JulieSession9&10

IntegratingGlobalEconomy&Investment

全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化和投資

（第6章和第7章）

ForeignDirectInvestment(FDI)occurswhenafirminvestsdirectlyinproductionfacilitiesormarketingofaproductinaforeigncountry.Suchfirmsarethentermedmultinationalenterprises.外國(guó)直接投資（FDI）發(fā)生于一個(gè)公司在外國(guó)直接投資于生產(chǎn)設(shè)備或者產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的時(shí)候。這類(lèi)公司一般稱(chēng)為跨國(guó)企業(yè)。（第6章）Regionaleconomicintegrationbringsbothbenefitsandchallenges區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化既帶來(lái)利益也帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)。（第7章）LearningObjectives學(xué)習(xí)目的IdentifytheforcesunderpinningtheincreaseinFDIintheworldeconomy分辨外國(guó)直接投資在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中日益興盛的基本原因AppreciatehowpoliticalideologyinfluencesgovernmentpolicytowardsFDI理解政治觀念如何影響政府對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資的政策BeconversantwiththecostsandbenefitsofFDI

熟悉外國(guó)直接投資的好處和不利UnderstandthepolicyinstrumentsgovernmentscanusetorestrictorencourageFDI

理解政府用以限制或鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)直接投資的各種政策手段Beawareofregionaldisparityandintegratingpowersacrossregionsandeconomies理解區(qū)域間差距和跨越區(qū)域和經(jīng)濟(jì)的一體化的力量ForeignDirectInvestmentintheWorldEconomyThegrowthofFDI:markedincreaseinbothflow(amountofFDIperannum)andstock(totalaccumulatedvalueofforeign-ownedassets)外國(guó)直接投資的增長(zhǎng)：流量（每年的FDI數(shù)據(jù)）和存量（外國(guó)企業(yè)擁有的資產(chǎn)的累計(jì)總值）都有增長(zhǎng)ThedirectionofFDI(notepp196-197):therehasbeenashiftindirectionofFDItodevelopingcountries外國(guó)直接投資的方向：FDI向發(fā)展中國(guó)家流動(dòng)ThesourceofFDI:thethreelargestsourcecountriesaretheUS,UKandJapan,althoughTaiwan,HongKong,SingaporeandSouthKoreaarealsobiginvestors外國(guó)直接投資的來(lái)源：雖然最大的來(lái)源國(guó)是美國(guó)，英國(guó)和日本，臺(tái)灣，香港，新加坡和南韓也是大投資者。TheTheoryofForeignDirectInvestment

外國(guó)直接投資的理論（P172-177）WhyFDI,especiallywhentherearealternatives,suchasexportingandlicensing?為什么要進(jìn)行外國(guó)直接投資，特別是還有直接出口和許可這兩種方法可以選擇呢？(a)limitationsofexporting出口的局限性(b)limitationsoflicensing許可的局限性(c)advantagesofFDI外國(guó)直接投資的優(yōu)勢(shì)ThepatternofFDI外國(guó)直接投資的模式(a)followingcompetitors跟隨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者(b)theproductlifecycle產(chǎn)品壽命周期TheEclecticParadigm:anapproachassociatedwithJohnDunning.Hebelievesthatlocation-specificadvantagesarealsoimportantinexplainingboththerationalefor,anddirectionof,FDI(oil,minerals).Relatedtothisistheconceptofexternalities(companiesinthesameindustrylocatetogether,e.g.,SiliconValley)兼收并蓄理論：由約翰·鄧寧提出。他認(rèn)為地點(diǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì)對(duì)于解釋外國(guó)直接投資的原理和方向都是十分重要的（石油，礦產(chǎn)）。與此相關(guān)的是外延性的概念（同一行業(yè)的公司都集中在一起，如硅谷）。PoliticalIdeologyandForeignDirectInvestment

政治觀念和外國(guó)直接投資(P177-179)Theradicalview:radicalscholarsarguethatmultinationalenterprises(MNEs)areinstrumentsofimperialistdomination.MNEscontrolkeytechnologyandimportantpositions.Thisviewhasbeendiscredited激進(jìn)觀點(diǎn)：激進(jìn)的學(xué)者認(rèn)為跨國(guó)公司(MNEs)是帝國(guó)主義統(tǒng)治的一種手段，跨國(guó)公司控制主要技術(shù)和重要位置。這種觀點(diǎn)一直受到懷疑。Thefreemarketview:MNEsareseenasawaytoincreasetheoverallefficiencyoftheworldeconomy自由市場(chǎng)觀點(diǎn)：跨國(guó)公司是提高全球經(jīng)濟(jì)效率的一種途徑Pragmaticnationalism:manycountriesadoptapolicythatisneitherradicalnorfree-market實(shí)用的民族主義觀點(diǎn)：許多國(guó)家采取的既不是激進(jìn)政策，也不是自由市場(chǎng)政策Shiftingideology:thevolumeofFDIhasbeengrowingtwiceasfastasthegrowthinworldtrade—particularlytocountriesthathaverecentlyliberalisedtheirFDIregimes(China,India,Vietnam)變化的意識(shí)形態(tài):FDI總量的增長(zhǎng)是世界貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)速度的兩倍，特別是對(duì)于那些近期放松了它們的FDI政策的國(guó)家（中國(guó)，印度，越南）CostsandBenefitsofFDItotheNationState

外國(guó)直接投資對(duì)國(guó)家的好處和不利（P179-185）Hostcountryeffects:benefits對(duì)東道國(guó)的影響：好處(a)resource-transfereffects資源轉(zhuǎn)移效應(yīng)(b)employmenteffects就業(yè)效應(yīng)(c)balanceofpaymentseffects平衡國(guó)際收支效應(yīng)Hostcountryeffects:costs對(duì)東道國(guó)的影響：不利(a)adverseeffectsoncompetition對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的不利影響(b)adverseeffectsonthebalanceofpayments

對(duì)國(guó)際收支的不利影響(c)nationalsovereigntyandautonomy對(duì)國(guó)家主權(quán)的影響Homecountryeffects:benefits對(duì)母國(guó)的影響：好處Homecountryeffects:costs對(duì)母國(guó)的影響：不利Internationaltradetheoryandoffshoreproduction國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論和海外生產(chǎn)GovernmentPolicyInstrumentsandFDI

政府的政策手段和外國(guó)直接投資（P185-188）Homecountrypolicies母國(guó)的政策（a）encouragingoutwardFDI鼓勵(lì)向外的外國(guó)直接投資（b）restrictingoutwardFDI限制向外的外國(guó)直接投資Hostcountrypolicies:seemtobemovingtowardsacombinationoffreemarketobjectivesandpragmaticnationalism東道國(guó)的政策：似乎正從激進(jìn)觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向自由市場(chǎng)與實(shí)用民主主義相結(jié)合的觀點(diǎn)

（a）encouraginginwardFDI鼓勵(lì)向內(nèi)的外國(guó)直接投資(b)restrictinginwardFDI限制向內(nèi)的外國(guó)直接投資InternationalinstitutionsandtheliberalizationofFDI:OECD,MAI

國(guó)際性機(jī)制和外國(guó)直接投資的自由化：經(jīng)濟(jì)合作發(fā)展組織（OECD）,多邊投資協(xié)議（MAI）ImplicationsforBusiness:FDI

對(duì)商務(wù)活動(dòng)的影響：外國(guó)直接投資（P188-190）ThetheoryofFDI:exportingispreferabletolicensingandFDIiftransportcostsarelowandtradebarriersareminimal.Otherthingsbeingequal,licensingispreferabletoFDI.However,therearethreetypesofindustriesinwhichlicensingisnotagoodoption:

有關(guān)FDI的理論：在運(yùn)輸成本很低，貿(mào)易壁壘很少的情況下，出口比許可和外國(guó)投資更可取，然而，有三種類(lèi)型的行業(yè)是不適于用許可的：(a)high-technology高科技行業(yè)(b)globaloligopolies全球寡頭壟斷行業(yè)(c)wherethereareintensecostpressures那些面臨強(qiáng)大的成本壓力的行業(yè)Governmentpolicy:theoutcomeofanynegotiatedagreementwilldependoneachside’sbargainingpower,whichisdependenton(a)thevalueeachsideattachestotheother’soffer.(b)thenumberofcomparablealternativesavailabletoeachside,and(c)eachparty’stimehorizon政府政策：談判的結(jié)果將取決于談判雙方的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力，而這種能力又取決于下面三個(gè)因素(a)一方如何看待另一方所能提供的資源的重要性；(b)每一方可以獲得多少與所談判的方案有可比性的其它可選方案(c)每一方的時(shí)間計(jì)劃

RegionalEconomicIntegration

區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化（第7章）Levelsofeconomicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的層次Caseforregionalintegration支持區(qū)域一體化的案例Caseagainstregionalintegration反對(duì)區(qū)域一體化的案例RegionaleconomicintegrationinEurope,Americas,andAsia-Pacific歐洲、美洲和亞太地區(qū)的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化Implicationsforbusiness對(duì)商務(wù)活動(dòng)的影響Definingregionaleconomicintegration

區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的定義（P199）

Agreementsamongcountriesinageographicregiontoreduceorremovebarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andfactorsofproductionbetweeneachother

在某一地理區(qū)域內(nèi)的某些國(guó)家為實(shí)現(xiàn)彼此之間產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)而達(dá)成的降低、直至最終取消壁壘的協(xié)議。Levelsofeconomicintegration

經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化層次（P201-203）FreeTradeArea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)CustomsUnion關(guān)稅同盟CommonMarket共同市場(chǎng)EconomicUnion經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟PoliticalUnion政治聯(lián)盟Forandagainstintegration

支持和反對(duì)一體化（P203-205）Economicgainsincomparativeadvantage,greaterworldproduction,FDI,freetradeandinvestment

從競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)、更大的全球產(chǎn)量、外國(guó)直接投資、自由貿(mào)易和投資取得的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益Politicalbenefits政治收益Impediments:costsofintegration;nationalsovereignty

障礙物：一體化成本，國(guó)家主權(quán)Againstintegration:tradecreation&tradediversion

反對(duì)一體化：貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造和貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)移RegionaleconomicintegrationinEurope

歐洲區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化（P205-209）EvolutionoftheEU歐盟的演進(jìn)ChangeinEasternEuropeinthelate1980s80年代末東歐的變革SingleEuropeanActin19871987年單一歐洲法案TheEuro歐元NewbarriersonimportsfromoutsidetheEU?

歐盟外的進(jìn)口的新障礙物RegionaleconomicintegrationintheAsia-Pacific亞太區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化（P219-221）ASEAN:1967

東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟：1967年APEC：1990，18memberstates

亞太經(jīng)合組織：1990年，18個(gè)成員國(guó)Implicationsforbusiness

對(duì)商務(wù)活動(dòng)的影響（P221-223）Opportunities:openingprotectedmarkets;lowercosts;economiesofscale