第1題Generally,gumrosinisproducedbychemicalprocessingofwoodyrawmaterial.第1題Traceelementsareessentialtolife.第2題Elementswithsimilarchemicalpropertiesgenerallyfallintothesamegroupintheperiodictable.第3題Apuresubstancealwayshasthesamephysicalandchemicalpropertiesandiseitheranelementoracompound.第4題Calciumoxideisaninorganiccompounds.第5題AnychemicalspeciescapableofbindingtoelectronpairsiscalledaLewisacid;anymoleculethattendstodonateanelectronpairisreferredtoasaLewisbase.第6題Ineithercase,thepositionofthemultiplebondisindicatedbynumberingfromtheendofthechain,startingattheendthatwillassignthelowernumbertothefirstcarbonatomofthemultiplebond.第7題Etherstendtobereactive,andlowmolecularmassethersareoftenusedassolvents.第8題Ifoneorbothofthehydrogenatomsontheamidenitrogenatomarereplacedbyhydrocarbongroups,thestructureisnamedasanN-substitutedamide.第9題Bydoingresearchinchemistry,wecanfindnewcuresfordiseasesaswellasbetterchemicalstouseinournaturalenvironment.Unittesting第1題Wecaneatordrinkinlaboratories.第2題Ifaliquidgetsintoyoureyes,theeyeshouldbewashedimmediatelywithcleanrunningwaterforatleast10min.第3題Inthecaseoffirealarm,weneedstopallofyourongoingwork,turnoffgasandelectricdevices.第4題Thereisnoneedtolabelglassorflaskfilledwithsolution.第5題Ifyouworkwithflammablesolvent,makesurethereisnosourceofignitioncloseby.Unittesting第1題Fossilisedbiomasshas

beenexploitedascoalandoil.第2題Therelativedistributionofphenolicnucleiinligninstronglydiffersbetweenplantspecies.第3題Theroleofhemicelluloseistomodifyandcrosslinkthebasicfibrilsandpromotetheinteractionbetweenotherbiopolymers.第4題Softwoodsaremainlyvesselmembers,fibres,andparenchyma,andhardwoodsaremainlymadeofmadeoftracheidsandparenchyma.第5題Theouterlayer(S1)isthickerthanThemiddlelayer(S2).第6題Klasonlignin

isastandardanalyticalmethodtomeasurethelignincontentoflignocellulosicbiomass.第7題Foresterificationreactionofcellulose,theconversionwaslowandforsilynationreaction,theconversionisgoodbutwithahighcost.第8題Cellulosehasmanyhydroxylgroupswhichcanformhydrogenbondinglinkednetworkeasily.第9題Highlyporousaerogelsusuallytendtoshowhigheroil-sorptioncapacities.第10題Starchonlyhasoneforms,i.e.amylose.第11題Inadditiontoglucomannan,minoramountsofmiscellaneouspolysaccharidesarepresentinhardwoods.第12題Thesofteningtemperature(Ts)ofligninsindrystateishigherthanthatinmoistlignins.第13題Thereactivityofligninhasnothingtodowithitssolubility.第14題LigninmainlyhastwotypesoflinkagesincludingC-CandC-O-C.第15題Thenon-bondedorbitalinteractions(π-πinteractions)ofthearomaticgroupscouldcausedtheassociationofligninmolecules.第16題Thearomaticmoietiespresentintheligninstructurewillimprovethemechanicalandthermalpropertiesofepoxyresins.第17題Therearetwodifferenttypesofpolysaccharidehydrolysis,involvingacidic(sulfuricacid)orenzymaticreactions.第18題Terpeneisderivefroma5Ccompound,isoprene.第19題Polyphenolsalsocharacteristicallypossessasignificantbindingaffinityforproteins,whichcanleadtotheformationofsolubleandinsolubleprotein-polyphenolcomplexes第20題Cardanoldoublebondmaybeepoxidisedorundergoolefin-metathesisreactionwhichmayactasmodifiedmonomerfortheformationofdifferentsetofpolymers.Unittesting第1題Sodiumhydroxideandcalciumhydroxidecanbeusedinsteadofpotassiumhydroxidetoneutralizetheacid.第2題Hotairblowsintothisdryertobringthesugarshumidityleveldownto0.05percent,thatstandardfortablesugar.第3題Themainresistancetotheflowofheatormasstoasurfacelieswithinthelaminarsublayer.第4題Filtercakesareformedlateinthefluidflow.第5題Extractionmaybeusedtoseparatemorethantwocomponents;andmixturesofsolvents,insteadofasinglesolvent,areneededinsomeapplications.

第6題Heatfluxesmaythenbebasedeitherontheinsideareaortheoutsideareaofthechoiceisarbitrary.第7題Anyevaporatorthatusespumptoensurehighercirculationvelocityiscalledaforcedcirculationevaporator.第8題Ifthefeedisintroducedatonepointalongthecolumnshell,thecolumnisdividedintoanuppersection,whichisoftencalled

thestrippingsection,andalowersection,whichisoftenreferredtoastherectifyingsection.第9題Dryingisanabsolutetermthatmeansacertainvalue.Unittesting第1題Thetraditionaltechniquesofsolventextractionofplantmaterialsaremostlybasedonthecorrectchoiceofsolventsandtheuseofheator/andagitationtoincreasethesolubilityofthedesiredcompoundsandimprovethemasstransfer.第2題Theyspraytherubbercubeswithamixofcalciumcarbonateandsolventthemixtureformsthefilmonthecubesthatpreventsmoldandkeepsthemfromstickingtogetherduringtransport.第3題Biomassismostlymadeupofcarbon,hydrogen,compoundsdidnotburncalledash.第4題Biochemicalapproachesincludethreeunit-operationsnamely,pretreatment,hydrolysis,anddistillation.第5題Furfuralcanbeproducedbyaone-steporatwo-stepprocess.Theadvantageoftheone-stepprocessisthatahig