高考必備的三個意識、兩個能力高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025一、高考閱讀必備的三個意識(一)主旨意識閱讀總原則:一定緊扣主旨!不管什么題型,與全文主旨和段落主旨(前者更重要)相關(guān)的選項一定是對的。文章中出現(xiàn)舉例或引用時,如果不是考查例子/引用本身(如2023新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷第34題、2023浙江首考第34題),那么都是為了說明主旨,找出該主旨是答題關(guān)鍵。[典例](2023全國乙卷,D)Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.33.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific.B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.分析

第1句

but后的內(nèi)容是主旨句:很多情況下我們無法做到(把文本和物品結(jié)合在一起),即很多情況下僅文本或物品是片面的→第2—4句舉庫克船長的例子(英方:文字記錄;澳方:木盾)→第5句總結(jié):想要還原沖突當(dāng)天的實情,盾和文字記錄都要參考→庫克船長的記錄是片面的(與主旨一致)。[自主解答]

D

完形填空和讀后續(xù)寫中也應(yīng)具備主旨意識,解答完形填空時要善于利用主旨信息(常隱含在首段中或尾段的議論中)判斷正確選項(具體見第二部分);續(xù)寫部分的主旨升華要與原文主旨一致。(二)轉(zhuǎn)述意識高考閱讀理解的正確選項其實就是用英語解釋英語,也就是說正確選項都是原文中的信息點(有時是某個關(guān)鍵詞或某幾個關(guān)鍵詞)的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。這種原文、題干和選項之間的同義轉(zhuǎn)述有同義詞、近義詞、反義詞和同源詞的轉(zhuǎn)述、語態(tài)變化和歸納替換等。1.同義、近義轉(zhuǎn)述(2024新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷,C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.分析

C項中的cut...distance和原文中的shorten同義。[自主解答]

C

2.反義轉(zhuǎn)述(2023新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷,C)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader...31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.分析

轉(zhuǎn)折詞

but

后的比較:印刷書籍和電子閱讀器一樣具有互動性→強(qiáng)調(diào)與之前看法“印刷書籍很古老”相反→紙質(zhì)書不完全過時,not

totally

out

of

date是

ancient/outdated的反義轉(zhuǎn)述。[自主解答]

A

3.同源詞轉(zhuǎn)述(2021新高考Ⅰ卷,A)Romecanbepriceyfortravelers,whichiswhymanychoosetostayinahostel(旅社).ThehostelsinRomeofferabedinadormroomforaround$25anight,andforthat,you’lloftengettostayinacentrallocation(位置)withsecurityandcomfort.21.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?A.Comfort.

B.Security.C.Price. D.Location.分析“Rome

can

be

pricey

for

travelers,which

is

why

many

choose

to

stay

in

a

hostel

(旅社).”中why引導(dǎo)的表語從句為“果”,主句為“因”:價格昂貴。pricey是price的派生詞。[自主解答]

C

(三)銜接意識1.關(guān)注強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞:強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的內(nèi)容是答題線索或主旨句,題目的設(shè)置往往與這些詞、句相關(guān)。①A句+強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞+B句:強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but、however、yet、nevertheless、whereas、unfortunately、actually、infact、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand、evenso等,B句內(nèi)容含答題關(guān)鍵;②while/though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,主句內(nèi)容是答題關(guān)鍵或主旨句。2.巧用時間順序詞串聯(lián)文意:如2023新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀理解B篇中有大量表示時間順序的內(nèi)容,如“whenJohnToddwasachild”“whenhegotolder”“afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege”“overtheyears”等,說明John從對大自然自我修復(fù)的好奇→利用該原理研發(fā)生態(tài)機(jī)器→投入使用取得成效(涉及人物性格判斷題和寫作意圖題);文中表示時間順序的詞,如first、then、afterafewweeks、withinweeks等說明了John對生態(tài)機(jī)器的實驗過程(涉及實驗?zāi)康念})。[典例](2023全國乙卷,B)OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil’sLake,Wisconsin,toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake.Afterwefoundacrazy-lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks,wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset.Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground.Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset.However,wedidnotmarktheroute(路線)soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely.Oncewefoundtheplace,itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely.26.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’stripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake?A.Theywentcrazywiththepurplequartzrock.B.Theyfeltstressedwhilewaitingforthesunset.C.Theyreachedtheshootingspotlaterthanexpected.D.Theyhadproblemswiththeirequipment.分析

之前覺得時間充沛(spare

time),然而(However)后來幾乎完全錯過日落(almost

missing

the

sunset

entirely)、安置拍攝設(shè)備的時間就非常有限(limited

time)→比預(yù)想的時間到得晚。[自主解答]

C

27.HowdoestheauthorfindhisphotostakenatDevil’sLake?A.Amusing. B.Satisfying.C.Encouraging. D.Comforting.分析

though“盡管”能更好→主句中

best

shots

是作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點:這些照片是他拍過的最好的照片的一部分→令人滿意。[自主解答]

B

二、閱讀高效答題的兩個能力(一)猜詞能力閱讀理解中的障礙詞,尤其是文章中的一些關(guān)鍵詞,會直接影響閱讀的速度、理解的程度和做題的正確率。對于一些障礙詞,不知道其精確含義也不會影響對基本句意的理解,所以不要過多糾纏,要大膽地“跳過去”;對于影響閱讀的障礙詞匯的詞義,我們要猜出來。技法1熟詞探源引生義,語境之中定含義高考語篇材料中生詞的數(shù)量是有限制的,但是高考對課標(biāo)詞匯義項的考查是沒有限制的。很多單詞本身有很多釋義,我們所熟知的通常是教材中給出的最常用的釋義,而出題人在設(shè)計試題時,所給單詞的含義不會局限于考生熟悉的含義。有時基于命題的需要或者有意考查考生對詞匯的掌握能力,命題者會在試題中給出一些熟悉的單詞但其含義卻是考生較為陌生的。通常有兩種情況。生義是熟義的引申義考生根據(jù)單詞的熟義和語境很容易就能推測出生義生義與熟義大相徑庭需要考生結(jié)合語境仔細(xì)推敲來確定單詞的含義[典例](2024新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷,C)Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no.”Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說).”Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.分析

文章中出現(xiàn)了不少熟詞生義1.cover 熟義:v.覆蓋→生義:v.涉及2.print 熟義:v.印刷→生義:n.印刷品,出版物3.pose 熟義:vt.(為照相、畫像等)擺好姿勢→生義:vt.提出4.property 熟義:n.所有物,財產(chǎn)→生義:n.性質(zhì),特性5.geography 熟義:n.地理→生義:n.布局6.say 熟義:v.說→生義:v.比方說7.piece 熟義:n.塊,張,片→生義:n.文章,報道技法2長難單詞巧拆解,利用構(gòu)詞猜詞義學(xué)會拆解單詞,利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義是考生必備的一項技能。英語中常見的構(gòu)詞法有三類:派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和合成法。派生法由詞綴(前綴和后綴)和詞根相結(jié)合構(gòu)成單詞的方法轉(zhuǎn)化法把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法合成法由兩個或兩個以上的單詞組成一個新單詞的方法[典例](2023新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷,D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.分析

利用構(gòu)詞法可以理解選段中的障礙詞1.派生法①statistician

n.統(tǒng)計學(xué)家(statistic+-ian)②estimation

n.估算(estimate+-ion)③capitalize

v.把……大寫;給……提供資金(capital+-ize)④independent

adj.依賴的,依靠的(in-+depend+-ent)⑤correlate

v.(使)相互關(guān)聯(lián)(cor-+relate)⑥accuracy

n.準(zhǔn)確性,精確度(accurate+-cy)2.轉(zhuǎn)化法①average

adj.平均的;正常的,一般的→v.平均為;算出……的平均數(shù)②estimate

vt.估計,估算→n.估計,預(yù)測3.合成法①overestimate

v.&

n.高估(over-+estimate)②underestimate

v.&

n.低估(under-+estimate)③underlying

adj.潛在的,根本的(under-+lie+-ing)技法3全然陌生莫慌張

巧用邏輯判意義詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ),只有掃除詞匯障礙,考生才能準(zhǔn)確理解文章內(nèi)容?？忌诳紙錾嫌鲆娡耆吧脑~語時不要慌張,這類詞中一部分是專有名詞,不理解其含義往往對文意的理解影響不大;另一部分通常可以根據(jù)語法關(guān)系(如定語從句、同位語等)和邏輯關(guān)系(如遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等)推斷出其含義。所以,考生要學(xué)會先從整體上把握語篇含義,再在語境中體會詞語的含義。[典例](2022全國乙卷,C)Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.分析

名詞

maintenance在本段中出現(xiàn)了三次,第一處maintenance

costs和后面的better

protection并列;第二處下文作定語的including...進(jìn)一步提醒我們

maintenance具體包括什么,是對

maintenance的解釋說明。第三處根據(jù)下文的inspect

and

repair可以推測出maintenance與“檢查并修理”意思相近,結(jié)合語境可推測,maintenance表示“維護(hù),保養(yǎng)”。(二)拆分長難句能力技法1據(jù)謂語,找主干一般情況下,一個謂語形式的動詞會對應(yīng)其動作的發(fā)出者(主語),我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞來確定主語。而且,如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞,則該句可能是并列句或復(fù)合句(并列謂語動詞的情況除外)。例如:典例(2024新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷,C)Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.分析找謂語本句的謂語為approachanddevote。找主語本句的主語為people;本句的主干為peopleapproachdigitaltextsanddevotelessmentaleffort。析成分本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句使用并列謂語approachanddevote;suitedtosocialmedia為過去分詞短語作后置定語;whichareoftennotsoserious為which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞socialmedia;thanwhentheyarereadingprint是比較狀語從句。句意根據(jù)這一理論,人們以適合社交媒體的心態(tài)來處理數(shù)字文本,而社交媒體通常不那么嚴(yán)肅,并且與閱讀印刷品時相比,他們付出的精力更少。技法2提主干,去枝葉一般情況下,一個結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子中主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息,從句、狀語和定語等所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來,就不能完全把握句子的核心意義,從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂,主次不分。因此,提煉句子主干是把握句子核心意義的關(guān)鍵。例如:典例(2024新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷,B)WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest...分析提主干句子主干為Wewantedtodosomething。去枝葉wherewedoaca