Style,Tone

&Irony

2021/10/101Style風(fēng)格

----Theauthor’scharacteristicmannerofexpression.HemingwayandFaulkneraregoodexamplesofcontrastingstyles.2021/10/1021.Diction措辭

----Awriter’schoiceofwordsthatcompriseanauthor’sbasicvocabulary.2021/10/103①DenotativeV.S.ConnotativemeaningofwordsDenotation表義

----Thebasicdefinition/dictionarymeaningofaword

★wordmeanings2021/10/104Connotation涵義

----Themeaningsuggested/impliedbyagivenword/phrase,asopposedtoitsliteralmeaning

★wordsuggestions

2021/10/105②DegreeofconcretenessV.S.abstractness2021/10/106Concrete具體

----Languagereferringdirectlytowhatwesee,hear,touch,taste,orsmellisconcrete.

★Mostliteratureusesconcretelanguageandexpressesevenabstractconceptsconcretelythroughimagesandmetaphors.2021/10/107Abstract抽象

----Theoppositeofconcrete,usedtodescribeawordorgroupofwordsrepresentingattitudes,generalities,ideas,orqualitiesthatcannotbeapprehendeddirectlythroughthesenses.

★Thelanguageofphilosophyandsciencetendstobeabstract.2021/10/108

③DegreeofallusivenessAllusion引喻，暗示

----Areference,generallybrief,toaperson,place,thingoreventwithwhichthereaderispresumablyfamiliar.2021/10/109Eg:Magnusisthe'Adonis'oftheclass.

(Adonisisamythicalcharacterwhoisthemosthandsome.)

SomecallMarcosamodernHitler.

(Marcosisanex-presidentofthePhilippines.)

2021/10/1010④Partsofspeech⑤Length&Construction⑥LevelofusageStandardV.S.NonstandardFormalV.S.Informal/Colloquial2021/10/1011⑦Imagery意象

----Sensorypicturesproducedverballythroughfigurativelanguage.⑧FigurativeDevicesSimileMetaphorPersonification2021/10/1012⑨Rhythm&SoundPatternsRhythm----Thepatternofflowandmovementcreatedbythechoiceofwordsandthearrangementofphrasesandsentences.2021/10/1013Rhythmisdirectlyaffectedby----thelengthandcompositionofsentences,----theuseofpauseswithinsentences,----theuseofrepetition,and----theeaseordifficultyinpronouncingthecombinationsofwordsoundsinthesentences.2021/10/1014Alliteration頭韻Assonance準(zhǔn)押韻，半諧韻Consonance和音Onomatopoeia象聲詞2021/10/1015

2.Syntax----Thewaystheauthorarrangeswordsintophrases,clauses,andfinallywholesentencestoachieveparticulareffects.2021/10/1016①LengthShort,Spare&EconomicalLong&Involved②FormSimpleCompoundComplex2021/10/1017SimpleSentence----Asimplesentence,alsocalledanindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.2021/10/1018Eg:Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.

JuanandArturoplayfootballeveryafternoon.

Aliciagoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.2021/10/1019Compoundsentence----Acompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so).----Exceptforveryshortsentences,coordinatorsarealwaysprecededbyacomma.2021/10/1020Eg:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Aliceplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.

Aliceplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.2021/10/1021ComplexSentence----Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.---Italwayshasasubordinator(because,since,after,although,when)orarelativepronoun(that,who,which).2021/10/10222021/10/1023Aftertheyfinishedstudying,JuanandMariawenttothemovies.

JuanandMariawenttothemoviesaftertheyfinishedstudying.2021/10/1024③ConstructionLooseSentence松散句

----Onethatfollowsthenormalsubject-verb-objectpattern,statingtheirmainideanearthebeginningintheformofanindependentclause.2021/10/1025----Itcontainsamainclauseplusasubordinateconstruction----Theinformationisorderlypresentation.----Itissimpler,natural,anddirect.Eg:MyroommatetoldmetobuyaticketforhimwhenIwenttotrainstationyesterday.

2021/10/1026PeriodicSentence圓周句

----Onethatdeliberatelywithholdorsuspendthecompletionofthemainideauntiltheendofthesentence.2021/10/1027

----Acomplexsentenceinwhichthemainclausecomeslastandisprecededbythesubordinateclause.Eg:Feelingveryhungry,hewenthome.2021/10/1028

Eg:AndthoughIhavethegiftofprophecy,andunderstandallmysteries,andallknowledge;andthoughIhaveallfaith,sothatIcouldremovemountains,andhavenotcharity,Iamnothing.(TheKingJamesBible,ICorinthians13)

2021/10/1029BalancedSentence平衡句

----Oneinwhichtwosimilarorantitheticalideasarebalanced.Eg:Theroleofamanistoprovideandtheroleofawomanistocareforthehouseholdandfamily.2021/10/1030Eg:"Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes..."(ATaleofTwoCities)"Whitechickenslaywhiteeggs,andbrownchickenslaybrowneggs;soifwhitecowsgivewhitemilk,dobrowncowsgivechocolatemilk?"2021/10/1031Tone語(yǔ)調(diào)----Theauthor’sattitude,statedorimplied,towardthesubjectoraudience.

2021/10/10322021/10/1033ToneV.S.MoodMood

----Theclimateof

feelinginaliterarywork.2021/10/1034Tone----Thechoiceofwordsanddetailscanrevealtheauthor’stone.Mood----Thechoiceofsetting,objects,details,images,andwordsallcontributetowardscreatingaspecificmood.2021/10/1035Eg:Anauthormaycreateamoodofmysteryaroundacharacterorsettingbutmaytreatthatcharacterorsettinginanironic,serious,orhumoroustone.2021/10/1036Irony反語(yǔ)法

----Somecontrastordiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality.2021/10/10371.VerbalIrony語(yǔ)辭反諷Apersonsaystheoppositeofwhathemeans.Speakersaysonethingbutmeansanother2021/10/1038Eg:“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatssinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”(Pride&Prejudice)----Intheendthetruthturnsouttobenothingbutcommonplace.Amarveloustime----aboringtime2021/10/10392.SituationalIrony情景反諷

Discrepanciesbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactually