項(xiàng)目三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析任務(wù)一：氣體樣品采樣方法氣體種類及體積測(cè)量方法課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask1:ThesamplingmethodofgassampleTypesandvolumemeasurementmethodsofgasesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、氣體種類及分析意義1、工業(yè)氣體共分四大類化工原料氣氣體燃料廢氣廠房空氣中文一、Typesofgasesandtheiranalyticalsignificance1、IndustrialgasesaredividedintofourcategoriesChemicalfeedgasgaseousfuelexhaustgasPlantairEglish（1）天然氣：煤或石油組成物的分解產(chǎn)物，主要是CH4（2）煉油氣：CH4及其它低分子量的C、H化合物（油熱處理產(chǎn)物）（3）焦?fàn)t煤氣：主成分為H2

、CH4（4）水煤氣：CO、H2（水蒸氣和熾熱的煤作用，得到半水煤氣）（5）硫鐵礦焙燒爐氣：SO2（6-9%），用于制造硫酸（6）石灰焙燒窯氣：CO2

（32-40%），用于制堿和制糖工業(yè)化工原料氣是無機(jī)、有機(jī)合成的重要原料，主要有：中文(1)Naturalgas:Thedecompositionproductofcoalorpetroleumcomponents,mainlyCH4(2)Refinedgas:CH4andotherlowmolecularweightCandHcompounds(3)Cokeovengas:mainlycomposedofH2andCH4(4)Watercoalgas:CO,H2(watervaporreactswithhotcoaltoproducesemiwatercoalgas)(5)Pyriteroastingfurnacegas:SO2(6-9%),usedfortheproductionofsulfuricacid(6)Limecalcinationkilngas:CO2(32-40%),usedinalkaliandsugarindustriesChemicalfeedgasisanimportantrawmaterialforinorganicandorganicsynthesis,mainlyincluding:Eglish

上述天然氣、煉油氣、焦?fàn)t、煤氣、水煤氣及半水煤氣等，除作為化工生產(chǎn)原料氣體之外，也可作為氣體燃料。氣體燃料中文

Theabove-mentionednaturalgas,refininggas,cokeovengas,watercoalgas,andsemiwatercoalgascanalsobeusedasgasfuelsinadditiontobeingusedasrawmaterialsforchemicalproduction.gaseousfuelEglish廢氣：

燃燒爐的煙道氣的組成為：N2、O2、CO2、CO、水蒸氣及少量其它氣體。硫酸、硝酸生產(chǎn)廠房排入大氣的廢氣中含有少量的SO2和NO2。制堿廠排出廢氣中含少量CO2。

總之，有機(jī)化工的廢氣是各種各樣的。中文exhaustgas：

ThecompositionofthefluegasinthecombustionfurnaceisN2,O2,CO2,CO,watervapor,andasmallamountofothergases.TheexhaustgasesdischargedfromsulfuricacidandnitricacidplantsintotheatmospherecontainsmallamountsofSO2andNO2.TheexhaustgasfromthealkaliplantcontainsasmallamountofCO2.

Inshort,theexhaustgasesfromorganicchemicalsarevarious.Eglish廠房空氣：

生產(chǎn)設(shè)備漏氣→生產(chǎn)廠房內(nèi)空氣含生產(chǎn)用氣→危害健康→甚至燃燒爆炸。中文Plantair：

Leakageofproductionequipment→Airintheproductionplantcontainingproductiongas→Healthhazards→Evencombustionandexplosion.Eglish2、氣體分析意義：

在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中為了正常安全生產(chǎn)，對(duì)各種工業(yè)氣體都經(jīng)過分析，了解其組成。（1）化工原料氣:分析正確配料；（2）中間產(chǎn)品氣體分析生產(chǎn)是否正常；（3）（燃料燃燒后生成）煙道氣分析:燃燒是否正常；（4）廠房空氣分析:通風(fēng)、設(shè)備漏氣情況，有無有害氣體是否危及生命及廠房安全。中文2、Thesignificanceofgasanalysis：Inindustrialproduction,inordertoensurenormalandsafeproduction,variousindustrial

gasesneedtobeanalyzedtounderstandtheircomposition.(1)Chemicalfeedgas:analyzethecorrectingredients;(2)Intermediateproductgas:analyzewhetherproductionisnormal;(3)Fluegas:analyzewhetherthecombustionisnormal;(4)Factoryair:analyzewhetherventilationandequipmentareleaking,whetherharmfulgasesaregenerated,andwhetheritendangerslifeandfactorysafety.Eglish二、氣體分析的特點(diǎn)一般測(cè)定氣體的V而不是質(zhì)量m，并同時(shí)測(cè)定環(huán)境的T和P。中文二、haracteristicsofgasanalysisWhenmeasuringgascontent,theVofthegasisgenerallymeasuredinsteadofthemassm,andtheTandPoftheenvironmentarealsomeasuredsimultaneously.Characteristicsofgases:LowqualityHighliquidityVolume(V)changeswithtemperature(T)orpressure(P)Eglish三、氣體體積測(cè)量方法1、量氣管圖量氣管1，2，3-活塞，4-水準(zhǔn)瓶144雙臂式單臂式氣體體積通過量氣管臂上刻線讀出。提高水準(zhǔn)瓶，量氣管中液面上升，排出氣體，降低水準(zhǔn)瓶，量氣管中液面下降，吸入氣體。吸入氣體后將量氣管液面與水準(zhǔn)瓶液面相齊，讀出氣體體積。中文三、Measurementmethodforgasvolume1、Trachealmeasurementmethodeudiometer1，2，3-cock，4-levelingbottle144DoublearmtypeSinglearmtypeThevolumeofgasisreadoutthroughtheengravedlineonthemeasuringtubearm.Raisethelevelbottle,theliquidlevelinthemeasuringtubewillrise,andthegasinthemeasuringtubewillbedischarged;Loweringthelevelbottlewillcausetheliquidlevelinthemeasuringtubetodropandinhalegas.Afterinhalinggas,aligntheliquidlevelofthemeasuringtubewiththeliquidlevelofthelevelbottleandreadthegasvolume.Eglish2、氣量表

當(dāng)測(cè)量微量含量的氣體時(shí)，氣體取樣量比較大，必須使大流量的氣體通過吸收劑吸收后測(cè)定，就須使用氣量表測(cè)量氣體體積。氣量表有：濕式氣體流量計(jì)氣體流速計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)中文2、GasmetermeasurementmethodWhenmeasuringtraceamountsofgas,thegassamplingvolumeisrelativelylarge,andthehighflowrateofgasmustbeabsorbedbyanabsorbentbeforemeasurement.Atthistime,agasvolumemeterneedstobeusedtomeasurethegasvolume.Gasmetersinclude:WetgasflowmeterGasflowmeterRotaryflowmeterEglish中文Immersehalfoftherotatablerotorinwater.Theconversionisdividedintofourinflationchambers,whereairentersfromtheside,drivestheconversiontorotate,andisdischargedfromtheoutlet.Byrotatingitonce,thevolumeofthefourchamberswaspreciselymeasured.Thenumberofrevolutionsconvertedisthecumulativevolumeofgas.Eglish轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)1-錐管，2-轉(zhuǎn)子，3-環(huán)隙當(dāng)被測(cè)流體自錐管下端流入流量計(jì)時(shí)，由于流體的作用，轉(zhuǎn)子上下端面產(chǎn)生一差壓，該差壓即為轉(zhuǎn)子的上升力。當(dāng)差壓值大于浸在流體中轉(zhuǎn)子的重量時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)子開始上升。隨著轉(zhuǎn)子的上升，轉(zhuǎn)子最大外徑與錐管之間的環(huán)形面積逐漸增大，流體的流速則相應(yīng)下降，作用在轉(zhuǎn)子上的上升力逐漸減小，直至上升力等于浸在流體中的轉(zhuǎn)子的重量時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)子便穩(wěn)定在某-高度上。這時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)子在錐管中的高度與所通過的流量有對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。中文Rotaryflowmeter1-conetube,2-rotor,3-ringgapWhenthemeasuredfluidflowsintotheflowmeterfromthelowerendoftheconicaltube,acertainpressuredifferenceisgeneratedontheupperandlowerendfacesoftherotorduetotheeffectofthefluid,whichistheliftingforceoftherotor.Whenthedifferentialpressurevalueisgreaterthantheweightoftherotorimmersedinthefluid,therotorbeginstorise.Astherotorrises,theannularareabetweenthemaximumouterdiameteroftherotorandtheconicaltubegraduallyincreases,andthefluidflowratedecreasesaccordingly.Theliftingforceactingontherotorgraduallydecreasesuntiltheliftingforceequalstheweightoftherotorimmersedinthefluid,andtherotorstabilizesatacertainheight.Atthispoint,theheightoftherotorintheconetubecorrespondstotheflowrateitpassesthrough.Eglish項(xiàng)目三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析任務(wù)一：氣體樣品采樣方法氣體樣品采樣工具與采樣方法課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask1:ThesamplingmethodofgassampleSamplingtoolsandmethodsforgassamplesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish采樣設(shè)備：4部分結(jié)構(gòu)采樣形式：4種采樣形式采樣方法：3種采樣方法中文Samplingequipment:4-partstructureSamplingforms:4typesofsamplingformsSamplingmethods:3samplingmethodsEglish一、四部分結(jié)構(gòu)中文一、4-partstructureSamplingtubeFilter→FilterwithglasswooltoremovemechanicalimpuritiesfromthegasCooler→Gasabove200°CneedstobecooledGascontainer->Collectrawsamples4-partstructureEglish二、4種采樣形式中文二、Fourtypesofsamplingforms1.AverageSample

Samplingusingacertainsamplingdevicewithinacertaintimerange,oneproductioncycle,oroneproductioncycle

Agassamplethatcanrepresentaprocessorcycle;2.Regularsamplessamplescollectedatcertaintimeintervals3.Positioningsamplessamplescollectedfromdifferentpartsofproductionequipment;4.MixedsampleagassampleobtainedbymixingdifferentobjectsorthesameobjectatdifferenttimesEglish

三、3種采樣方法中文三、ThreesamplingmethodsBasedonthedifferencebetweenthepressureandatmosphericpressureofthesampletobesampledSamplingmethodunderpositivepressureSamplingmethodunderatmosphericpressureSamplingmethodundernegativepressureEglish1、常壓狀態(tài)氣體采樣

氣體狀態(tài)：等于大氣壓或低正壓或低負(fù)壓采樣方法：封閉液采樣法、流水抽氣法使用容器：采樣瓶或采樣管中文1、Samplingmethodunder

atmospheric

pressureGasstate:equaltoatmosphericpressureorlowpositivepressureorlownegativepressureSamplingmethods:closedliquidsamplingmethod,flowingwaterpumpingmethodUsingcontainers:samplingbottlesortubesEglish（1）采樣瓶采樣中文（1）Samplingwithasamplingbottlegas-samplebottleClosedliquidbottlerubbertube4

cockSpringclipDevicediagramofsamplingbottleFirstly,fillbottle2withsealingliquid→openspringclip5→raisebottle2→sealingliquidentersbottle1→exhaustairfrombottle1.Thenusetheplug4andrubbertube3→connecttothesamplingtube→lowerbottle2→gasentersbottle1→Totherequiredamount,closetheplug4andclampthespring5→CompletethesamplingworkEglish（2）采樣管采樣中文（2）Samplingwithasamplingtubecockcockgas-sampletubeClosedliquidbottleDevicediagramofsamplingtubeFirstly,fillbottle4withsealingliquid→opentherotaryplugs2and3andraisebottle4→thesealingliquidentersandfillstube1→exhausttheairintube1.Thenpassthroughtube1andtheplug,rubbertube→connecttothesamplingtube→lowerbottle4→gasentersthetubeuntiltheclosedliquiddropsbelowplug2→closeplugs2and3→completethesamplingwork.Eglish（3）流水抽氣法采樣（適用于低氣壓或負(fù)壓不太高的負(fù)壓狀態(tài)氣體）中文（3）Samplingusingflowingwaterpumpingmethod（Applicabletothecollectionofnegativepressuregaswithlowpressureorlownegativepressure）First,connectgassampletube1andrubbertube6tothesamplingtube→Connectvacuumpump4tothetapwaterheadthroughrubbertube5Thenturnonthetapandcock2,3→togeneratenegativepressureintheflowingvacuumpump→drawthegasintothegassampletube→afteracertainperiodoftime,closethetapandcock2,3→tocompletethesamplingworkcockrubbertubecockrubbertubeFlowingvacuumpumpgas-sampletubeDevicediagramofFlowingAirExtractionsamplingMethodEglish2.正壓狀態(tài)氣體的采樣特點(diǎn)：氣體借助自己的正壓進(jìn)入氣體采樣容器。

注意事項(xiàng)：壓力過大，應(yīng)注意調(diào)整采樣管旋塞，或者在采樣裝置與氣體容器之間加裝緩沖瓶。中文Features:Gasentersthegassamplingcontainerwithitsownpositivepressure.Attention:Ifthepressureistoohigh,attentionshouldbepaidtoadjustingthesamplingtubeplug,oraddingabufferbottlebetweenthesamplingdeviceandthegascontainer.2、SamplingmethodunderpositivepressureGasstate:Gaspressureismuchhigherthanatmosphericpressure;Samplingtools:samplingbottle,samplingtube,rubberbag.Eglish3.負(fù)壓狀態(tài)氣體的采樣氣體狀態(tài)：遠(yuǎn)低于大氣壓力的氣體稱負(fù)壓氣體采樣方法：抽氣泵減壓法（負(fù)壓不太高）抽空容器法（負(fù)壓過高），抽空容器是0.5～3.0L容器，由優(yōu)質(zhì)厚壁的玻璃瓶或管瓶組成具有旋塞。中文3、SamplingmethodundernegativepressureGasstate:ThepressureofthegasismuchlowerthanatmosphericpressureSamplingmethod:flowingwaterpumpingmethod(withlownegativepressure)Vacuumcontainermethod(highnegativepressure):Thevacuumcontainerisa0.5-3.0Lcontainercomposedofhigh-qualitythickwalledglassbottlesortubebottles,witharotaryplug.Eglish負(fù)壓狀態(tài)氣體的采樣步驟：中文Samplingstepsforgasundernegativepressure:Beforesampling,useamechanicalvacuumpumptoremoveairfromthebottleortube→Thepressureinthebottleortubeshouldbereducedtobelow60-100mmHg→Closetherotaryplugandweighit;Whensampling,connectthevacuumcontainertothesamplingdevicethrougharubbertube→Thenopentheplug→Thegasissuckedintothecontainerduetonegativepressure→Closetheplug,weigh→TheweightofthegasisobtainedbymeasuringthedifferencebetweentwomeasurementsEglish項(xiàng)目三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析任務(wù)三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析奧氏氣體分析儀的組成課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasCompositionofAustengasanalyzerCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish奧氏氣體分析儀中文AustengasanalyzerEglish量氣管

1、氣體體積測(cè)量儀器中文eudiometer

1.Instrumentsformeasuringgasvolume(1)Doubleballtype:upperballis25

mL,lowerballis35

mL,andlowerpart

is40

mL(2)Singleballtype:upperballis30mL,lowerslenderpartis70mLdoubleballtypesingleballtype(3)Doublearmtype:with4ballsontheleftarm,eachballis20mL,anda20mLfinetubeontherightarmdoublearm

typeEglish

2、氣體吸收儀器中文

2.InstrumentsforgasabsorptionbubbleabsorptionbottlecontactabsorptionbottleEglish

3、氣體燃燒儀器中文

3.InstrumentsforgascombustionCombustiontubeExplosivecombustiontubeSlowburningtubeCopperoxidecombustiontubeComponentsthatsupplygasforcombustionreactionsEglish作用部分的上部接近頂端處，相向熔封有兩支長約20毫米、直徑1毫米、間隙約1毫米的鉑絲，作為電極。鉑絲的外端接電源，經(jīng)過感應(yīng)圈，通入一萬伏以上的高壓電流，使鉑絲電極間隙處產(chǎn)生火花，引起可燃性氣體爆炸燃燒。爆炸燃燒管中文

Therearetwoplatinumwireswithalengthofabout20millimeters,adiameterof1millimeter,andagapofabout1millimeterfacingeachother,whichareusedaselectrodesintheupperpartnearthetop.Theouterendoftheplatinumwireisconnectedtoapowersource,andthroughaninductioncoil,ahigh-voltagecurrentofover10000voltsisintroduced,causingsparksattheelectrodegapoftheplatinumwireandcausingexplosivecombustionofcombustiblegases.explosivecombustiontubeEglish

為上下排列的兩支優(yōu)質(zhì)玻璃管，上部為作用部分，下部為承受部分。由承受部分底部直至作用部分上部，貫穿一支玻璃管。玻璃管的上端口外熔封有—段螺旋狀鉑絲，管內(nèi)為銅絲導(dǎo)線，通過變壓器及滑動(dòng)電阻接電源。通入6伏的低壓電流，使鉑絲熾熱，則可燃性氣體緩慢燃燒。緩慢燃燒管中文

Theslowburningtubecontainstwohigh-qualityglasstubesarrangedinanupwardanddownwarddirection,withtheupperpartbeingtheactingpartandthelowerpartbeingthebearingpart.Aglasstuberunsfromthebottomofthesupportingparttotheupperpartoftheactingpart.Theupperendoftheglasstubeisfusedwithaspiralplatinumwire,andtheinnerpartofthetubeisacopperwirethatisconnectedtothepowersupplythroughatransformerandaslidingresistor.Whenalowvoltagecurrentof6voltsisapplied,causingtheplatinumwiretobecomehot,thecombustiblegaswillslowlyburn.slowburningtubeEglish

通常為U形石英管。低溫燃燒時(shí)，也可以用石英玻璃管。管的中部長約10厘米、直徑約6毫米的一段，填有棒狀或粒狀氧化銅。燃燒管用電爐加熱，可燃性氣體在管內(nèi)往復(fù)通過，緩慢氧化燃燒。氧化銅燃燒管中文

Copperoxidecombustiontube

CopperoxidecombustiontubesareusuallyU-shapedquartztubes.Quartzglasstubescanalsobeusedforlow-temperaturecombustion.Asectionabout10centimeterslongand6millimetersindiameterinthemiddleofthepipeisfilledwithrodorgranularcopperoxide.Thecombustiontubeisheatedbyanelectricfurnace,andthecombustiblegasflowsbackandforthinsidethetube,slowlyoxidizingandburning.Eglish4、梳形管

梳形管是連接量氣管、吸收瓶及燃燒瓶的部件。氣體分析儀的旋塞，視不同用途，使用普通旋塞或三通旋塞，借助旋塞控制氣體的流動(dòng)路線。中文4.Combshapedtube

Acombtubeisacomponentthatconnectsagasmeasuringtube,anabsorptionbottle,andacombustionbottle.Theplugofagasanalyzercanbearegularplugorathree-wayplugdependingonitspurpose,andcanbeusedtocontroltheflowpathofthegas.Eglish項(xiàng)目三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析任務(wù)三：煤氣質(zhì)量分析奧氏氣體分析儀分析煤氣含量課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasContentdeterminingofcoalgasusinganAustengasanalyzerCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish

一、奧氏氣體分析儀用吸收劑1、氫氧化鉀溶液（33％）

1份質(zhì)量的氫氧化鉀溶解于2份質(zhì)量的蒸餾水中。2、焦性沒食子酸的堿性溶液稱取5克焦性沒食子酸，溶解于15mL水中。另稱取40克氫氧化鉀溶解于32mL水中。臨使用時(shí)混合兩種溶液于吸收瓶中。3、氯化亞銅的氨性溶液稱取250克氯化銨溶解于750mL水中，加200克氯化亞銅，溶解后，迅速轉(zhuǎn)移于預(yù)先裝有銅絲的試劑瓶中至幾乎充滿。用橡皮塞塞緊(溶液應(yīng)無色)。臨使用前，加入密度為0.9g/mL的氨水，其量是2體積的氨水與1體積的亞銅鹽混合。中文

一、AbsorbentsforAustengasanalyzers1.Potassiumhydroxidesolution(33%)

Dissolve1partofpotassiumhydroxidein2partsofdistilledwater.2.Alkalinesolutionofpyrogallicacid

Weigh5gramsofpyrogallicacidanddissolveitin15mLofwater.Dissolve40gramsofpotassiumhydroxidein32mLofwater.Mixtwosolutionsinanabsorptionbottlebeforeuse.3.Ammoniabasedsolutionofcuprouschloride

Weigh250gramsofammoniumchlorideanddissolveitin750mLofwater,add200gramsofcuprouschloride,dissolveit,andquicklytransferittoareagentbottleprefilledwithcopperwireuntilalmostfull.Usearubberstoppertoplugtightly(thesolutionshouldbecolorless).Beforeuse,addammoniasolutionwithadensityof0.9g/mL,whichisamixtureof2volumesofammoniasolutionand1volumeofcuproussalt.Eglish4、硫酸銀的硫酸溶液稱取4克硫酸銀溶解于65mL水中，在不斷攪拌下，緩緩加入濃硫酸400mL。5、封閉液量氣管的封閉液，可以用水、酸或鹽的水溶液、甘油或汞。封閉液不得吸收被測(cè)定的氣體。一般分析可以使用鹽的飽和溶液(例如含1％鹽酸的氯化鈉飽和溶液；含2％硫酸的硫酸鈉飽和溶液)。盡管氣體在鹽的飽和溶液中的溶解度很小。但是，為了進(jìn)一步阻止氣體溶解。在使用之前，仍必須用待分析的氣體飽和。封閉液中還應(yīng)加少量酸堿指示劑(例如甲基紅)使溶液呈紅色，以便于觀察并可借以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)堿性吸收劑的倒流事故。中文4.Sulfuricacidsolutionofsilversulfate

Weigh4gramsofsilversulfateanddissolveitin65mLofwater.Slowlyadd400mLofconcentratedsulfuricacidwhilestirringcontinuously.5.Sealingliquid

Sealingsolution,whichcanbewater,acidorsaltaqueoussolution,glycerolormercury,shallnotabsorbthegasbeingmeasured.

Ingeneralanalysis,thesealingsolutioncanbeasaturatedsolutionofsalt(suchasasaturatedsolutionofsodiumchloridecontaining1%hydrochloricacidorasaturatedsolutionofsodiumsulfatecontaining2%sulfuricacid).Althoughthesolubilityo