutedwater.第四段邏輯鏈：指出減少微塑料暴露“日益困難（increasinglydifficult）”；例證：瓶裝水微塑料含量“比預(yù)想高10-1000倍”（10to1,000timesmore）；寫作意圖：通過反差數(shù)據(jù)（瓶裝水≠安全）強(qiáng)調(diào)污染問題的嚴(yán)重性與普遍性。故選B。35.WhatisGauchotte-Lindsay’ssuggestionabout?A.Choiceofnewresearchmethods. B.Possibledirectionforfurtherstudy.C.Needtoinvolvemoreresearchers. D.Potentialapplicationofthefindings.根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay建議應(yīng)當(dāng)改進(jìn)飲用水處理廠，以去除水中的微塑料。因此，她的建議屬于研究成果潛在的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景，具體來說，是將研究成果應(yīng)用于改善飲用水處理工藝。故選D。2.七選五（閱讀填空）考查核心：說明文的邏輯銜接能力。常見場(chǎng)景：段落間：通過總起句、總結(jié)句或過渡句（如“However”“Similarly”）銜接。段落內(nèi)：通過例子、因果、對(duì)比等關(guān)系連接句子（如“Forinstance”“Asaresult”）?！纠?025全國(guó)II卷閱讀七選五】UnexpectedBenefitsofVolunteeringasaFamilyAreyoulookingforawaytobringyourfamilytogether?Hopingtofindahobbythatcanbesharedbyboththelittleonesandadults?36Youmayknowthe“feel-good”emotionsthatcomewithhelpingothers,butthereareevenmoreunexpectedwaysvolunteeringwillpositivelyaffectthewholefamily.·You’llfeellikeyouhavemoretime.Peopleoftenfeeltheyaretoobusytovolunteer.Yet,researchhasfoundthatgivingyourtimetocommunitycausesactuallymakesyoufeellikeyouhavemoreofit.37·Youcanlivelongerifyouvolunteerregularly.38WashingtonUniversityfoundthatadults55andolderwhovolunteeredhadbettermemoryandmaintainedoverallhealthlongerthanotherstheirage.Volunteersarealsomorelikelytolookaftertheirownhealthandaremorefocusedonaddingphysicalactivityintotheirlives.·39Volunteeringduringteenageyearshasbeenlinkedtosomemajorpositiveeffectssuchasimprovedgradesandincreasedself-confidence.Theseeffectsaren’tjustshort-termbuthavebeenprovedtoaffectateen’swell-beingintheyearstocome.·You’llhavemoretimewithfamily.Familieswhovolunteertogetherhavetheuniqueexperienceofworkingtowardacommongoal.40Everyonebringssomethinguniquetothetableandcanconnectwitheachotherinanewway.And,therearetasksforeveryageandability,soallyourchildrencanfeelproudoftheirwork.A.Helpingthecommunitylowersratesofdepression.B.Volunteeringasafamilymaybejustthethingyouneed.C.Volunteeringhasalifelongeffectonkidsandteenagers.D.Volunteeringcanbethefirststepinbreakingdownprejudice.E.Foradults,volunteeringcanprovidesignificantphysicalhealthbenefits.F.Youmayevenlearnthatyourkidhasatalentyoudidn’tknowaboutbefore.G.Volunteeringmakesyoufeelcapableandinspiresyoutomakethemostofeachday.本文是一篇說明文，圍繞“家庭志愿服務(wù)的意外益處”展開，通過分點(diǎn)論述（四個(gè)核心好處），結(jié)合科學(xué)研究與具體案例，闡述了家庭共同參與志愿服務(wù)不僅能增進(jìn)親情，還能帶來時(shí)間感知優(yōu)化、健康提升、青少年成長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)及家庭互動(dòng)增強(qiáng)等超乎預(yù)期的積極影響，最終鼓勵(lì)家庭將志愿服務(wù)作為共享活動(dòng)。文章采用“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)，以“意外益處”為核心，通過科學(xué)研究與家庭場(chǎng)景結(jié)合，將志愿服務(wù)的價(jià)值從個(gè)人層面延伸至家庭層面，既提供實(shí)用信息（如具體好處），又傳遞情感共鳴（如親子互動(dòng)），最終實(shí)現(xiàn)“鼓勵(lì)家庭參與志愿服務(wù)”的寫作目的。36設(shè)空段中?？涨啊癆reyoulookingforawaytobringyourfamilytogether?Hopingtofindahobbythatcanbesharedbyboththelittleonesandadults?”暗示了家長(zhǎng)希望找到一種能夠增強(qiáng)家庭聯(lián)系的活動(dòng)?？蘸蟆癥oumayknowthe‘feel-good’emotionsthatcomewithhelpingothers...”提到“幫助他人的愉悅感”。根據(jù)上下文語境可推知，空處應(yīng)填入建議性回答，因此B項(xiàng)“Volunteeringasafamilymaybejustthethingyouneed.（家庭志愿服務(wù)可能正是你需要的）”符合語境。故選B。37設(shè)空段末。根據(jù)本段小標(biāo)題“You’llfeellikeyouhavemoretime.”以及空前的“researchhasfoundthatgivingyourtimetocommunitycausesactuallymakesyoufeellikeyouhavemoreofit.”可知，接下來的內(nèi)容需要進(jìn)一步解釋為什么時(shí)間會(huì)變得更多，或者說，為什么志愿活動(dòng)會(huì)讓人覺得更有時(shí)間。選項(xiàng)G“Volunteeringmakesyoufeelcapableandinspiresyoutomakethemostofeachday.”（志愿活動(dòng)讓你感到有能力，并激勵(lì)你充分利用每一天），解釋了前文為什么人們參與志愿活動(dòng)后感到時(shí)間變得更多的原因，因此符合語境。故選G。38設(shè)空段首。根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處是該段的主題句。根據(jù)段落小標(biāo)題（Youcanlivelongerifyouvolunteerregularly.）和空后引用研究（WashingtonUniversity）聚焦中老年人健康（memory,physicalactivity）可知，空處應(yīng)總起提出志愿者活動(dòng)對(duì)身體健康有益處，因此E項(xiàng)“Foradults,volunteeringcanprovidesignificantphysicalhealthbenefits.（志愿活動(dòng)對(duì)成年人有顯著的身體健康益處。）”能概括本段大意，符合語境。故選E。39設(shè)空段落小標(biāo)題。根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處是該段的主旨句。根據(jù)該段討論志愿者活動(dòng)對(duì)青少年有長(zhǎng)期益處（grades,self-confidence,well-being）可知，空處應(yīng)綜合本段所討論的志愿者活動(dòng)對(duì)青少年的終生影響，因此C項(xiàng)“Volunteeringhasalifelongeffectonkidsandteenagers.”（志愿活動(dòng)對(duì)孩子和青少年的一生產(chǎn)生影響”能概括本段大意，選項(xiàng)中“l(fā)ifelongeffect”與“intheyearstocome”形成同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，符合語境。故選C。40設(shè)空段中?？涨啊癋amilieswhovolunteertogetherhavetheuniqueexperienceofworkingtowardacommongoal.”可知，一起做志愿活動(dòng)的家庭會(huì)有一種共同努力的獨(dú)特體驗(yàn)，空后“Everyonebringssomethinguniquetothetableandcanconnectwitheachotherinanewway.”指出了每個(gè)人貢獻(xiàn)獨(dú)特之處，因此，空處應(yīng)有“獨(dú)特性”的表述，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的“talent”是“獨(dú)特性”的具體表現(xiàn)。因此F項(xiàng)“Youmayevenlearnthatyourkidhasatalentyoudidn’tknowaboutbefore.（你甚至可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你的孩子有你之前不知道的天賦），符合語境。故選F。3.語法填空考查重點(diǎn)：說明文中常見語法現(xiàn)象的靈活運(yùn)用。高頻考點(diǎn)：時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)：說明過程或原理時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（如“Waterboilsat100℃”）；被動(dòng)語態(tài)（如“Theexperimentwasconducted…”）。非謂語動(dòng)詞：解釋目的或結(jié)果（如“Tounderstandthis,weneedto…”）。從句：定語從句（如“Themethod,whichiswidelyused,…”）、狀語從句（如“Whenheated,metalexpands”）。連接詞：并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系（如“and”“but”“because”）。【例如2025全國(guó)I卷語法填空】AnexhibitionattheJiushiArtMuseuminShanghaiisfeaturingartworkinspiredbyGo,orweiqiinChinese,56originatedinChinamorethan4,000yearsago.Goisoneof57earliestbinary-based(基于二元的)games.ThemovementsoftheblackandwhitepiecesreflectthebasicideasofEasternphilosophy,accordingtoTuNingning,whoisinchargeoftheexhibition.“TheexhibitionbringstogetherGoculture,cutting-edgetechnologyandcontemporaryart,”saysTu.“Wehope58(present)theratherabstractGogameandAIinavisualcontext,andinitiatedialogueswithminimalistart,conceptualartandexpressionism.”“InaGogame,eachmoveshouldservealong-termgoal.Youtrytoleadtheopponentintoyourtrapandforcethemtofollowyour‘59(guide)’tilltheylose,”explainsWangWei,aGoplayeramongthevisitorstotheexhibition.“Theplayers’personalities60(reveal)duringthegame,andone’sweaknessesareexposedtotheopponent,”sheadds.“Adecentwinneralways61(try)tobeattheopponent62nomorethanoneortwopointsasagesture(姿態(tài))ofrespectfortheotherside.”(strategy)placementofthepieces,64theenergyflowfollowingeachmoveinspiredartiststocreateoilpaintings,sculptures,65(digital)generatedpicturesandsilk-screenprintsfortheexhibition.本文是一篇說明文，圍繞上海久事藝術(shù)館舉辦的“圍棋主題藝術(shù)展”展開，介紹了展覽的核心內(nèi)容（融合圍棋文化、前沿科技與當(dāng)代藝術(shù)