高中英語主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)對比講義一、語態(tài)的本質(zhì)與概念辨析英語中，語態(tài)體現(xiàn)主語與謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯關(guān)系，分為主動(dòng)語態(tài)（ActiveVoice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（PassiveVoice）兩類：主動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（即“誰做了什么”）。例：*Shewritesalettereveryday.*（她每天寫一封信。主語*she*執(zhí)行“寫”的動(dòng)作。）被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語是動(dòng)作的承受者（即“什么被做了”）。例：*Aletteriswrittenbyhereveryday.*（一封信每天被她寫。主語*aletter*承受“寫”的動(dòng)作。）二、結(jié)構(gòu)對比：時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的融合被動(dòng)語態(tài)的核心結(jié)構(gòu)是“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞（done）”，需結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)調(diào)整“be”的形式。以下為常見時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)對比：時(shí)態(tài)類型主動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句（主動(dòng)→被動(dòng)）-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/doesam/is/are+done*Hecleanstheroom.*→*Theroomiscleanedbyhim.*一般過去時(shí)didwas/were+done*Sheboughtabook.*→*Abookwasboughtbyher.*現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are+doingam/is/are+being+done*Theyarebuildingahouse.*→*Ahouseisbeingbuiltbythem.*現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+donehave/has+been+done*Wehavefinishedthework.*→*Theworkhasbeenfinishedbyus.*一般將來時(shí)will/shall+dowill/shall+be+done*Hewillsendtheemail.*→*Theemailwillbesentbyhim.*含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+do情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done*Youmustfinishthetask.*→*Thetaskmustbefinishedbyyou.*三、用法差異：何時(shí)用主動(dòng)，何時(shí)用被動(dòng)？1.主動(dòng)語態(tài)的典型場景強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者：需明確“誰做了這件事”。例：*Myfatherrepairedthecar.*（強(qiáng)調(diào)“父親”是修車的人。）表述自然、簡潔：日常交流中，若執(zhí)行者明確且無需突出承受者，優(yōu)先用主動(dòng)。例：*Idrinkcoffeeeverymorning.*（無需強(qiáng)調(diào)“咖啡被我喝”，主動(dòng)更簡潔。）2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的典型場景未知/無需提及執(zhí)行者：不知道或不想說明“誰做的”。例：*Mybikewasstolenyesterday.*（無需/不知道誰偷的自行車。）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者：需突出“被作用的對象”。例：*Thisnovelhasbeenreadbymillionsofpeople.*（強(qiáng)調(diào)“小說”被很多人閱讀。）正式文體/科技文獻(xiàn)：避免主觀色彩，客觀描述動(dòng)作。例：*Theexperimentwasconductedinalab.*（實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告中，突出“實(shí)驗(yàn)”被執(zhí)行，而非執(zhí)行者。）四、主動(dòng)→被動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則與易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換步驟（以*“Webuiltthisbridgelastyear.”*為例）1.賓語變主語：主動(dòng)句賓語*thisbridge*→被動(dòng)句主語。2.謂語變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：主動(dòng)句時(shí)態(tài)為“一般過去時(shí)”，故被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為*wasbuilt*。3.主語變by的賓語：主動(dòng)句主語*we*→*byus*（若執(zhí)行者不重要，可省略*byus*）。最終被動(dòng)句：*Thisbridgewasbuilt(byus)lastyear.*易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)突破1.雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換主動(dòng)句含“間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（物）”時(shí)，被動(dòng)句可選擇保留間接賓語或保留直接賓語：例：*Hegavemeagift.*保留間接賓語（人）：*Iwasgivenagiftbyhim.*保留直接賓語（物）：*Agiftwasgiventomebyhim.*2.復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）的轉(zhuǎn)換主動(dòng)句中“使役動(dòng)詞（make/let/have）”“感官動(dòng)詞（see/watch/hear）”后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，變被動(dòng)時(shí)需還原to：例：*TheteachermadeTomcleantheclassroom.*被動(dòng)句：*Tomwasmadetocleantheclassroombytheteacher.*3.無被動(dòng)的特殊情況不及物動(dòng)詞/短語：如*happen,takeplace,breakout,belongto*等，無被動(dòng)語態(tài)（因無“承受者”）。誤：*Theaccidentwashappenedyesterday.*（×）正：*Theaccidenthappenedyesterday.*（√）主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：某些動(dòng)詞（如*need,want,require*）后接*doing*表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于*tobedone*：例：*Thebikeneedsrepairing.*=*Thebikeneedstoberepaired.*五、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：從識別到運(yùn)用1.語態(tài)判斷（選主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)）(1)*Thenewlibrary______(open)lastmonth.*（被動(dòng)，因“圖書館被開放”）(2)*Shealways______(help)hermotherwithhousework.*（主動(dòng)，“她幫忙”）2.主動(dòng)→被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換(1)*PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.*→*English____________bypeopleallovertheworld.*（isspoken）(2)*Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.*→*Theworkers__________________work12hoursadaybytheboss.*（weremadeto）3.語境選擇（用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）Inourschool,thewindowsofeveryclassroom______(clean)everyday.（arecleaned，被動(dòng)，“窗戶被清潔”）Thefamouswriter______(write