第1題98%ofhumanDNAisnoncoding,theydidnotmakeproteins.第2題Nuclearorganizationreferstothespatialdistributionofchromatinwithinacellnucleus.第3題Thesugarindeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)isdeoxyribose.RNAhasoxygenatomatposition（

）

carbon.A1B2C3D4第4題AccordingtothefirstaccuratemodelofDNAstructurecreatedbyJamesWatson&FrancisCrickin1953,Whichofthefollowingistrue?ADNAisadoublehelixthismakesDNAlooklikea“twistedladder”BThemonomerforDNAisthenucleotideCCytosine(C)alwayspairswithguanine(G)DAdenine(A)pairswithuracil(U)正確答案：ABC第5題Thesugarindeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)is

.

AriboseBdeoxyriboseCglucoseDxylose第1題Thecentraldogmaofmolecularbiologydescribesthetwo-stepprocess,transcriptionandtranslation,bywhichtheinformationingenesflowsintoproteins:DNA→RNA→protein.第2題OkazakifragmentsareshortsequencesofDNAnucleotideswhicharesynthesizeddiscontinuouslyOkazakifragmentswerelaterlinkedtogetherbytheenzymeDNAligasetocreatetheleadingstrandduringDNAreplication.

第3題HersheyandChaseusephageVirusesasworkingmodel.

wasusedtolabeltheDNAcontainedintheT2phage,

usedtolabeltheproteinsectionsoftheT2phage.Aphosphorus-32,sulfur-35Bphosphorus-30,sulfur-35Cphosphorus-32,sulfur-32Dphosphorus-30,sulfur-32第4題Theexperimentswereaseriesofexperimentsconductedin1952byAlfredHersheyandMarthaChasethathelpedtoconfirmthatDNAisgeneticmaterial.AaminoacidBproteinCDNADRNA1.3Assignment第1題RNApolymeraseisanenzymethatisresponsibleforcopyingaDNAsequenceintoanRNAsequence,duringtheprocessoftranscription.第2題EachofthethreeRNApolymerasesineukaryotesisresponsiblefortranscribingauniquetypeofRNA.第3題AntRNAmoleculeissaidtobemonocistronicineukaryoteorganism,whichmeansatRNAcontainsthegeneticinformationtotranslateonlyasingleoneproteinchain.第4題RNApolymeraseIIisamultiproteincomplex.ItisoneofthethreeRNAPenzymesfoundinthenucleusofeukaryoticcells.ItcatalyzesthetranscriptionofDNAtosynthesizeprecursorsofmRNAandmostsnRNAandmicroRNA.

ARNApolymerase?BRNApolymeraseIICRNApolymeraseIIIDRNApolymeraseIV第5題isinhighereukaryotesandthispolymeraseonlytranscribesribosomalRNA.

ARNApolymeraseIBRNApolymeraseIICRNApolymeraseIIIDRNApolymeraseIV1.4Assignment第1題AtransferRNAmoleculeisusedintranslationandconsistsofasingleRNAstrandthatisonlyabout80nucleotideslong.第2題RibosomesareminuteparticlesconsistingofRNAandassociatedproteinsthatfunctiontosynthesizeproteins.第3題Ineukaryotesandarchaea,theaminoacidencodedbythestartcodonismethionine.第4題A

moleculeisusedintranslationandconsistsofasingleRNAstrandthatisonlyabout80nucleotideslong.

ADNABmessengerRNA

CribosomalRNADtransferRNA2.1Assignment第1題PCRprimersfortheqPCRstepofRT-qPCRshouldideallybedesignedtospananexon-exonjunction,withoneoftheamplificationprimerspotentiallyspanningtheactualexon-intronboundary.第2題Intwo-stepRT-qPCRassays,thereversetranscriptionandPCRstepsareperformedinseparatetubes,withdifferentoptimizedbuffers,reactionconditions,andprimingstrategies.第3題AbasicPCRset-uprequiresseveralcomponentsandreagents,Whichofthefollowingareincluded?

ADNAtemplateBDNApolymeraseCTwoDNAprimersDdNTPs正確答案：ABCD第4題Aboutstepofgeneclone,Whichofthefollowingareincluded?

APreparationofRNAtobeclonedBCreationofrecombinantDNAwithDNAligaseCIntroductionofrecombinantDNAintohostorganismDScreeningforcloneswithdesiredDNAinsertsandbiologicalproperties正確答案：BCD第5題Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutgenecloning？AGenecloningrequirescloningvectorsandcompetentcellsBCloningvector,whichisareplicatingDNAmoleculeattachedwithaEndogenousdnafragments

CTheapplicationofgenecloningdoesnotincludetheproductionofrecombinantproteinsDCreationofrecombinantDNAwithDNApolymerase2.2Assignment第1題Goldenriceisavarietyofriceproducedthroughgeneticengineeringtobiosynthesizebeta-carotene,aprecursorofvitaminA,intheediblepartsofrice.ItisintendedtoproduceafoodtobegrownandconsumedinareaswithashortageofdietaryvitaminA.第2題MostcurrentGMcropshavebeenengineeredforresistancetoinsects,tolerancetoherbicidesorboth.

第3題Mainlyproteinproductionincludesthreemainsteps,includingAGenecloningBGeneexpressionCProteinquantificationDProteinpurification正確答案：ABD第4題Codingsequenceisthecandidategenesyouareinterestedin,includingAHerbicideresidencegeneBPestresistancegeneCSalttoleranceornutritionalenhancementgeneDVirulencegene正確答案：ABC第5題WhichofthefollowingisacommonmethodofDNAdeliveryintransgenicplants?ASDSBNMRCgenegunsDPCR3.1Assignment第1題Proteinscanbeseparatedfromoneanotheronthebasisofsolubility,size,charge,andbindingability.第2題Thesolubilityofproteininwaterisaffectedbythedistributionofhydrophobicandhydrophilicchargedgroupsonthesurfaceofproteinmolecules.第3題Whichofthenarrativesaboutproteinextractionisincorrect.

ABeforeseparatingandpurifyingtheprotein,theproteinmustbereleasedbyanappropriateBWhenextracting,differentsolventsshouldbeselectedaccordingtothedifferentcharacteristicsoftheproteinCThecrudeproteinextractcanbecentrifugedtoremovesomesmallmolecularimpuritiesDThecrudeproteinproductmaybeamixtureofmultipleproteins第4題Whatistheessentialfirststepwhenwedeterminehowaminoacidsequencesspecifytheconformationsandhencefunctionsofproteins?

ATheseparationofproteinsBThepurificationofproteinsCDeterminingaminoacidsequenceDDeactivatingtheprotein3.2Assignment第1題Animalshaveaverylargerepertoireofantibody-producingcells,eachproducinganantibodythatcontainsseveral

surfaces

forantigenrecognition.第2題Theenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)makesuseofanenzymethatreactswithacolorlesssubstratetoproduceacoloredproduct.第3題Whenpurifyingspecificantibodies,whichofthefollowingmethodsshouldbeusedtoremoveimpurities?ASaltingoutBGelfiltrationCIonexchangechromatographyDImmunoaffinitychromatography第4題Whichbondslinkheavychainsandlightchainsinimmunoglobulin?AHydrophobicbondsBCarbon-hydrogenbondsCDisulfidebondsDCarbon-carbondoublebonds3.3Assignment第1題Massspectrometryenablesthehighlypreciseandsensitivemeasurementoftheatomiccompositionofaparticularmoleculewithoutpriorknowledgeofitsidentity.第2題ProteinmassspectrometryismainlyusedtoanalyzeitsAPrimarystructureBSpaceconformationCBiosynthesisDBiologicalactivity第3題Massspectrometrycomprisesthreeessentialcomponents,including:AionsourceBmassanalyzerCsamplechamberDdetector正確答案：ABD第4題whichofthefollowingaboutaminoacidisnottrue?AAminoacidsequencesdeducedbyreadingtheDNAsequenceofthenascentproteinBAminoacidsequencesarethedirectproductofthetranslationalmachineryCAminoacidsequencesarerichininformationDAminoacidsequencesarenotsoimportantfortheorganism3.4Assignment第1題x-rayscanprovidethebestresolutionforthedeterminationofmolecularstructuresbecausetheirwavelengthapproximatelycorrespondstothelengthofacovalentbond.第2題Aresonancespectrumforamoleculeisobtainedbykeepingthemagneticfieldconstantandvaryingthefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiation.

第3題InNMR,themainimagingmaterialforproteinsisAOxygenprotonsBHydrogenprotonsCElectronicsDHydrogenneutron第4題TheX-rayphotographisasectionofwhichdimensional?AOne-dimensionalBTwo-dimensionalCThree-dimensionalDFour-dimensional4.1Assignment第1題Which

typeofcellsisprimarilyresponsiblefornutrientsensing?AStemcellsBEnteroendocrinecellsCMastcellsDPanethcells第2題Whichdietcouldhelpregulateintestinalhomeostasis?AHighcarbohydrateBCaloricrestrictionCHighfatDAbove

all第3題Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothesmallintestine?AduodenumBjejunumCileumDrectum4.2Assignment第1題（

）isthebasicarchitecturalunitoftheliverAKupffercellsBLiversinusoidCLiverlobuleDPortalvein第2題Thelivercanonlymetabolizeproteinandlipid.第3題(

)caninduceNAFLD.ARichinsucroseBHighsaturatedfatCHighfructoseDHightalcohol正確答案：ABC第4題Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothe5center

organs

ofmetabolism?

ApancreasBbrainCstomachDliver4.3Assignment第1題Whichofthefollowingmechanismscanfoodbornenutrientsregulatemusclebuildup?AMusclesynthesisBEnergysupplyCGut–MuscleAxisDNeuromodulation正確答案：ABCD第2題Duringmusclecontraction,substancessuchasphosphocreatineprovideenergymetabolism.第3題

WhichofthefollowingcouldprovidemusclewithapowerfulsourceofenergycomparabletoATP?

AshortpeptidesBphosphatidylserineCcreatineD

glucose4.4Assignment第1題（

）isawidelyusedmodelforanalyzingfooddigeationACaco-2transwellcellmodelBSimulatoroftheHumanIntestinalMicrobialEcosystem(SHIME)CMicrofluidicorgan-on-a-chipmodelsDOrganoidmodel第2題Interactionsbetween____，____and____

happen

in

cellµbiomemodel.AIntestinalepitheliumBGutmicrobiomeCBloodDVascularendothelium正確答案：ABD第3題Multiplechipsmodelcanonlyinvolveliver,intestine,andstomachchips.第4題Whichofthefollowingcellcould

beusedtoinvestigatenutrientstransportinhumans?

ACaco-2cellBHepG2

cellCMCF-7cellDCIKcell4.5Assignment第1題Whichofthefollowingaminoacidsisaaromaticaminoacid?AValineBAlanineCTryptophanDAspartate第2題Whichofthefollowingsubstancesarenottheproductsoftryptophanmicrobialmetabolites?AIndoleBTryptamineCIndolepropionicacidDCinamicacid第3題WhichofthefollowingtransportergeneticdefectscancauseHartnapdisease?ASLC9A3BSLC6A19CSLC3A1DSLC7A9第4題Themainmetabolicrouteofammoniainthehumanbodyisthat？ASynthesisofessentialaminoacidsBSynthesisofureaCSynthesisofNH4+D

Synthesisofpurinesandpyrimidines4.6Assignment第1題Glucagonandepinephrine

triggerthebreakdownofglycogen.第2題Glucagonstimulatesliverglycogenbreakdownwhenbloodglucoseishigh.

第3題Glycogensynthasecanaddglucosylresiduesonlytoapolysaccharidechainalreadycontainingatleastfourresidues.第4題HowcanproteinkinaseAreducestheactivityofPP1?AInmuscle,GMisphosphorylatedinthedomainresponsibleforbindingthecatalyticsubunitBThecatalyticsubunitisreleasedfromglycogenandfromitssubstratesanddephosphoryationisgreatlyreducedCAlmostalltissuescontainsmallproteins,whichcanbindtothecatalyticsubunitofPP1andinhibititDInhibitorskeepsphosphorylaseinitsactiveaformandglycogensynthaseinitsinactivebform正確答案：ABCD第5題Whatistheglucosedonorinthebiosynthesisofglycogen？AATPBUDPGCAcetylCoADGlucose4.7Assignment第1題Theonlyformofoxidationoffattyacidsisbetaoxidation.第2題BesidesacetylCoA,theoddcarbonatomfattyacidafterβ-oxidationproducesacetylCoA.第3題BesidesacetylCoA,theoddcarbonatomfattyacidafterβ-oxidationproducesacetylCoA.AATPBGTPCFattyacidDGlucose第4題Themajorsiteoftheproductionofacetoacetateand3-hydroxybutyrateisthekidney.5.1Assignment第1題Whatisthephysiologicalconcentrationrangeofhydrogenperoxide(H2O2)？AApproximately1–10nMBApproximately1–100nMCApproximately1–1000nMDApproximately10–100nM第2題Whichgeneprovidesaprincipalinducibledefenseagainstoxidativestress?ANRF2BNF-kBCAP-1DHIF-1α第3題WheredoesIDH1work?

ACytoplasmBMitochondriaCNucleusDOutsidethecell第4題Pentosephosphatepathwaycauseanincreasedproductionof.A

NADPHBFADH2CATPDNADH5.2Assignment第1題Mostflavonoidsinourdietareintheformofglycosides.第2題Flavonoidsthatarenotabsorbedinoursmallintestinecanbemetabolizedbycolonicmicroflora-aglyconesandphenolicacids.第3題Allpolyphenolsareabsorbedwithequalefficacy.第4題Studieshaveshownthatdrinkingredwinehasaprotectiveeffectoncardiovascularhealth,whichisrelatedtotheprotectivecomponentscontainedinredwine?

APolyphenolBPhytosterolCSaponinDSulfide6.1Assignment第1題Hematopoieticstemcellsgiverisetodifferenttypesofbloodcells,inlinescalledmyeloidandlymphoid.

第2題Theclusterofdifferentiationisaprotocolusedfortheidentificationandinvestigationofcellsurfacemoleculesprovidingtargetsforimmunophenotypingofcells.

第3題Theadaptiveimmunesystem,alsoreferredastheacquiredimmunesystem,isasubsystemoftheimmunesystemthatiscomposedofspecialized,systemiccellsandprocessesthateliminatespathogensbypreventingtheirgrowth.第4題Whichthefollowingbelongstomyeloidcells?ANeutrophilscellBEosinophilsCBasophilsDMonocytes正確答案：ABCD第5題Thespleenisthelargestorganinthelymphaticsystem.6.2Assignment第1題Antibodiesarecentralmolecularplayersintheimmuneresponse.第2題AnIgGmoleculeconsistsofatotalof12immunoglobulindomains.第3題Theamino-terminalimmunoglobulindomainsofeachchainisreferredtoastheconstantregions.第4題Whichthefollowingisthefirstclassofantibodytoappearintheserumafterexposuretoanantigen?AIgGBIgACIgDDIgM第5題____isthemajorclassofantibodyinexternalsecretions,suchassaliva,tears,bronchialmucus,andintestinalmucus.AIgAB

IgMCIgDDIgE6.3Assignment第1題Zincinfluencesthenonspecificinnateimmunesystemaswellasthespecificadaptiveimmunesystem.第2題Prebioticsmayinfluencetheimmunesystemdirectlyorindirectlyeitherviaspecificproductsderivedfromcarbohydratefermentationorbyalteringmicrobialcompositionofthegutmicrobiota.第3題Highintakeofvegetablesdecreasetheriskofchronicinflammation.第4題Whichofthefollowing

isanimportantsourceofretinoicacidforthisregulation?AZincBVitaminACVitaminDDIron第5題VitaminAismetabolizedintracellularlyto____Aretinoicacid

B

retinolCretinoidDretinal6.4Assignment第1題Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaffectimmunomodulatoryactivity?

AGlycosidicbondBMolecularweightCMonosaccharidecompositionDAntigenicstimulation第2題Whichofthefollowingisnotapatternrecognitionreceptor?ARhamnogalacturonanIBComplementreceptor3CScavengerreceptorDDectin-1第3題Wecanroughlyclassifyseveraldifferenttypesofpolysaccharides，whichoptionisn’tincluded?AAnimalpolysaccharidesB

PlantpolysaccharidesCInsectpolysaccharides

D

Microbialpolysaccharides7.1Assignment第1題Theknowledgeoffoodbiochemistrymostlyfocusedonthechemistryrelatedtoprocessing,whileforfoodbiochemistry,itismainlyaboutthechemicalbasisoffoodbiotechnology.第2題Afterthefoodinthestomachentersthesmallintestine,itwillstimulatethepancreastosecretepancreaticjuice.第3題Whichofthefollowingexperimentalanimalshasthemostsimilardigestivetracttohuman?ARatBPigCRabbitDMouse第4題Whichisthefirstpartofthebodywherefoodinteractswiththebody?ALargeintestineBSmallintestineCMouthDStomach7.2Assignment第1題Duetotheimproperdietstructure,theexpensesofrelateddiseasescausedbydietincrease,whichisaburdentohumanhealthandeconomy.第2題Fromtheperspectiveofnutrition,theenergyprovidedbysnacksbetweenmealsshouldnotexceedthedailyintake:A20%B10%C15%D18%第3題Whichofthefollowingarethefutureneedsofconsumersforfood?ALowcarbohydrateBHighproteinCGlutenfreeDSafety正確答案：ABCD第4題Whatchangeshavetakenplaceinfoodcomparedwith20yearsago?AVolumeincreaseBVolumedecreaseCCaloriesincreaseDCaloriesdecrease正確答案：AC第5題Obesitymayincreasetheprevalenceofwhichofthefollowingdiseases.ADiabeteBRespiratorydiseasesCGastrointestinaldiseaseDAlzheimer'sdisease7.3Assignment第1題Inadditiontothenutritionalcomponentsoffood,thebioavailabilityoffoodisalsoanimportantfactoroffood.第2題Thebioavailabilityoffoodisequaltothedigestibilityoffood.第3題Whichkindofnutrientswilllosethemostafterrefining?ACarbohydrateBVitaminCLipidDProtein第4題Foodprocessingcanaffectwhichofthefollowingoptions.ADigestibilityBNutrientcompositionC

MolecularstructureD

Speciescomposition7.4Assignment第1題Bioactivefoodcomponentsarenonessentialbiomoleculesthatarepresentinfoodsandexhibitthecapacitytomodulateoneormoremetabolicprocess.

第2題Generallyphytochemicalshavebeenclassifiedintofivemajorcategoriesbasedontheirchemicalstructures.Thesecategoriesincludecarbohydrates、lipids、phenolics、terpenoidsandalkaloids.第3題Nutritionexpertssuggestthatyoungpeopleinourcountryshouldeatmoremilk,eggs,fish,meatandotherprotein-richfoods,becauseproteinisthemainenergysource.第4題Thenutrientsinfoodmainlyincludewater,sugars,proteins,fats,inorganicsalts,vitaminsandcrudecellulose.Althoughthecrudecellulosecannotbedigestedandabsorbedbythehumanbody,ithasaveryimportantphysiologicaleffectonthehumanbody.Thefollowingfoodsarerichincrudefiber.AFish.ShrimpBEggs.PorkCSpinach.CeleryDMilk.Beef第5題Phytochemicalscanbeclassifiedintosixmajorcategoriesbasedontheirchemicalstructure,whichofthefollowingisthecorrectoptiontolist？A

carbohydrates,lipids,phenolics,terpenoids,alkaloidsandothernitrogen-containingcompoundsBcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,terpenoids,alkaloidsandothernitrogen-containingcompoundsC

carbohydrates,lipids,water,terpenoids,alkaloidsandothernitrogen-containingcompoundsD

carbohydrates,lipids,phenolics,terpenoids,alcoholsandothernitrogen-containingcompounds7.5Assignment第1題Polyphenolsorphenolicsisoneofnon-nutrientgroupsfoundinplantscharacterisedbythepresenceofoneormorehydroxylgroupsonaromaticrings.第2題Polyphenolsaresecondarymetabolitesofplants.第3題Beefcontainsalotofphenoliccompounds.第4題WhichofthefollowingfoodsarerichinpolyphenolsAGreenteaBRedwineCPomegranateDWatermelon正確答案：ABC第5題Whatistrueaboutpolyphenols?A

polyphenolscanbedividedintotwomaingroupsB

FlavonoidsarenotalargefamilyofpolyphenolsCthephenoliccandivideintohydrobenzoicacidsandanthocyanidinsD

Polyphenolcompoundsarefewpresentinourdiet7.6Assignment第1題Thefactorofgeneticscontributemoretoobesitythanlifestyle,environmentandculture.第2題Nearly30%oftheworld’spopulationareeitherobeseoroverweight.第3題Cocoapolyphenolscanbeidentificationofdietarysignals,identificationofdietary