專題12體裁“解構”說明文四大篇章結構破題技巧目錄第一部分考情精析鎖定靶心高效備考第二部分重難考點深解深度溯源掃清盲區(qū)【考點01】現象解釋型說明文（結構：現象/發(fā)現>多角度/多層次解釋>意義/展望）【考點02】問題解決型說明文（結構：提出問題>分析原因/影響>提出解決方案/評價）【考點03】觀點對比型說明文（結構：引出話題>呈現不同觀點/研究>比較分析>結論/展望）【考點04】事物介紹/過程描述型說明文（結構：總述事物/過程>分述特點/步驟>歸納總結）第三部分解題思維優(yōu)化典例精析+方法提煉+變式鞏固【題型01】主旨大意題（宏觀結構把握）【題型02】寫作目的題（宏觀功能判斷） 【題型03】篇章結構題（脈絡梳理能力）核心考向聚焦核心價值：說明文是高考閱讀理解中占比最高（約60%以上）、題型最穩(wěn)定的體裁。掌握其四大典型篇章結構，能幫助學生快速把握文章脈絡、精準定位信息、高效破解主旨、目的、結構等高階題型，實現從“讀得懂”到“做得對”的躍升。關鍵能力與思維瓶頸關鍵能力：本專題重點考查?宏觀結構識別能力（判斷文章屬于現象解釋/問題解決/觀點對比/事物介紹）?段落功能分析能力（區(qū)分總起、分述、轉折、例證、結論等）?邏輯信號敏感度（識別however,forexample,incontrast,asaresult等銜接詞）?主旨抽象概括能力（從細節(jié)中提煉核心觀點）。培優(yōu)瓶頸：?混淆“細節(jié)支撐”與“主旨核心”，誤選以偏概全選項；?忽視尾段“轉折—展望”功能，錯判作者態(tài)度；?對復合結構（如“問題+對比+對策”）缺乏整體把握，碎片化理解文本。命題前瞻與備考策略預測：?高考將繼續(xù)以“科技+生態(tài)+心理+文化”為說明文主題熱點；?主旨題、目的題、推斷題將更強調結構化思維，要求學生基于篇章框架而非局部信息作答；?出現更多“雙題聯(lián)動”設計（如先考結構，再考主旨），考查綜合解讀能力。策略：1.

結構先行：訓練學生30秒內判斷文章所屬四大結構類型；2.

標注段功：用T（總）、F（分）、C（對比）、S（總結）、P（問題）、Sol（方案）等符號快速標注段落功能；3.

首尾聚焦：90%的主旨/目的題答案線索藏于首段引入句或尾段結論句；4.

選項反推：用“是否覆蓋全文主干”“是否匹配結構重心”排除干擾項。

考點01現象解釋型說明文現象解釋型說明文是高考中最常見的類型之一，旨在對某一自然、社會或科技現象進行客觀陳述，并從多角度闡釋其成因、機制或影響。結構范式：現象陳述→多維闡釋→意義歸納先呈現某一自然/社會現象（如奇怪現象、反常情況、科學現象），再通過科學原理、數據或案例解釋現象產生的原因，最終明確現象本質，對應“現象→原因→本質”的邏輯鏈。引出現象：開篇呈現一個具體、新穎或具有普遍關注度的現象（如環(huán)境變化、行為趨勢、科學發(fā)現等）；多維解釋：從科學原理、社會背景、數據支撐、歷史演變等不同層面分析現象產生的原因或運行機制；意義或展望：指出該現象的現實意義、潛在影響或未來研究/應對方向。識別標志：高頻使用“why”“how”“dueto”“asaresult”“researchshows”等因果或解釋性語言；段落邏輯呈“總—分—總”或“現象—分析”遞進式。如何快速判斷？that...that...that...Studiesshowthat...,Itisamonphenomenonthat...,Recently,thereisatrendthat...看段落主題句：?主體段落常以Onereasonis...,Anotherfactorliesin...等開頭。

考點02問題解決型說明文問題解決型說明文有強烈的實用導向，圍繞一個具體問題展開，探討解決方案。結構范式：問題界定→成因剖析→方案構建先明確某一現實問題（如環(huán)境問題、社會問題、技術難題），再提出具體解決方案（政策、技術、方法等），最后說明方案的效果、局限性或進一步建議，對應“問題→措施→結果/展望”的邏輯鏈。提出問題：明確指出某一亟待解決的困境、挑戰(zhàn)或負面現象（如資源短缺、健康隱患、技術瓶頸等）；分析影響與成因：闡述問題帶來的后果及其深層原因，增強解決必要性；提出并評估方案：介紹一種或多種解決方案，并可能附帶對其可行性、效果或局限性的客觀評價。識別標志：常見“problem”“challenge”“solution”“approach”“address”“mitigate”等關鍵詞；結構清晰體現“問題—分析—對策”邏輯鏈。

考點03觀點對比型說明文觀點對比型說明文圍繞某一爭議性話題，客觀呈現不同立場、研究結論或理論觀點，并進行比較分析。結構范式：議題導入→觀點呈現→比較綜合→立場表明圍繞同一話題（如技術應用、社會現象），呈現兩種或多種對立/差異觀點，分別通過數據、案例、理論支撐各觀點，最終可能隱含作者傾向或留待讀者判斷，對應“話題引入→觀點1+論據→觀點2+論據→總結”的邏輯鏈。引出議題：提出一個存在分歧或多元解讀的話題（如技術倫理、教育方式、生活方式選擇等）；呈現多方觀點：依次介紹兩種或以上代表性立場，常引用專家、研究機構或公眾意見；比較與綜合：分析各觀點的依據、優(yōu)勢與不足，最終給出平衡性結論或未來展望。識別標志：頻繁使用“someargue…whileothersbelieve…”“incontrast”“however”“ontheonehand…ontheotherhand”等對比連接詞；作者通常保持中立，重在呈現而非評判。

考點04事物介紹/過程描述型說明文系統(tǒng)介紹某一事物的屬性、構成、功能，或詳述某一過程的操作步驟與原理。事物介紹：圍繞某一具體事物（如技術產品、自然物種、文化現象），介紹其定義、特征、分類、功能、價值等，邏輯多為“總述→分點展開”。過程描述：圍繞某一操作流程（如實驗步驟、制作方法、技術原理），按時間或邏輯順序說明“怎么做”，常伴隨具體數據或注意事項。結構范式：總體定義→分層說明→綜合總結總體概述：對事物或過程進行定義、定位或整體描述；分項說明：按空間順序、時間順序或邏輯類別，逐一介紹組成部分、特征、步驟或操作要點；歸納總結：重申其價值、應用范圍或注意事項。識別標志：多用“consistof”“include”“first,then,finally”“characterizedby”“feature”等描述性語言；行文客觀、條理清晰，無明顯情感傾向或論證意圖。

題型01主旨大意題（宏觀結構把握）典｜例｜精｜析典例1【2025浙江1月卷】Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeusedmodularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrowtogetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfourseasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyearround,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindtothesculptureofoddlookingseedheads.Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,withculturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof“rightplant,rightplace,”theymatchplantsthatenjoythesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,thegarden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.paredtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.31．Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ThefutureofgardeningisWILD． B．NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.C．MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE. D．OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.典例2【2024新課標ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.典例3【2025浙江1月卷】Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there’sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,”saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaselfdrivingcarknownas“Miuu.”Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers’feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.Thestereotypesmonlyassociatedwithmen,suchaspetitivenessanddominance,aremorevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeenassignedagender.Martin’sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject’snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa“he”or“she.”

Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(擬人化)“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.”Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningpanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotypeinconsistentroles—amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Thequalityofgenderlessproducts. B．Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C．Themeaningofanthropomorphism. D．Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.變｜式｜鞏｜固變式1（2025·浙江·一模）Manyofusbelievethatourpetsmakeushealthierandhappier.Whilethereissometruthtothis,thescientificevidenceismoreplexthanitseems.Researchinthefieldofhumananimalinteractionhasproducedmixedresults.Forexample,somestudiesshowthatpetownersarelesslikelytobedepressed,whileothersshowtheopposite.Expertssuggestthisinconsistencymayoccurbecausepeoplewhoalreadyfeellonelyordepressedmightgetapetforfort,thusaffectingthedata.Oneclearerbenefitofdogownershipisincreasedphysicalactivity,thankstodailywalks.Afamous1998studyfoundthatpetownerswhohadsufferedheartattacksweremorelikelytosurvivethefollowingyear.A2019analysisevenshowedadramatic24%lowerriskofdeathfordogowners.However,whenresearchersadjustedforotherfactors,suchastheowners’preexistinghealthandactivitylevels,thisbenefitnearlydisappeared.“You’remorelikelytohaveadogifyou’realreadyactive.”explainsdevelopmentalpsychologistMeganMueller,highlightingthatcorrelationdoesnotequalcausation.Consequently,scientistsarenowlookingbeyondsimpleownership.Theyarefocusingonthequalityoftherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirpets.“Petsarenotamedicalintervention;they’rearelationship,”saysgerontologistJessicaBibbo.Thelevelofattachmentandemotionalsupportseemstobethetruekeytohealthbenefits.Controlledexperimentssupportthis.A2025studyfoundthatdogownershadlowerstresshormonelevelswhentheirpetswerepresentduringstressfultasks.Inanotherstudy,agroupofolderadultswhoweregivencricketstocareforshowedimprovedmentalhealthparedtoacontrolgroup.Thissuggeststhattheactofcaringitself,notjustthetypeofanimal,canbepowerful.Thesecrettoahealthierlife,itseems,liesnotmerelyinowningapet,butinbuildingastrong,supportivebondwithit.1．Whatdoestheresearchinparagraph2mainlyshowus?A．Healthbenefitsofpetownership. B．Variouscausesforhumanloneliness.C．Strongobjectiontothepreviousbelief. D．Inconsistentresultsofhumanpetstudies.2．Howdoesthewriterillustratepetownershipincreasesphysicalactivities?A．Bylistingexamples. B．Bypresentingfindings.C．Byclarifyingconcepts. D．Bygivingdefinitions.3．WhatcanbeinferredfromJessicaBibbo’sstatement?A．Thevalueofpetsliesinemotionalconnection.B．Medicalinterventionsarelesseffectivethanpets.C．Scientistshaveoverestimatedthebenefitsofpets.D．Petsshouldnotbeusedinanymedicaltreatment.4．What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A．Humanbeingsneedanimalpanionship. B．Petsserveasthebestcureformentalissues.C．Petownershipaloneguaranteesahealthylife.D．Humanpetbondcontributestoowners’wellbeing.變式2（2025·安徽·二模）It’smontoseeabarista(咖啡師)createcoffeeart,butit’sawholedifferentballgamedoingthesamethingwithtea.HanZheminghasmanagedtoperfecttheskill,creatingteaartincups,ordianchainChinese,whichusedtobearitual(儀式)duringtheSongDynasty.Overthepastsixyears,hehasusedteaandspoonstocreatenearly200patternsbasedonancientpaintings.“It’slikeaddingbellsandwhistlestoteaandgivingpeopleastrongersenseofoccasion,sodrinkingteaismorefun,”Hansays.It’salsohisintentiontobringtheoldritualbacktomodernlifeandhavemorepeopleappreciateitscharm.ChineseteaculturestartedtoenjoypopularityduringtheTangDynastyandflourished(繁榮)throughouttheSongDynasty,whenteahadbeeanecessityforalmosteveryone,fromnoblesandscholarstomonpeople,justlikeothernecessaryitems,suchasrice,oilandsalt.IntheSongDynasty,thepopularwayofhavingteawasthroughdiancha.Theprocessbeginswithhotwaterbeingpouredoverfinepowderedtea,creatingapaste.Thenmorehotwaterisslowlyaddedastheteaisconstantlywhisked(攪動)byhandwithabamboostick.Thisactionofpouringhotwateriscalleddian,hencethenamediancha,whichwaslistedasanintangibleculturalheritageofRunzhouDistrict,ZhenjiangCity,JiangsuProvince.HanhasbeenfascinatedbythecultureandartoftheSongDynasty.“MymotherlovestraditionalcultureandIhavebeenleaningtowarditunderherinfluence,”Hansays.Aftergraduatingin2006,hetookgreatdelightindrinkingteagradually.Thisledhimtolearnabouttraditionalteacultureandbuyceramicteasets,especiallythosemadeinthestyleoftheSongDynasty.Whilestudyingthehistoryandtryingtofigureoutthereasonsbehindtheuseofteasets,hecameacrosstheartofdiancha.“Iwasamazedbythiswonderfulwayofdrinkingtea,”Hansays.13．Howdoesthewriterintroducethetopicofdianchainthefirstparagraph?A．Byraisingaquestion. B．Bydefiningaconcept.C．Bymakingaparison. D．Bygivingexamples.14．WhydidHanZhemingmithimselftodiancha?A．Toshowoffhisskillinmakingtea.B．Torevivetheoldritualinmodernlife.C．Toboostteasalesandincreasehisine.D．Tohelphismotherpromotetraditionalculture.15．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Thespecificprocessofmakingdiancha.B．HanZheming'sexperienceofgrowingtea.C．Thedifferencesbetweendianchaandotherteaceremonies.D．Applicationproceduresforintangibleculturalheritageregistration.16．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．AHistoryofChineseTeaSetsB．ATeaArtRebornfromHistoryC．TheInterestingProceduresforMakingTeaD．TheDifferentTeaCultureThroughDynasties變式3（2526高三上·四川自貢·期中）Millionsoftouriststraveltoparkseachyeartoenjoythebrightcolorsoffall—butecologistssaythefamiliarreds,orangesandyellowsoffallfoliage(葉子)areinglaterintheseason.“InNewEngland,generallythefallfoliagetendstopeakinmidOctober,”saidRichardPrimack,aprofessorofplantecology.“Butbecauseofawarmingclimate,thepeakoffallfoliageistendingtomovefromkindofearlytomiddleOctobertokindofmiddletolateOctober.”Predictingpreciselywhentheleaveswillturnfromgreentored,orangeandyellowinfalldependsinpartonthegeographicarea,thespeciesandtheamountofrainfall,andclimatechangecanlargelydeterminethetiming.Andleavesoftreeswithharmfulinsectswilldropsooner,accordingtoChristyRollinson,aforestecologist.“Brightcolorsareassociatedwithahealthytree,becausesomecolorstakeenergyforthetreetoproduce.”Peakcolorusedtolastforabouttwoweeks,butforcertainspecies,thatperiodmightbebeingmorecondensedashighertemperaturescontinuelateintothefallwhiledaysshortenatthesamerate.Sofuturegenerationsmightjusthavetobereadytotravelatamoment’snoticetocatchapeakperiodinpartsofthecountry.Suchchangescouldaffectthetourismindustrysurroundingleafpeeping(看),accordingtoSarahBlount,aresearcherattheNationalEnvironmentalEducationFoundation.Sheunderscoredhowimportantitistotrytoimprovepeaktimingpredictions.“There’ssomuchmoneyattachedtoit.”shesaid.“Peoplewanttobuyaplanetickettogosomewhereanddon’twanttofindthatitturnsoutthatit’stoolateandalltheleavesaregoneorit’stooearly,sothereisalotoffocusontryingtoimprovetheinformationthatwehaveaboutthat.”5．WhatdoRichard’swordsshow?A．Thelatenessofpeakfallfoliage.B．Therarenessofatrend.C．Theimpactsofclimatechange.D．Themassappealoffallcolors.6．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Visiblesignsoftheingoffall.B．Predictionoffallfoliage’scolorchange.C．Factorsinthetimingofcolorfulfallfoliage.D．Determinantsofthebrightnessofcolors.7．Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“condensed”inparagraph3?A．Irregular. B．Important. C．Lengthy. D．Brief.8．WhatdoesSarahBlountimply?A．Thecountryreliesheavilyontourism.B．Predictingpeakfoliagepreciselyisvital.C．Ittakesefforttoprotecttheenvironment.D．Schedulingleafpeepingtripsearlyisbetter.變式4（2025·河北·一模）DesignedbythearchitecturalfirmAnnvil,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenisanexperimentalresearchinitiativeaimedatexploringtheplexrelationshipbetweenurbanenvironmentsandgardening.Teamingupwithurbanplanners,designers,andexpertsinenvironmentalandnaturalsciences,thisprojectseekstocastlightontheimpactsofurbansettingsonplantcultivation(栽培).Intermsofitscorevalue,urbanagricultureholdsenormouspotentialinreducingairpollution,managingrunoffeffectively,increasinglandproductivity,andadjustingurbantemperatures.However,uncertaintiesremainregardingthesafetyoffoodproducedinurbangardens.Toaddressthisgap,AnnvilhasbuiltthefirsturbanverticalgardeninRiga,Latvia,servingasaplatformforinterdisciplinaryresearch.Onthelocalpracticefront,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenpriseslocallysourcedplants,emphasizingtheimportanceoflocalcultivationandglobalresourceconservation.Byengagingcityresidentsintheprocessofurbangardening,theprojectaimstoencourageconversationsandcultivatepublicinterestinsustainableurbanliving.AnnaBates,theprojectlead,emphasizestheneedtoreconnectwithnatureinthedigitalage,advocatingformoregreenspacesaspublicmeetingareas.Asapilotproject,GUARDENalsoinitiatesaprehensivescientificinquiryintourbanagriculture.Throughlaboratoryanalysis,researchersevaluatetheharvest’ssafety,examiningheavymetalpresenceandmicrobiologicalposition.IrinaSivicka,aprojectresearcher,highlightsthesignificanceofdatadriveninsightsinunderstandingthecorrelationbetweenurbanpollutionandcropsafety.ArchitectIlzeRukmanePo?acontributestoprojectdevelopment,ensuringanallroundedapproachtourbangardenrealization.Buildingontheresearchandpracticeabove,thefindingsfromtheGUARDENexperimentwillinformtheestablishmentofurbangardensacrossmajorLatviancities.Byintegratingscientificevidenceintourbanplanning,initiativeslikeGUARDENlaythefoundationforsustainable,healthawareurbanlandscapes.Throughcontinuedresearchandjointefforts,Latviaaimstopromotegreener,healthierurbanenvironmentsforitscitizens.TheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenfullypresentstheintersectionofarchitecture,environmentalscience,andmunityengagement,demonstratingLatvia’smitmenttosustainableurbandevelopment.9．WhatistheprimarypurposeoftheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGarden?A．Toshowcasemodernarchitecturaldesign.B．TotestverticalgardenprofitabilityinLatvia.C．Toexploreurbanimpactsonplantcultivation.D．Toreplaceruralagriculturewithurbanfarming.10．WhatcanweknowabouttheGUARDENprojectfromparagraph3?A．ItboostsLatvia’sagriculturalexports.B．Itsolvesglobalairpollutionproblems.C．Itpromotespublicinterestingreenurbanlife.D．Itreducestheneedforurbanplanningexperts.11．Whatisthemainideaofparagraph4?A．Scientificevaluationofurbanfoodsafety.B．munityparticipationinurbangardening.C．ArchitecturaldesignoftheGUARDENproject.D．Challengesofmaintainingurbanverticalgardens.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheGUARDENproject?A．Neutral. B．Reserved. C．Approving. D．Critical.

題型02寫作目的題（宏觀功能判斷）典｜例｜精｜析典例1【2025全國一卷】MicroplasticshavebeeamonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth—theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirdsandevenfalleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevelofmicroplasticsinwaterfromyourtap(水龍頭):boilingandfiltering(過濾)it.InastudypublishedWednesdayinEnvironmentalScience&TechnologyLetters,researchersfromChinafoundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes—thenfilteringitafteritcools—couldremoveatleast80percentofitsmicroplastics.Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸鈣)totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust25percent.Additionally,theresearchdidn’tincludealltypesofplastics.Theteamfocusedonlyonthreemontypes—polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene—andtheydidn’tstudyotherchemicalspreviouslyfoundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure—ataskthat’sbeingincreasinglydifficult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplasticsthanoriginallythought.Scientistsarestilltryingtodeterminehowharmfulmicroplasticsare—butwhattheydoknowhasraisedconcerns.Thenewstudysuggestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimitintake.“Thewaytheydemonstratedhowmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughtheboilingprocesswasnice,”CarolineGauchotteLindsay,anenvironmentalengineeroftheUniversityofGlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNewScientist.“Weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”34．Whatdoestheauthortrytoillustratebymentioningbottledwaterinparagraph4?A．Theimportanceofplasticrecycling. B．Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.C．Thedangerinoverusingpurewater. D．Thedifficultyintreatingpollutedwater.典例2【2025北京卷】Thecallto“knowyourself”hasbeentheresinceancienttimes,butoursenseofselfdoesn’talwaysmatchwhatothersperceive.Consideringthestorieswetellaboutourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.Formanyyearspsychologistssawidentityasabinationofsomeone’svalues,beliefs,goalsandsocialroles.Then,inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichheproposesthat,aswegothroughlife,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstorythroughwhichweunderstandourlives.Ourlifestoryissomethingthatstartsingtogetherinourteenageyears,whenwebegintoorganiseourlivesintochaptersaroundkeyeventsorlifechanges,andbegintoseeourselvesasboththecentralcharacterand,toavaryingextent,thestory’sauthor.Peoplewithmoreconsistentstoriestendtohaveastrongersenseofidentity,andtheyfeeltheirlifehasmoremeaning,directionandsenseofpurpose.Suchpeopleshowgreateroveralllifesatisfaction,too.Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwellbeingandcertainstorythemes.Hediscoveredthatwhethersomeonedescribeshavinghadsomecontrolovereventsintheirpastisanimportantpredictorofaperson’smentalhealth.Anotherkeythemeinvolvesfindingsomekindofpositivemeaningafterstressfulevents.“Peoplecouldtalkaboutgainingknowledgeorpersonalgrowth,”saysJohnson.Hisresearchshowsthatthisisoftenmissingforpeoplewithmentalhealthconditions.Thegoodnewsisthatthereisevidencewecanlearntochangeourownstory.LisaGreen,anotherresearcher,soundsafewnotesofcaution(謹慎).Forinstance,hearingaboutthepowerofredemptive(拯救性的)stories,manypeoplemayfeelforcedtofindapositiveangleonhorribleevents.ShesaysthatWesternculturealreadypushespeopletolookforthesilverliningbehindeverycloud.Ifyouwanttoturnoveranewleaf,though,onetoptipisthatithelpstochooseasignificantdatethatsignalsthestartofanew“chapter”.Contrarytopopulardoubt,resolutionsmadeonIJanuaryaremoreeffectiveforthisreason.So,whetheryourgoalissavingmoneyorgettingfit,thereisnobettertimetobeetheauthorofourowndestiny(命運).33.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhispassage?A.Clarifyagoal. B.Analyseanevent.C.Makeaparison. D.Illustrateanapproach.34.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howselfidentityworks. B.Howstorytellersaremade.C.Howpersonalstoriesraisedoubts. D.Howtimingaffectspersonalidentity.變｜式｜鞏｜固變式1【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（2025·安徽·二模）ByscanningaQRcodeataservicestation,LiXinpenghadhisparcelsdeliveredbyanunmannedvehicle,thankstothelaunchofthefirstruraldronedeliveryrouteinWuhan,HubeiProvince.Thedroneiscapableofflyingataspeedof70kilometersperhourandcruising(巡航)atanaltitudeof120meters.Operatedbyskilledprofessionals,thepayloadhexacopterdroneboastsanimpressiveonehourflightendurance(耐力)andcancarryasmanyas300to500parcelsatatime.“Sometimesadeliveryjourneywouldhavetakenmeover40minutesonmymotorcycle,”remarkedLiuJianying,apostmanfromtheXinzhoubranchofChinaPostGroup(CPG),addingthatdronedeliveriesarenothinderedbytrafficjamsorotherroadconditions.“Thedroneswillsignificantlyreducetransporttimeandenhancetheefficiencyofparceldistribution,”hesaid.IncollaborationwithCPG,thelocalgovernmentinXinzhoupioneeredWuhan'sfirstruraldronedeliveryroute,whichiscurrentlyundergoingtestflightsacrossthreepilotvillages.ItispredictedtoofficiallylaunchflightoperationsinearlyDecember,withplanstoexpandto13villageswithintheregionuponthesuccessfulpletionofthetrialphase.XinzhoudistrictislocatedintheremoteDabieMountains,featuringvastmountainsandforests.Mostofthevillagesarequitefarapartinthisarea,leadingtoadispersed(分散的)population.Asonlineshoppingexperiencessignificantgrowthandthedemandfordeliverycontinuestorise,thisdronedeliveryrouteisexpectedtobeeanimportantsupplement.“Duringtheinitialstages,thepurchase,maintenanceandoperationcostsofdronesmightberelativelyhigh.Butinthelongterm,asdronesbeewidelyused,