ChengduUniversityofTechnologyCollegeofEnergyResourcesPetroleumGeologyTheimportanceofpetroleumgeologyTheneedofeconomicdevelopmentThesafetyofstatestrategySeaterritoryofourcountryOil&GasPricefrom2023-2023Brentoil100.48$/perbarrel(2023.3.4)IMPORTEXPORTPetroleumReservesofTheWorld東海盆地石油資源量54億噸，探明天然氣儲(chǔ)量842億方（2023年），天然氣資源量24600億方。各國(guó)具有200海里經(jīng)濟(jì)專(zhuān)屬區(qū)。我國(guó)與日本旳島嶼間沒(méi)有400海里，國(guó)際法要求有兩種海域劃法。?法大陸架延伸法日本不接受南海模式，即“擱置爭(zhēng)議，共同開(kāi)發(fā)”MainContentsofPetroleumGeology

Themaintasksofpetroleumgeologyaretodealwiththeprocessofpetroleumgeneration,migrationandaccumulationanddistributionaswell.

OccurrencesofPetroleum

Petroleumoccurswidelyintheearthasgas,liquid,semisolid,orsolid,orinmorethanoneofthesestatesatasingleplace.Chemicallyanypetroleumisanextremelycomplexmixtureofhydrocarbon(hydrogenandcarbon)compounds,withminoramountsofnitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurasimpurities.Liquidpetroleum,whichiscalledcrudeoiltodistinguishitfromrefinedoil,isthemostimportantcommercially.Itconsistschieflyoftheliquidhydrocarbons,withvaryingamountsofdissolvedgases,bitumens,andimpurities.Petroleumgas,commonlycallednaturalgastodistinguishitfrommanufacturedgas,consistsoflighterparaffin(石蠟)hydrocarbon,ofwhichthemostabundantismethanegas(CH4).Thesemisolidandsolidformsofpetroleumconsistoftheheavyhydrocarbonsandbitumens.TheRelationshipsbetweenPetroleumGeologyandSciencesinGeneralGeologyitselfisanintegrativescience.Foundedupontheobservationofallinanimate（無(wú)生命旳）featuresoftheEarth-rocks,fossils,rivers,volcanoes–itseekstheirexplanationwiththeassistanceoftheoriesandexperimentsofothersciences.Petroleumgeologycontainsthosedisciplines,whichareofgreatestsignificanceforthefindingandrecoveryofoilandgas.PhysicalGeology,Mineralogy,Petrology,Sedimentology,Stratigraphy,StructureGeology,Tectonics,Geophysics,Geochemistry,Mapping,EconomicsInessence（本質(zhì)）,wemaythinkofgeologyasaspectrumextendingbetweenoneend-numberimmediatelyrelatedtotheexactsciencesofchemistry,physics,andmathematics,andanotherend-numberrelatedtothelifescience(zoologyandbotany).Thefistend-numberismineralogy,thesecondpaleontology;eachisascienceinitsownright.pyriteberylEverythinginbetweenthesetwosciencesiseitherphysicalorhistoricalgeology,oracombinationofthetwo.Closetomineralogyareigneousandmetamorphicpetrology,whichinvolveprofessionalknowledgeofchemistryandofthermodynamics.Closetopaleontologyisstratigraphy,involvinganunderstandingofbiology,meteorology,andoceanography.Closetobothpetrologyandstratigraphyarestructuralgeologyandsedimentarygeology,requiringknowledgeofmechanics,hydraulics,anddescriptivegeometry.TsunamicausedbyanunderwaterearthquakeorvolcaniceruptionAnyorallofthesesubdisciplinesmayadoptnotonlythematerialofthephysicistsandthechemistsbuttheirtechniquesinaddition,givingusthedistinctiveinterdisciplinarysciencesofgeophysicsandgeochemistry.Amodernuniversitycurriculumingeologyhastoembraceallthesetopics.Asgeologyismoredependentupontheothersciencesinthecurriculumthantheyareuponit,thegeologist’sprogramofstudymustalsoincludethosesciencesthemselves.Itisafortunatedepartmentthatcanfindroomandtimeinsuchaprogramforanythingspeciallycalledpetroleumgeology.Thenewgraduatemayenterthepetroleumindustryarmedwiththecorecoursesingeologyandtheothersciencesalone.

Geology,alreadyanintegrativescienceforthestudent,becomesstillmoreintegrativeforthepractitionerintheindustry.Becauseoilandgasarefluids,aknowledgeoffluiddynamicsmustbeacquired.Becausegeologyinindustryisfundamentallypractical,aknowledgeofsomebranchesofengineeringwillquicklybecomenecessary.Andbecauseeverythingthegeologistdoeswilleventuallycometotestinthemarket-placeoftherealworld,anunderstandingofeconomicsisabighelp.

Sincepracticallyallpetroleumoccursinsedimentaryrocks,sedimentologyformsanimportantpartofthebasisforpetroleumgeology.早期高水位晚期高水位期高低時(shí)間潮上灘后瀉湖淺水灘丘--斜交前積中-高水位面，上為晚期，下為早期加積到S形前積老巖層斜坡盆地沉積體系潮間到潮上帶泥灰?guī)r含生物碎屑灰?guī)r鮞粒灘壩相斜坡相盆地細(xì)粒灰?guī)r早期高水位沉積體系晚期高水位沉積體系伴生II型旳沉積幾何形態(tài)立體圖解（轉(zhuǎn)引自徐懷大，1993）高水位早期沉積體現(xiàn)為加積到“S”型進(jìn)積模式，高水位晚期沉積體現(xiàn)為丘形到斜交型進(jìn)積。海平面茶源坪太平鎮(zhèn)建南向盆地方向?yàn)w邊沿斜坡邊沿Structuralgeologyisalsoimportantforunderstandingthemodeandtimingofoilandgastrapsandthegeneraldevelopmentofsedimentarybasin.Oilandgasarederivedfromorganicmatterburiedinasedimentarybasin.Organicgeochemistry,whichincludesthestudyoforganicmatterinsedimentsanditstransformationintohydrocarbon,hasbecomeanimportantpartofpetroleumgeology.Todayweexploreforstructureswhichareseldomvisibleonthesurface.Todefinesubsurfacestructures,weuse(1)geophysicalmeasurementsatthesurface,and(2)correlationbymeansoflogsandfossilsfromwell.Geophysicalmeasurementsmayincludegravimetryandmagnetometry,butseismicmeasurementsaredefinitelythemostimportant.

Becauseoftherapidimprovementinthequalityofseismicdataprocessingtechniques,geologicalinterpretationofseismicdatahasanentirelynewandexpandingfield.Seismicsectionsandothergeophysicaldataareoftentheonlyinformationwehave,particularlyforexplorationbelowtheoceanfloor,wheredrillingisverycostly.

飛四飛三飛二飛一嘉陵江組飛仙關(guān)組長(zhǎng)興組三迭系二迭系飛三反射第一相位飛四頂反射JN-00-18儲(chǔ)層部位Geophysicalwell-loggingmethodshavedevelopedequallyrapidly.Logsprovideacontinuityofinformationthroughlongseriesofbedswhichonecanseldomobtainfromexposuresorcoresamples.Thisinformationmakesitpossibletointerpretnotonlythelithologicalcompositionofrocksandthevariationofporosityandpermeability,butalsothedepositionalenvironment.

裂縫+溶孔發(fā)育段裂縫發(fā)育段溶孔發(fā)育段GR

CALRSRDACPEItwouldbetruetosaythatindirectmethodsofmappingrocktypesemployinggeophysicalaidsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantinpetroleumgeology,butitisstillnecessarytotakesamplesandexaminetherocksthemselves.Apetroleumgeologistshouldalsohaveexperienceofmappinginthefieldandofsedimentologyandpetrographyinordertobeabletointerpretindirectdatalikeseismicrecordsorwelllogs.高值異常區(qū)高值異常區(qū)高值異常區(qū)。工業(yè)性氣井：建3、10、36、51井Formanyexplorationmanagersandchiefgeologists,thatisalltheywantintheirrecruits.Awelltrainedgeologist,withoutprefix,willbeabletoapplyhisknowledgeandabilitiestothepetroleumindustry’sconcernsoncetheyareaugmentedbyafewtechniquesthatonlyexperienceintheindustrycanteach.Inthemodernindustry,nooneindividualwillhavetheopportunitytoacquireexperienceortouseskillinalloftheseaspectsofthesubject.Themodernpetroleumgeologistisaslikelytobecomeaspecialistasanyotherkindofscientistis.Thebestpetroleumgeologists,nonetheless,areamongthemostversatileofscientists.BasicVocabularyPetroleum(rockoil):

isanaturallyoccurringcomplexofhydrocarbonswidelydistributedinthesedimentaryrocksofEarth’scrust(F.K.North,1990).Anaturallyoccurringcomplexliquidhydrocarbon,whichafterdistillationandremovalofimpuritiesyieldsarangeofcombustiblefuels,petrochemicalsandlubricants(GlossaryofGeology,1997).Ageneraltermforallnaturallyoccurringhydrocarbons,whethergaseous,liquidorsolid(Leverson,1967).Synonymous:CrudeoilReservoir(petroleum):

Anyporousandpermeablerockthatyieldsoilorgas.Sandstone,limestoneanddolomitearethemostreservoirrocks,butaccumulationinfracturedigneousandmetamorphicrocksisnotunknown(GlossaryofGeology,1997).Pool(petroleum):

Asubsurfaceaccumulationofoiland/orgasinporousandpermeablerock(GlossaryofGeology,1997).Petroleumbecomescommerciallyexploitablewhenitisnaturallygatheredintoapool,whichisasingle,discreteaccumulationofoilorgasinasinglereservoirwithasingletrap.Severalpoolsmaylieinaverticalsuccessionwithinasinglearea,ortheymayliesidebysideoroverlaplaterallysoastoconstituteanareallycontinuousaccumulationcalledafiledoroilfield.Trap(petroleum):

Anybarriertotheupwardmovementofoilorgas,allowingeitherorbothtoaccumulate.Atrapincludesareservoirrockandanoverlyingorupdipimpermeableroofrock;thecontactbetweentheseisconcaveasviewedfrombelow(GlossaryofGeology,1997).

SedimentaryBasin:

Athreedimensionalgeologicalentitycontaininganumberofoilandgasfields(F.K.North,1990).AlowareaintheEarth’scrust,oftectonicorigin,inwhichsedimentshaveaccumulated(GlossaryofGeology,1997).

Province(petroleum):

Ageographicalregioncontainingpetroleumfieldshavingsomegeologicalcharacteristicsincommon(F.K.North,1990).Anylargeareaorregionconsideredasawhole,allpartsofwhicharecharacterizedbysimilarfeaturesorbyahistorydifferingsignificantlyfromthatofadjacentareas(GlossaryofGeology,1997).Aprovincemaybesynonymouswithbasin,oritmayembraceseveralbasinssharingclearsimilaritiesbutseparatedbybarren,nonbasinaltracts.District(petroleum):

isageographicconcentrationoffieldswithinabasinoraprovince(F.K.North,1990).

Prospect(petroleum):

Asmallareawithinabasin,provinceordistrictwhichmaycontainoilandgasbuthasnotyetbeenprovedtodosoissocalled(F.K.North,1990).Play(petroleum):

Theactiveexplorationorleasingof(and)petroleumornaturalgas,basedonaconceptofthepetroleumgeologyofanarea(F.K.North,1990).Alargeareawithinwhichthedrillingofprospectshasestablishedsuccessandpointedthewayforfurtherdrilling(F.K.North,1990).Well(petroleum):

Oilandgasarediscoveredandexploitedbydrillingboreholes,orbyboringdrillholes,aholewhichyieldsanyfluidisawell(F.K.North,1990).Conventional:

Oilandgasoccurringundertheseconditionsaresaidtobeconventional(F.K.North,1990).Exploratory:

Awelldrilledtoanunexploreddepthorinunproventerritory,eitherinsearchofanewpoolofoilorgasorwiththeexpectationofgreatlyextendingtheknownlimitsofafieldalreadypartlydeveloped(GlossaryofGeology,1997).WildcatWell:

Awelldrilledinsearchofanewaccumulationofoilorgasiscalledwildcatwell(F.K.North,1990).

Anexploratorywelldrilledforoilorgasonageologicfeaturenotyetproventobeproductive,orinanunproventerritory,ortoazonethathasneverproducedorisnotknowntobeproductiveinthegeneralarea(GlossaryofGeology,1997).

Derrick:

Aframeworktowerofsteel(onadrillfloor),erectedoveradeepdrillhole,usedtosupportthevarioustoolsandtackleemployedinhoistingandloweringtheequipmentusedindrillingandcompletingthewell(GlossaryofGeology,1997).Reserves:

Anestimatewithinspecifiedaccuracylimitsofthevaluableoilandgasofknownaccumulationthatmaybeproducedundercurrenteconomicconditionandwithpresenttechnology.

Exploration:

Thesearchfornewpetroleumconstitutesexploration(F.K.North,1990).

Development:

Thepreparationofaminingpropertyorareasothatanorebodycanbeanalyzedanditstonnageandqualityestimated.Developmentisanintermediatestagebetweenexplorationandminning(GlossaryofGeology,1997).

Theprocessofrecoveringthereserves,bydrillingwellswithinafieldandoperatingthemsuccessfully,iscalleddevelopment.

Therelationshipbetweenexploration,reserves,resourceanddevelopment

Thesearchfornewsourcesofpetroleumconstitutesexploration.Thesourcesdiscoveredbysuccessfulexplorationbecomereserves,whicharethoseportionsofthetotalresourcethathavebeenshowntobeaccessibleandrecoverableundercurrenteconomicandtechnologicconditions.Becausenorecoverytechniquecanextractalltheoilandgasfromafield,thereservesofthefieldactuallycontains.Theprocessofrecoveringthereserves,bydrillingwellswithinafieldandoperatingthemsuccessfully,iscalleddevelopment.Basicstatistics(基本統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))

Geologyisnotoneoftheexactscience,andgeologists,likeothernaturalscientiststendtobewary(謹(jǐn)慎)ofnumbers,whichtheydonotalwaysunderstand.Thepetroleumindustriesemployalargenumberofscientists,spendenormousamountsofmoney,andsupplytheworldwithenormousvolumesofproducts.Petroleumstatisticshavebecomecommonplaceinnewspapersandotherpublicationsquiteunconnectedwiththeindustry.Oilandgasprices,OPECproductionrate,pipelinecostsandthroughputs,nationalimportfigures,andsoonhavebecomeroutinetopicsfortheinformationmedia.Allpetroleumgeologistsshouldmakethemselvesfamiliarwiththefundamentalstatisticsoftheirindustry(andtheirscience),ingeneralizedterms,becausethenumbersinvolvedaresolargeandsocriticalthatmisquotationormisunderstandingofthemhasseriousconsequences.Aswebeganthe1980’soilandgassuppliedabout50percentoftheworld’senergy;oilandgasbetweenthemsuppliedmorethantwo-thirds.Thevolumesproducedandconsumedarethereforeverylarge,buttheunitsinwhichtheyaremeasuredarerelativelysmall.Sotheworldsbillion,trillion,andevenquadrillionaremattersofroutineconversationandcommunicationintheoilandgasindustries;figuresofthisorderarebotheasilymisunderstoodandeasilymisquoted.

Quantitiesofoilhavetraditionallybeenexpressedinbarrels,becausethisunitofmeasureusedintheUSA.Onebarrelcontains42USgallons,or35Imperialgallons.Manycountries,includingtheUK,USSRandP.R.China,haveexpressedoilquantitiesintermsnotofvolumebutofweight:ineithertonsortones(metrictons,of1000kg).Sotherelationbetweenatonneandabarrelofoilisnotconstant;itdependsontherelativedensityoftheoil.Onetonneofaverageworldcrudeoilisequivalentto7.33USbarrels,butforaheavyoiltheconversionfactoris6.8orless,andforaverylightoilitis7.6ormore.OnlyafewLatinAmericancountrieshavetraditionallyexpressedoiloutputandreservesincubicmeters.

Quantitiesofnaturalgashaveofcoursealwaysbeenexpressedintermsofvolume;cubicfeetinNorthAmericanandmanyothercountries;cubicmetersinmostEuropeancounties.Nowalljurisdictionsandallorganizationsshouldusethemetricmeasure.Becauseoilandgasarecommonlyproducedinthesameregions,inmanycasesbythesameproducingorganizations,itisoftennecessarytoexpressquantitiesofoilandgasincombination.Theexpressionisthenintermsofoilequivalent,accordingtoheat-producingcapacityofthetwofuels.Onthisbasis,onebarrelofaveragelightoilisequivalentto6000or6500cubicfeetofnaturalgas(1m3oflightoil=1000-1120m3ofgas).

Thesignificanceoflognormality

Itseemstobealawofnature,thoughithasneverbeenadequatelyexplained,thatsizedistributionofnaturalphenomenadisplayacharacteristicformoflopsidedness.Thelopsideddistributionsaresaidtobelognormal,buttheydeviateinanimportantrespectfromtruelognormality.Alognormaldistributionisonewhichbecomesessentiallynormalifthelogarithmofthesizefactorisplottedagainstthenumberofitsrepresentatives.Therelationthereforebecomesessentiallylinearifplottedonprobabilitypaper,onwhichthelogarithmofsizefactorisplottedagainstthecumulativefrequencyofitsoccurrence.About95percentoftheworld’sknown,conventionaloiloccursinonly50basins.Between70and75percentoccursinonlytenofthem,andalmosthalfofthetotalisninearetheMaracaibo,Ural-Volga,andWest-Siberian,theReforma-CampecheregionofMexico,theGulfCoastandPermianbasinsoftheUSA,theSirtebasin,theNigerdelta,andthenorthernNorthSea.Ifconventionalgasisconsideredaswellasoil,andconvertedtooil-equivalentat1000m3ofgasto1m3ofoil(6000cfperbarrel),calculationsbyLyttonIvanhoeindicatethatthetoptenbasinscontain68percent,andthetop25basins84percentofthetotalknownreserves.Foryears,nineortenfieldshavecontributed25percentoftheworld’sannualproductionofoil.Whereasmorethan100fieldshadeachproducedmorethan0.1×109m3(about625×106barrels),bytheendof1984,onlyninehadproducedtentimesthisquantity.Inorderofoutput,theyareGhawarinSaudiArabia,theBolivarCoastalfieldinwesternVenezuela,GreaterBurganinKuwait,RomashkinointheUral-VolgaBasinoftheSovietUnion,SamotlorinSiberia,Kirkuk,AghaJari,Abqaiq,andSafania-KhafjiinfourseparateMiddleEastcountries.

Costsoffindingandproducingoilandgas

Untiltheendof1960s,thepetroleumindustry’sconcernaboutthecostsoffindingandproducingtheirproductswasconcentratedondrillingcosts.Thesewerequotedascostsperfeet(ormeter)ofholedrilled,andthefigureswereoftheorderUS$30-50/m.Thesecostshaveescalatedenormouslysincetheearly1970s,forthreeelementaryreasons.Unitcostsofalloperationshaveriseneverywhere;exploratorywellsarenowdrilledmuchdeeperthanformerly,andmuchdeeperfieldsareexploited;finally,drillingandproductionhavebeenextendedintodeepwatersoffshoreandintootherregionsofoperationaldifficultyinhighlatitudes.Deepdrillingcostsexceed$300/mandarecommonlymorethantwicethatamount.Thetotalcostofdrillingtheworld’swellsisnowintherealmof$20×109-50×109annually.

Drillingwells,ofcause,isnottheonlycostoffindingoilandgas.Pre-drillingexploration,includingbothgeologicandseismicsurveys,hasbeenincreasingincostatabout15percentperyearforadecadeormore.In1981,seismicsurveysonlandinthenoncommunistworldcostabout$3×109annually;marinesurveyscostanadditional$0.75×109.Totalseismiccosts,includingprocessingofdata,arebetween$4×109and$5×109annually;one-thirdofthesecostsisincurredintheUSA.Theindustry’sattentionhasconsequentlybeenshiftedfromthecostsofdrillingtothecostsoffindingoil.Solongasthesecostswereoftheorderof$1perbarrel($6/m3approximately),theywereoflittleconcern.IntheMiddleeast,thecostoffindingoilwasmeasuredincentsperbarrel.By1981,theaveragecostoffindingoilinthenoncommunistworldhadbecomealmost$55/m3,andthisfigurecanonlybecomelarger.Costsofproducingoilandgashaverisenproportionately.Theoperationofasingleproducingwell,tea