第1題Soilisanimportantenvironmentalfactor,whichisthebufferzoneandfilterofenvironmentalpollutants.第1題Pedospherecansupportthebiosphereandregulatethebiologicalprocesses,providenutrients,waterandphysicalconditionforplantgrowth,anddeterminethedistributionandsuccessionofnaturalvegetation.1.3TheStatusandCharacteristicsofChineseSoilResources第1題ThecurrentsituationofsoilresourcesinChinaisabundantarablelandresources,adequatepreservedsoilresources,andlargecultivatedlandareapercapita.1.4ProblemsintheProcessofSoilResourceUtilizationinChina第1題ThedecreaseinareaofarablelandisinnorthwestornortheastChinawherethequalityofarablelandisbetter;theincreaseinareaofarablelandisinwestandsouthChinawherethenaturalconditionsareworse.1.5DevelopmentofSoilScience第1題Theresearchofsoilchemistryisfocusedonsoilsolutionchemistry,adsorptionanddesorptionofelementsatthesolid-liquidinterface,thecompositionandpropertyofsoilcolloids,thestructure,propertyandfunctionofsoilorganicmatterandminerals.Itcanprovidetheoreticalbasesforimprovingsoilfertilityandsoilenvironmentprotection.Chapter1Assignment第1題2.1Weathering第1題Mechanicaldisintegrationreferstotheprocessthat,undertheeffectsofphysicalfactors,includingtemperaturechanges,waterfreezing,gravelsplitting,windblowing,flowingwaterandglaciermovement,rocksandmineralsdisintegrateintoparticlesindifferentsizesandshapeswithoutchangingtheirchemicalcomposition.2.2.1SoilParentMaterialsI第1題AroundChina'sDongtinglakeinHunanprovince,PoyanglakeinJiangxiprovince,TaihulakeinJiangsuprovince,theparentmaterialsofsoilsaredepositsediments.2.2.2SoilParentMaterialsII第1題LoessistheparentmaterialforhillsinthewestofJiangsuprovince,especiallyfromNanjingtoZhenjiang.2.3TheEssenceofSoilFormation第1題Thelargecycleisthestorageandaccumulationprocessofnutrients,whilethesmallcycleistheleachingprocessofnutrients.2.4.1SoilFormationFactor:ParentMaterial第1題Thestratificationofparentmaterial(heterogeneousparentmaterial)hasamorecomplexinfluenceonthematerialmigrationandsoilfertility,comparedwithhomogeneousparentmaterial.Thestratificationofparentmaterialwillbeinheritedtosoil.2.4.2SoilFormingFactor:Organisms第1題Plantscanselectivelyabsorbthenutrientelementswhicharedispersedintheparentmaterial,waterandatmosphere,accompaniedbytheavailabilityofmineralnutrientelements.2.4.3SoilFormingFactor:Climate第1題Theatmospherichumiditydecreasesfromeasttowestinthetemperateregion.Thesoilsaredistributedinthefollowingsequence:chernozem,blacksoil,chestnutsoil,browncalcicsoil,sierozem,greydesertsoil,grey-browndesertsoil,browndesertsoil.2.4.4SoilFormationFactor:Terrain第1題Mountainsarecharacterizedbyhighelevationandsteepslopes.Themountainsareerodedstronglybywater.Thehydrothermalconditionsandvegetationchangeobviously.Therefore,themountainoussoilshavethecharacteristicofverticaldistribution.2.4.5SoilFormingFactors:TimeandHumanActivity第1題Humanactivitieshavebeneficialeffectsonsoil;italwayscontributestothedevelopmentofsoilfertility.2.5.1SoilFormingProcessesI第1題Theargillizationprocessreferstotheformationandaccumulationofclaymineralsinsoil.

2.5.2SoilFormingProcessesII第1題Gleyizationoccurswhenthesoilperched-waterzoneisconstantlymovingupwardanddownward,alternationofdryingandwettingismoreobvious.Thealternationofoxidativeandreductivereactionsinsoilisinducedrepeatedly.Theresultisformationofmottling,spot,iron/manganeseconcretion,orredcoating.2.5.3SoilFormingProcessesIII第1題Thepodzoliationprocessreferstotheleachingofsesquioxidesanddepositionofsilicondioxideinthesubsurfacesoillayer.

2.6SoilProfile第1題Awell-developednaturalsoiliscomposedofthreebasichorizons:theeluvialhorizon(Ahorizon),theilluvialhorizon(Bhorizon)andtheparentmaterialhorizon(Chorizon).Chapter2Assignment第1題3.1TheSourcesandComponentsofSoilOrganicMatter第1題Fordifferentsystems,thesourcesofSOMaredifferent.3.2TheDecompositionandTransformationofSoilOrganicMatter第1題ThenutrientwillreleaseduringtheSOMhumificationprocess.3.3TheImpactingFactorsofSoilOrganicMatterTransformation第1題Thereisa“tradeoff”relationshipbetweensoilwaterandsoilair.3.4SoilHumus第1題Soilhumusincludinghumin,humicacidandfulvicacid.3.5FunctionsandRegulationsofSoilOrganicMatter第1題

SOMcanpromotenutrientavailabilityandincreasecropyield.3.6SoilOrganismandMicrobialPopulationDiversity第1題Soilorganismsinclude:soilmicroorganisms,soilanimalsandtherootsofhigherplants.3.7EnvironmentalFactorsAffectingSoilMicrobialActivity第1題Microorganismswillobtainthemaximumgrowthrateattheoptimalgrowthtemperature,butthemicroorganismswillstopgrowingordiewhenthetemperatureexceedstheminimumormaximumlimit.3.8DistributionofSoilMicrobes第1題Beneficialrhizospheremicroorganismswillpromotethegrowthofcrops,whileharmfuloneswillaggravateplantdiseases.3.9SoilMicrobialActivityandCharacterization第1題Accordingtothedifferentdeterminationprinciples,themethodsforanalyzingmicrobialbiomasscanbedividedintothreecategories:componentanalysis,substrate-inducedrespirationandfumigation.Chapter3Assignment第1題4.1SoilParticle第1題Inparticleclassificationsystem,thesoilparticlesareusuallyclassifiedintothefollowingsizeclasses().AGravelBSandCSiltDClay正確答案：DCBA4.2SoilTexture第1題Mechanicalcompositionreferstothepercentagesofsoilparticlesindifferentsizeclasses.

4.3SoilTextureandSoilFertility第1題Thefertilitycharacteristicsofclayeysoilscanbedescribedas(

).AFertilizerefficiencyishigh;nutrientscanbeavailableforplantsinalongtime;BFertilizerefficiencyislow;nutrientscanonlybeavailableforplantsinashorttime;CFertilizerefficiencyishigh;nutrientscanonlybeavailableforplantsinashorttime;DFertilizerefficiencyislow;nutrientscanbeavailableforplantsinalongtime;4.4TheTypesofSoilStructure第1題Itiseasytoformblockystructureinsurfacesoilwithhighorganicmatterandlighttexture(lighterthanmediumloam).4.5TheFormationofGranularStructure第1題Timelyandrationaltillage,andcompactioncanbreakuplargelumpsandcrustthroughtheeffectsofcutting-upandsqueezing,whichisbeneficialforpromotingtheformationofstructure.4.6TheSignificanceofGranularStructuretoSoilFertility第1題Filedirrigationcanpromotetheformationofgoodstructures.4.7.1TheQuantityofSoilPores第1題Becausesoilporesaccountfornearly50%ofthetotalsoilvolume.Thesolidparticledensityisabouttwiceofthesoilbulkdensity.So,thevalueofporespaceratioisusuallyaround1.4.7.2TheQualityofSoilPores第1題Becausethesizeandshapeofsoilporesareirregular,itisdifficulttodeterminetheporesizesbydirectdetermination.Insoilscience,adeterminablesoilpropertyrelatedtoporesize,namelysoilwatersuction,isselectedtoindirectlydeterminetheporediameter.4.7.3TheFactorsthatAffectSoilPorosity第1題Theorganicmatterislooseandporous.Itplaysabeneficialroleintheformationofgranularstructure.Thesoilwithhighcontentoforganicmatterhasmoremacropores,resultinginsmallporosity.

4.8SoilTilth第1題Soilstickinessreferstothepropertyofthesoilparticlesbondedtogetherbyvariousattractiveforces.Chapter4Assignment第1題5.1SoilWaterTypes第1題Toplants,onlypartofthemembranouswaterisavailable.5.2SoilWaterContentandRepresentation第1題Thevolumeofcuttingringis100cm3,themassofwetsoilinsideis160g,itsmasswatercontentis25%,thebulkdensityis____g/cm3,volumetricwatercontentis____%.正確答案：:1.28正確答案：:325.3SoilWaterConstantsandAvailability第1題Thewiltingcoefficientofsandyloamislargerthanclay.

5.4SoilWaterPotential第1題Thematrixpotentialofwatersaturatedsoilis____,andthepressurepotentialofunsaturatedsoilis____.正確答案：:0正確答案：:05.5SoilWaterMovement第1題Foracertainsoil,itsunsaturatedwaterconductivityisoneconstant.

5.6SoilWaterSuctionandWaterCharacteristicCurve第1題Thesoilwatercharacteristiccurvesofwaterdesorption&absorptionarecoincident.

5.7FieldCycleofSoilMoisture第1題Thefinalstableinfiltrationrate:clay()sandysoil.A>B<C?5.8SoilMoistureStatusandAdjustment第1題Applyingbiotechnologytosavewaterisanimportantwaytoimprovewateruseefficiency.Chapter5Assignment第1題6.1SoilAirCompositionandCharacteristics第1題Generally,thesoilairhumidityissaturated.6.2SoilAerationandAdjustment第1題Theconvectionbetweensoilandatmospherealwaysflowsfromthehigh-pressureareastothelow-pressureareas.

6.3SoilHeatSourcesandBalance第1題Soilevaporationcanresultinheatloss.

6.4SoilThermalProperties第1題Generally,theheatcapacityofsandysoilislower,soitstemperaturerisesfaster.

6.5SoilTemperatureandAdjustment第1題Inagriculturalproduction,thetheoreticalbasisof"AdjustingTemperaturewithWater"is().AWatertemperatureiseasytocontrol;BWaterhasalargerheatcapacity;CWaterhasalargerthermaldiffusivity.Chapter6Assignment第1題7.1TheSources,ContentandFormsofSoilNitrogen第1題Theorganicnitrogenisthemainlyformsofsoiltotalnitrogen.7.2TransformationandRegulationofSoilNitrogenCycle第1題WecanregulatethesoilC:Nratiotocontrolthesoilnitrogendecomposition.7.3SoilPhosphorus第1題SoilpHinfluencedtheavailabilityofphosphorus,theavailabilityofPishigherwhensoilpHat6.5-6.8.7.4SoilPotassium第1題Thequalityelementis

____.正確答案：:potassium/KChapter7Assignment第1題8.1TheDefinitionandStructureofSoilColloids第1題Insoilscience,particlesthatarelessthan()micronsindiameterarecalledsoilcolloids.AoneBtwoCthreeDfour8.2TypesofSoilColloids第1題Ironoxidesbelongto().AInorganiccolloidsBOrganiccolloidsCOrgano-mineralcolloidsDNoneoftheabove8.3CrystalStructureofPhyllosilicateClayMinerals第1題Aluminum-oxygenoctahedronconsistsofonealuminumionand(

)oxygenions.AfourBfiveCsixDseven8.4TypesandPropertiesofPhyllosilicateClayMinerals第1題Whichofthefollowingclaymineralsisnonexpanding2:1claymineral?AMontmorilloniteBKaoliniteCVermiculiteDIllite8.5TheFundamentalPropertiesofSoilColloids第1題Onlypermanentsurfacechargesarepresentonthesurfaceoftypical1:1phyllosilicateclaymineral-kaolinite.8.6TheAdsorptionandExchangeofCations第1題Ionswiththesamevalencesharethesameexchangeability.8.7CationExchangeCapacityandBaseSaturationPercentage第1題Whichofthefollowingisacidcation?ACa2+BH+CMg2+DK+Chapter8Assignment第1題9.1SoilSolutionandCompositions第1題Thesoilsolutionisaformconversionagentfornutrientelements.9.2Sources,FormsandInfluencingFactorsofSoilAcidandAlkali第1題Whichofthefollowingarethesourcesofsoilacids?AActivationofaluminuminsoilBDissociationofcarbonicacidCDissociationoforganicacidsDDissociationofwater正確答案：ABDC9.3SoilAcid-AlkalineRegulationandItsRelationshipwithSoilQuality第1題Thesecondaryclaymineralcolloidhasthestrongestacid-basebuffercapacitywhilethehumiccolloidhasthelowestacid-basebuffercapacityinsoilcolloids.9.4RedoxReactioninSoilSolution第1題TheredoxpotentialdecreaseswithincreasingpHundercertainconditions.Chapter9Assignment第1題10.1BriefIntroductiontoSoilClassification第1題Thepurposeofsoilclassificationistoclarifythelawofsoildevelopmentundertheinfluencesofnaturalfactorsandhumanfactorsduringwhichthedominant